scholarly journals Do Adolescents Use Substances to Relieve Uncomfortable Sensations? A Preliminary Examination of Negative Reinforcement among Adolescent Cannabis and Alcohol Users

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 214
Author(s):  
April C. May ◽  
Joanna Jacobus ◽  
Jennifer L. Stewart ◽  
Alan N. Simmons ◽  
Martin P. Paulus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Cue Reactivity ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Alcohol Users

Alcohol and cannabis use are highly prevalent among adolescents and associated with negative consequences. Understanding motivations behind substance use in youth is important for informing prevention and intervention efforts. The present study aims to examine negative reinforcement principles of substance use among adolescent cannabis and alcohol users by pairing a cue reactivity paradigm with an aversive interoceptive stimulus. Adolescents (ages 15–17), classified as controls (CTL; n = 18), cannabis and/or alcohol experimenters (CAN+ALC-EXP; n = 16), or individuals meeting clinical criteria for cannabis and/or alcohol use disorder (CAN+ALC-SUD; n = 13) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during which they experienced an aversive interoceptive probe delivered via breathing load while simultaneously performing a cue reactivity paradigm. Participants also provided self-report ratings of how their substance use is positively or negatively reinforced. While experiencing the breathing load, CAN+ALC-SUD exhibited greater (p < 0.05) deactivation in the right amygdala, the left inferior frontal gyrus, and the left parahippocampal gyrus than CAN+ALC-EXP and CTL, who did not differ. Across all substance users, activation during the breathing load within the left parahippocampal gyrus negatively correlated with cannabis and alcohol lifetime use episodes and the left inferior frontal gyrus activity negatively correlated with lifetime alcohol use episodes. CAN+ALC-SUD reported experiencing more positive and negative reinforcement of using their substance of choice than CAN+ALC-EXP; both user groups reported higher levels of positive than negative reinforcement. Adolescents with a cannabis/alcohol use disorder demonstrate an altered response to interoceptive perturbations. However, adolescent cannabis/alcohol use does not appear to be driven by negative reinforcement, as viewing substance images did not dampen this response. Based on self-report data, the experience of positive reinforcement may be stronger for adolescents. Future studies should examine whether positive reinforcement contributes to adolescent substance use.

Dissociable brain correlates for depression, anxiety, dissociation, and somatization in depersonalization-derealization disorder

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwin Lemche ◽  
Simon A. Surguladze ◽  
Michael J. Brammer ◽  
Mary L. Phillips ◽  
Mauricio Sierra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Caudate Head ◽  
Brain Correlates ◽  
The Right

ObjectiveThe cerebral mechanisms of traits associated with depersonalization-derealization disorder (DPRD) remain poorly understood.MethodHappy and sad emotion expressions were presented to DPRD and non-referred control (NC) subjects in an implicit event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) design, and correlated with self report scales reflecting typical co-morbidities of DPRD: depression, dissociation, anxiety, somatization.ResultsSignificant differences between the slopes of the two groups were observed for somatization in the right temporal operculum (happy) and ventral striatum, bilaterally (sad). Discriminative regions for symptoms of depression were the right pulvinar (happy) and left amygdala (sad). For dissociation, discriminative regions were the left mesial inferior temporal gyrus (happy) and left supramarginal gyrus (sad). For state anxiety, discriminative regions were the left inferior frontal gyrus (happy) and parahippocampal gyrus (sad). For trait anxiety, discriminative regions were the right caudate head (happy) and left superior temporal gyrus (sad).DiscussionThe ascertained brain regions are in line with previous findings for the respective traits. The findings suggest separate brain systems for each trait.ConclusionOur results do not justify any bias for a certain nosological category in DPRD.

scholarly journals Motives for Alcohol and Marijuana Use as Predictors of Use and Problem Use Among Young Adult College Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-377
Author(s):  
Akilah Patterson ◽  
Milkie Vu ◽  
Regine Haardörfer ◽  
Michael Windle ◽  
Carla J. Berg
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Problem Drinking ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Problem Alcohol Use ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Alcohol Users ◽  
Problem Alcohol

