scholarly journals Changes in Peptaibol Production of Trichoderma Species during In Vitro Antagonistic Interactions with Fungal Plant Pathogens

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 730
Author(s):  
Parisa Rahimi Tamandegani ◽  
Tamás Marik ◽  
Doustmorad Zafari ◽  
Dóra Balázs ◽  
Csaba Vágvölgyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Isobutyric Acid ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens

Trichoderma species are widely used as biofungicides for the control of fungal plant pathogens. Several studies have been performed to identify the main genes and compounds involved in Trichoderma–plant–microbial pathogen cross-talks. However, there is not much information about the exact mechanism of this profitable interaction. Peptaibols secreted mainly by Trichoderma species are linear, 5–20 amino acid residue long, non-ribosomally synthesized peptides rich in α-amino isobutyric acid, which seem to be effective in Trichoderma–plant pathogenic fungus interactions. In the present study, reversed phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) was used to detect peptaibol profiles of Trichoderma strains during interactions with fungal plant pathogens. MS investigations of the crude extracts deriving from in vitro confrontations of Trichoderma asperellum and T. longibrachiatum with different plant pathogenic fungi (Fusarium moniliforme, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum species complex, Alternaria solani and Rhizoctonia solani) were performed to get a better insight into the role of these non-ribosomal antimicrobial peptides. The results revealed an increase in the total amount of peptaibols produced during the interactions, as well as some differences in the peptaibol profiles between the confrontational and control tests. Detection of the expression level of the peptaibol synthetase tex1 by qRT-PCR showed a significant increase in T. asperellum/R. solani interaction in comparison to the control. In conclusion, the interaction with plant pathogens highly influenced the peptaibol production of the examined Trichoderma strains.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Bacterial and Fungal Plant Pathogens to the Lytic Peptides, MSI-99, Magainin II, and Cecropin B

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 701-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali R. Alan ◽  
Elizabeth D. Earle
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Leaf Disk ◽  
Cecropin B ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Magainin Ii ◽  
Lytic Peptides

In vitro and leaf disk assays of bacterial and fungal plant pathogens were conducted using three cationic lytic peptides, MSI-99, magainin II (MII), and cecropin B (CB). Growth of bacterial organisms was retarded or completely inhibited by low concentrations of these lytic peptides. The peptides also significantly reduced germination of fungal spores and growth of mycelia; however, higher concentrations of peptides were needed to inhibit fungal growth compared with those needed to inhibit bacteria. The relative efficacy of the peptides depended on the microorganism tested, but CB was the most inhibitory to the majority of the bacteria and fungi assayed. MSI-99, a synthetic derivative of MII with increased positive charge, showed equal or two- to fivefold higher antibacterial activity compared to MII in the in vitro assays. MSI-99 was also superior to MII against the oomycete, Phytophthora infestans but was slightly inferior to MII in assays with the true fungi, Penicillium digitatum and Alternaria solani. In the leaf disk assays, pretreating spores of Alternaria solani and Phytophthora infestans with the peptides at concentrations as low as 10 μg per ml led to significant reductions in the size of early blight lesions and prevented development of any late blight lesions on tomato leaf disks. Our results from in vitro and leaf disk assays suggest that MSI-99 can be used as a transgene to generate tomato lines with enhanced resistance to bacterial and fungal diseases of this crop.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Trichoderma Strains Antagonistic Against Pathogenic Fungi on Orange Crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vu Xuan Tao ◽  
Tran Van Tuan
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytophthora Species ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens

