scholarly journals Impact of Viral Decontamination Method on Cytokine Profile of COVID-19 Patients

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1287
Author(s):  
Davide Magrì ◽  
Anna Navarro ◽  
Federica Bergami ◽  
Elena Percivalle ◽  
Alessandro Ferrari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Sample Processing ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Load Removal ◽  
Ultraviolet C

COVID-19 related morbidity and mortality have been often attributed to an exaggerated immune response. The role of cytokines and chemokines in COVID-19 and their contributions to illness severity are known, and thus their profiling from patient bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples would help in understanding the disease progression. To date, limited studies have been performed on COVID-19 BAL samples, as the manipulation of such specimens (potentially containing live viruses) requires several laboratorial precautions, such as personnel training and special equipment, a requirement that not all laboratories can fulfil. Here, we assessed two fast and easily applicable methods (ultrafiltration and ultraviolet–C irradiation) for their impact on viral load removal or inactivation, respectively and on cytokine profiles preservation. Eight samples of BAL fluids from SARS-CoV2 patients with high viral load were tested. For both methods, complete removal was confirmed by lack of viral replication in Vero E6 cells and by RT-qPCR. Although both methods showed to remove completely the active SARS-CoV2 viral load, only UVC treatment has little or no quantitative effect on total cytokines/chemokines measurements, however cytokines profile and relative ratios are preserved or minimally altered when compared data obtained by the two different decontamination methods. Sample preparation and manipulation can greatly affect the analytical results; therefore, understanding if changes occurred after sample processing is of outmost importance for reliable data and can be useful to improve clinical practice.

scholarly journals Adapting the role of handheld echocardiography during the COVID-19 pandemic: A practical guide

Perfusion ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 026765912098653
Author(s):  
Hafiz Naderi ◽  
Shaun Robinson ◽  
Martin J Swaans ◽  
Nina Bual ◽  
Wing-See Cheung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
First Line ◽  
Scanning Time ◽  
Contagious Disease ◽  
Core Dataset ◽  
Clinical Questions

The COVID-19 pandemic has altered our approach to inpatient echocardiography delivery. There is now a greater focus to address key clinical questions likely to make an immediate impact in management, particularly during the period of widespread infection. Handheld echocardiography (HHE) can be used as a first-line assessment tool, limiting scanning time and exposure to high viral load. This article describes a potential role for HHE during a pandemic. We propose a protocol with a reporting template for a focused core dataset necessary in delivering an acute echocardiography service in the setting of a highly contagious disease, minimising risk to the operator. We cover the scenarios typically encountered in the acute cardiology setting and how an expert trained echocardiography team can identify such pathologies using a limited imaging format and include cardiac presentations encountered in those patients acutely unwell with COVID-19.

scholarly journals Temporal kinetics of RNAemia and associated systemic cytokines in hospitalized COVID-19 patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debby van Riel ◽  
Carmen W.E. Embregts ◽  
Gregorius J. Sips ◽  
Johannes P.C. van den Akker ◽  
Henrik Endeman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Respiratory Complications ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Direct Association ◽  
Kinetics Of

SummaryCOVID-19 is associated to a wide range of extra-respiratory complications, of which the pathogenesis is currently not fully understood. In this study we report the temporal kinetics of viral RNA and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in serum during the course of COVID-19. We show that a RNAemia occurs more frequently and lasts longer in patients that develop critical disease compared to patients that develop moderate or severe disease. Furthermore we show that concentrations of IL-10 and MCP-1—but not IL-6—are associated with viral load in serum. However, higher levels of IL-6 were associated with the development of critical disease. The direct association of inflammatory cytokines with viral load or disease severity highlights the complexity of systemic inflammatory response and the role of systemic viral spread.

scholarly journals Probiotics in the management of respiratory diseases: ways of interaction and therapeutic perspectives

2019 ◽  
pp. 173-182
Author(s):  
I. N. Zakharova ◽  
I. V. Berezhnaya ◽  
L. Ya. Klimov ◽  
A. N. Kasyanova ◽  
O. V. Dedikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
Sufficient Detail ◽  
Probiotic Strains