Agricultural production is greatly influenced by diseases caused by fungi. Penicillium digitatum is a common fungus that causes blue mold in citrus fruits. In addition, Fusarium and Phytophthora species are also recognized as citrus pathogens, involving in root rot and fruit rot. Currently, the use of microbial bioproducts to control fungal pathogens is always prioritized for an organic and sustainable agriculture. Trichoderma species are considered as safe filamentous fungi that antagonize against many fungal plant pathogens. In this study, 10 strains of Trichoderma were isolated and monitored for their antagonistic capacity towards the citrus pathogen P. digitatum. The strains Trichoderma Tr.6, Tr.7 and Tr.8 exhibited inhibitory efficacy of 95-100% against P. digitatum. Additionally, these three strains also strongly suppressed the growth of two other common plant pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora capsici. Based on the morphological characteristics and the sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA, all three strains Tr.6, Tr.7 and Tr.8 were identified as Trichoderma asperellum. These Trichoderma strains represent promising potentials for applications in the production of bioproducts for the control of pathogenic fungi infecting citrus and other crops.

scholarly journals The potential of silver nanoparticles to control Rhizoctonia solani (AG3-PT) growth in vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
HARTATI OKTARINA ◽  
JAMES WOODHALL ◽  
IAN SINGLETON
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Sclerotium Production

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have known anti-microbial properties and therefore have the potential to be used to control fungal plant pathogens. In this study we investigated the growth of a plant pathogenic fungus, Rhizoctonia solani (AG3-PT) in the presence of AgNPs. The effect of AgNPs at two different levels (20 and 50 mg L-1) on hyphal growth and sclerotium production and viability in R. solani was investigated. The results showed that at 20 mg AgNPs L-1 R. solani hyphal growth was reduced along with the production of sclerotia. The results indicate that AgNPs have the potential to control R. solani growth and subsequent development of plant disease symptoms.

scholarly journals The role of silicon (Si) in increasing plant resistance against fungal diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Sakr
Keyword(s):  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Silicon Nutrition ◽  
The Relationship

Summary The use of silicon (Si) in agriculture has attracted a great deal of interest from researchers because of the numerous benefits of this element to plants. The use of silicon has decreased the intensity of several diseases in crops of great economic importance. In this study, the relationship between silicon nutrition and fungal disease development in plants was reviewed. The current review underlines the agricultural importance of silicon in crops, the potential for controlling fungal plant pathogens by silicon treatment, the different mechanisms of silicon-enhanced resistance, and the inhibitory effects of silicon on plant pathogenic fungi in vitro. By combining the data presented in this paper, a better comprehension of the relationship between silicon treatments, increasing plant resistance, and decreasing severity of fungal diseases could be achieved.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Fungal and Bacterial Plant Pathogens by Synthetic Peptides: In Vitro Growth Inhibition, Interaction Between Peptides and Inhibition of Disease Progression

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 847-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gul Shad Ali ◽  
A. S. N. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Erwinia Carotovora ◽  
Transgenic Potato ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Potato Plants

Four synthetic cationic peptides, pep6, pep7, pep11 and pep20, were tested alone and in combinations for their antimicrobial activities against economically important plant pathogenic fungi (Phytophthora infestans and Alternaria solani) and bacteria (Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica). In in vitro studies, P. infestans and A. solani were inhibited by all four peptides, while E. carotovora subsp. carotovora and E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica were inhibited only by pep11 and pep20. All peptides completely inhibited P. infestans and A. solani on potato leaves and P. infestans on tubers at concentrations comparable to the in vitro IC50 (effective concentration for 50% growth inhibition) values, suggesting that these peptides are more potent in preventing infection than in inhibiting hyphal growth in vitro. Microscopic observations of P. infestans and A. solani when treated with these peptides revealed hyphal anomalies. In tuber-infectivity assays, pep11 and pep20 reduced bacterial softrot symptoms by 50% at 2.0 to 2.30 μM and by 100% at 20 μM. In assays involving two-way combinations of these peptides, growth inhibitions of fungi and bacteria by the combinations were no more than the sum of growth inhibitions by each peptide when used alone, indicating that they act additively. pep11 and pep20 are not phytotoxic to potato plants at 200 μM. With strong and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities of pep11 and pep20 against fungi and bacteria, and with no antagonistic activities, the expression of these peptides in transgenic potato plants could lead to enhanced disease resistance against these pathogens.

scholarly journals Spray-induced gene silencing for disease control is dependent on the efficiency of pathogen RNA uptake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lulu Qiao ◽  
Chi Lan ◽  
Luca Capriotti ◽  
Audrey Ah-Fong ◽  
Jonatan Nino Sanchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Uptake Efficiency ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Disease Management ◽  
Fungal Genes

AbstractRecent discoveries show that fungi can take up environmental RNA, which can then silence fungal genes through environmental RNA interference. This discovery prompted the development of Spray-Induced Gene Silencing (SIGS) for plant disease management. In this study, we aimed to determine the efficacy of SIGS across a variety of eukaryotic microbes. We first examined the efficiency of RNA uptake in multiple pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi, and an oomycete pathogen. We observed efficient double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) uptake in the fungal plant pathogens Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus niger, and Verticillium dahliae, but no uptake in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and weak uptake in a beneficial fungus, Trichoderma virens. For the oomycete plant pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, RNA uptake was limited, and varied across different cell types and developmental stages. Topical application of dsRNA targeting virulence-related genes in the pathogens with high RNA uptake efficiency significantly inhibited plant disease symptoms, whereas the application of dsRNA in pathogens with low RNA uptake efficiency did not suppress infection. Our results have revealed that dsRNA uptake efficiencies vary across eukaryotic microbe species and cell types. The success of SIGS for plant disease management can largely be determined by the pathogen RNA uptake efficiency.

scholarly journals Evaluation of in-vitro methods to select effective streptomycetes against toxigenic fusaria

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Maria Colombo ◽  
Cristina Pizzatti ◽  
Andrea Kunova ◽  
Claudio Gardana ◽  
Marco Saracchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
In Planta ◽  
In Vitro Method ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
Strain Diversity ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens

Biocontrol microorganisms are emerging as an effective alternative to pesticides. Ideally, biocontrol agents (BCAs) for the control of fungal plant pathogens should be selected by an in vitro method that is high-throughput and is predictive of in planta efficacy, possibly considering environmental factors, and the natural diversity of the pathogen. The purpose of our study was (1) to assess the effects ofFusariumstrain diversity (N= 5) and culture media (N= 6) on the identification of biological control activity ofStreptomycesstrains (N= 20) againstFusariumpathogens of wheat in vitro and (2) to verify the ability of our in vitro screening methods to simulate the activity in planta. Our results indicate that culture media,Fusariumstrain diversity, and their interactions affect the results of an in vitro selection by dual culture assay. The results obtained on the wheat-based culture media resulted in the highest correlation score (r= 0.5) with the in planta root rot (RR) inhibition, suggesting that this in vitro method was the best predictor of in planta performance of streptomycetes against Fusarium RR of wheat assessed as extension of the necrosis on the root. Contrarily, none of the in vitro plate assays using the media tested could appropriately predict the activity of the streptomycetes against Fusarium foot rot symptoms estimated as the necrosis at the crown level. Considering overall data of correlation, the activity in planta cannot be effectively predicted by dual culture plate studies, therefore improved in vitro methods are needed to better mimic the activity of biocontrol strains in natural conditions. This work contributes to setting up laboratory standards for preliminary screening assays ofStreptomycesBCAs against fungal pathogens.

scholarly journals Formulation, characterization, evaluation and in vitro study of transfersomal gel medroxyprogesterone acetate for transdermal drug delivery

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 5373-5381
Author(s):  
Iskandarsyah ◽  
Camelia Dwi Putri Masrijal ◽  
Harmita
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Medroxyprogesterone Acetate ◽  
Transdermal Drug Delivery ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Hormonal Contraception ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Reversed Phase