Today, the composition of the gut microbiota has been studied in sufficient detail. Increasing number of studies show that the respiratory tract, both the upper and lower respiratory tract, have their own microbiota. The article presents the main today’s data about the species diversity of microorganisms in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, describes the role of a healthy microbiota in providing local and general immunity. The authors specify the role of probiotic strains of microorganisms and their effect on various parts of the immune response and present the data of studies on the effect of probiotic products on the immunological resistance of humans, especially the respiratory tract with high viral load. Restoration of a healthy microbiota in the human tract using probiotic products administered through the gastrointestinal tract can reduce the risk and severity of manifestation of the respiratory infections.

scholarly journals Protection Versus Pathology in Aviremic and High Viral Load HIV-2 Infection—The Pivotal Role of Immune Activation and T-cell Kinetics

2014 ◽  
Vol 210 (5) ◽  
pp. 752-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Hegedus ◽  
Samuel Nyamweya ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Sheila Govind ◽  
Richard Aspinall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Cell Kinetics ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
Pivotal Role

scholarly journals Pool testing on random and natural clusters of individuals: Optimisation of SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in the presence of low viral load samples

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251589
Author(s):  
Michela Baccini ◽  
Emilia Rocco ◽  
Irene Paganini ◽  
Alessandra Mattei ◽  
Cristina Sani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Reliable Technique ◽  
Sample Pooling ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Pooled Samples ◽  
Natural Groups ◽  
Very High

Facing the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic requires intensive testing on the population to early identify and isolate infected subjects. During the first emergency phase of the epidemic, RT-qPCR on nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs, which is the most reliable technique to detect ongoing infections, exhibited limitations due to availability of reagents and budget constraints. This stressed the need to develop screening procedures that require fewer resources and are suitable to be extended to larger portions of the population. RT-qPCR on pooled samples from individual NP swabs seems to be a promising technique to improve surveillance. We performed preliminary experimental analyses aimed to investigate the performance of pool testing on samples with low viral load and we evaluated through Monte Carlo (MC) simulations alternative screening protocols based on sample pooling, tailored to contexts characterized by different infection prevalence. We focused on the role of pool size and the opportunity to develop strategies that take advantage of natural clustering structures in the population, e.g. families, school classes, hospital rooms. Despite the use of a limited number of specimens, our results suggest that, while high viral load samples seem to be detectable even in a pool with 29 negative samples, positive specimens with low viral load may be masked by the negative samples, unless smaller pools are used. The results of MC simulations confirm that pool testing is useful in contexts where the infection prevalence is low. The gain of pool testing in saving resources can be very high, and can be optimized by selecting appropriate group sizes. Exploiting natural groups makes the definition of larger pools convenient and potentially overcomes the issue of low viral load samples by increasing the probability of identifying more than one positive in the same pool.

Emergency transplantation for acute reactivation of chronic hepatitis B with high viral load: role of antiviral therapy

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 775-776
Author(s):  
Rami Moucari ◽  
Claire Francoz ◽  
Olivier Lada ◽  
Wael Abdel Razek ◽  
Patrick Marcellin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Antiviral Therapy ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis B ◽  
High Viral Load

Update in management of hepatitis B in pregnancy and prevention of mother to child hepatitis B transmission

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Naichaya Chamroonkul
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis B ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
World Population ◽  
Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Mother To Child

Even with two decades of widespread using hepatitis B vaccination, chronic hepatitis B remains a major global health problem. In Thailand, the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B infection was down from 8 - 10% in last decade to 5% recently. Failure to control mother to child transmission is one of the important barriers to the total elimination of hepatitis B infection from world population. In the majority, vertical transmission can be prevented with a universal screening program, immunoprophylaxis by administration of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIg) for babies born to mothers with HBV. However, in mothers with a high viral load, the chance of immunoprophylaxis failure remains high. To date, there are standard recommendations by all international liver societies including AASLD, EASL and APASL suggest introducing an antiviral agent during the third trimester to CHB pregnant women with a high viral load. Previous US FDA pregnancy category B agents such as Tenofovir and Telbivudine are allowed through all trimesters of pregnancy and are effective for prevention of mother to child transmission. Breastfeeding for patients who receive antiviral agents can be allowed after a risk-benefit discussion with the patient and family.

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