A hormonal contraception progestin such as medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is used to helps regulate ovulation thus as a part of contraception hormone therapy as a method of birth control. This study aimed to formulate, characterized, evaluated transfersomal gel containing medroxyprogesterone acetate and to increased subcutaneous penetration of medroxyprogesterone acetate. In this research, three transfersomes formulas were prepared and optimized, e.g. F1, F2 and F3 with phosphatidylcholine: tween 80 concentration were 90:10; 85:15; and 75:25, respectively. F2 was the best formula with the highest entrapment efficiency 81.20±0.42 %, Average 81.35 ±0.78 nm, morphology of vesicles were spheres, indeks polidispersity 0.198±0.012 and zeta potential was -34.83±0.64 mV. The transpersonal gel (FGT) containing F2, and non-transpersonal gel containing MPA in methanol(FG) were prepared. In vitro penetration test were conducted to both of them using Franz Diffusion cells. Analysis of medroxyprogesterone acetate used a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with an ultraviolet detector on reversed-phase C18, 5µm; 150 x 4.6 mmcolumn; using acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid (60:40/v:v) and was detected at a wavelength of 240 nm with flow rate at 1.0 mL/min. Gel stability evaluation results showed that FGT was better than FG on pH stability, viscosity and rheological properties. Based on in vitro penetration study, cumulative subcutaneous penetration of medroxyprogesterone acetate from FGT was 2356.45 ± 197.73 ng.cm-2 and from FG 359.15 ± 13.60 ng.cm-2, respectively. Flux value for FGT and FG were 112.77 ± 6,47 ng.cm-2.hr-1and 17.99 ± 4.81 ng.cm-2.hr-1, respectively. It could be concluded that transfersomal gel medroxyprogesterone acetate for transdermal drug delivery increased cumulative transdermal penetration of medroxyprogesterone acetate by six times more than non-transfersomal gel dosage form.

scholarly journals Structure and inhibition of Cryptococcus neoformans sterylglucosidase to develop antifungal agents

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nivea Pereira de Sa ◽  
Adam Taouil ◽  
Jinwoo Kim ◽  
Timothy Clement ◽  
Reece M. Hoffmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Growth Defect ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Heavy Burden

AbstractPathogenic fungi exhibit a heavy burden on medical care and new therapies are needed. Here, we develop the fungal specific enzyme sterylglucosidase 1 (Sgl1) as a therapeutic target. Sgl1 converts the immunomodulatory glycolipid ergosterol 3β-D-glucoside to ergosterol and glucose. Previously, we found that genetic deletion of Sgl1 in the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) results in ergosterol 3β-D-glucoside accumulation, renders Cn non-pathogenic, and immunizes mice against secondary infections by wild-type Cn, even in condition of CD4+ T cell deficiency. Here, we disclose two distinct chemical classes that inhibit Sgl1 function in vitro and in Cn cells. Pharmacological inhibition of Sgl1 phenocopies a growth defect of the Cn Δsgl1 mutant and prevents dissemination of wild-type Cn to the brain in a mouse model of infection. Crystal structures of Sgl1 alone and with inhibitors explain Sgl1’s substrate specificity and enable the rational design of antifungal agents targeting Sgl1.

scholarly journals PRODUCTION AND FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITY ASSESMENT OF WOOD-WASTE LIQUID SMOKE

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 285-291
Author(s):  
Budy Rahmat ◽  
Dedi Natawijaya ◽  
Endang Surahman
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Wood Waste ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
In Vivo Test ◽  
Liquid Smoke

Liquid smoke is known to contain compounds that can control plant disease pathogens. This study aims to produce wood-waste liquid smoke and determine its effectiveness as a fungicide on plant pathogens. This research was conducted in two experimental stages, namely: (i) in vitro test as a preliminary test of the effectiveness of teak waste liquid smoke at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5%; and (ii) in vivo test was arranged in randomized block design consisting of seven levels of liquid smoke concentration, namely 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6%, each of which was repeated four times. The results showed that the pyrolysis of 1 kg of wood waste was produced with the proportions of liquid smoke, charcoal and tar, respectively: 312 mL, 31 g, 367 g and the uncondensed gases. Treatment of liquid smoke in the in vivo test showed that a concentration of 1 to 2.5% liquid smoke was able to suppress the growth of the pathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii 100%. The treatment of liquid smoke in the in vivo test showed an effect on inhibition of the growth diameter of fungal colonies, suppressing the disease occurance, and suppressing the lesion diameter.

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