This study examined (a) differences between alcohol-only users and alcohol–marijuana co-users and (b) motives for use in relation to alcohol and marijuana use and problem use. Spring 2016 data among 1,870 past 4-month alcohol users (63.6% female, 69.1% White) from seven Georgia colleges/universities were analyzed cross-sectionally and with regard to problem use measured 4 months later. Correlates of co-use ( n = 345; vs. alcohol-only use, n = 1,525) included greater alcohol and marijuana use frequency, problem drinking and marijuana use, and alcohol use motives ( p’s < .05). Controlling for covariates, alcohol use frequency correlated with greater marijuana use frequency and Coping and Self-enhancement alcohol use motives, but lower Conformity alcohol use motives ( p’s < .001); greater Coping and Self-enhancement alcohol use motives ( p’s < .01) predicted problem alcohol use. Marijuana use frequency correlated with greater Coping and Expansion marijuana use motives ( p’s < .05); greater Expansion marijuana use motives ( p = .005) predicted problem marijuana use. College-based substance use interventions should target Coping and Self-enhancement alcohol use motives and Expansion marijuana use motives.

scholarly journals Prevalance of Using Cigarette,Alcohol,Substance Among High School Students and Factors Affected Them

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Levent ◽  
A Ozer ◽  
A Gokce
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
School Students ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Alcohol Users

Abstract Background Usage rate of cigarette, alcohol, and substance is increasing day by day.Protectiv efactors have primary importance for prevention of substance use.The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalance of using cigarette, alcohol and substance and research relationship between risk factories and substance using, among high school students. Methods Ä°n Malatya city there are 17866 Anatolian, 14381 Vocational,10362 Religious high school students.Totally all of this 42629 students form the universe of this cross-sectional study. When the prevalance of using cigarette accepted as 25 % in high school students; sample size in Anatolian high school,Occupatioanal high school and Religious high school was found 283, 283 and 280 respectively.This survey was conducted in 9 different high schools which choosed by stratified sampling method, and 975 high school students have been reached in this survey.Ä°n the statistical analysing of data,Chi square test, logistic regression test were used. Results The prevalance of cigarette, alcohol and substance using found 34%, 14.3% and 4.2% respectivey among students participating in the survey.Cigarette using; in male students is 2.2 times higher (Cl 95%,1.661-3.073), in alcohol users is 7.6 times higher(Cl 95%,4.919-11.834)(p &lt; 0.05).Alcohol using is 9.6 times higher(Cl 95%, 5.712-16.250) in cigarette smokers(p &lt; 0.05).And alcohol using in students with alcohol use in their families is 26.8 times higher(Cl 95%,12.489-57.711)(p &lt; 0.05).Substance using; found 12.2 times higher(Cl 95%,4.900-30.566) in alcohol users,2.4 times higher(Cl 95%,5.712-16.250) in cigarette smokers and 5.6 times higher(Cl 95%,1.366-23.068)in students with substance use in their families (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions Cigarette using is more common in males and alcohol users.Alcohol use increses in smokers and students with alcohol use in their families.Substance use among students increases when student uses cigarette or alcohol and if there are substanceuse in their families. Key messages Alcohol use increses in smokers, smoking increses in alcohol users. Substance use increses in smokers, alcohol users and in the students with substance use in their families.

scholarly journals A systematic review of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and substance use in adolescents and emerging adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1155-1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley B West ◽  
Kelsey M Bittel ◽  
Michael A Russell ◽  
M Blair Evans ◽  
Scherezade K Mama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Multiple Behavior Change

Abstract The transition from adolescence into emerging adulthood is marked by changes in both physical activity and substance use. This systematic review characterized associations between movement behaviors (physical activity, sedentary behavior) and frequently used substances (alcohol, cannabis) among adolescents and emerging adults to inform lifestyle interventions that target multiple behavior change outcomes. This systematic review was guided by PRISMA. Electronic databases of PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were searched from inception through June 25, 2019. The search was designed to identify empirical studies reporting an association between physical activity or sedentary behavior and alcohol or cannabis, with search criteria determining eligibility based on several sampling characteristics (e.g., participants under 25 years of age). After identifying and screening 5,610 studies, data were extracted from 97 studies. Physical activity was positively associated with alcohol use among emerging adults, but the literature was mixed among adolescents. Sedentary behavior was positively associated with alcohol and cannabis use among adolescents, but evidence was limited among emerging adults. Self-report measures were used in all but one study to assess these behaviors. Physical activity is linked to greater alcohol use among emerging adults. Whereas existing studies demonstrate that sedentary behavior might serve as a risk marker for alcohol and cannabis use among adolescents, additional primary research is needed to explore these associations in emerging adults. Future work should also use device-based measures to account for timing of and contextual features surrounding activity and substance use in these populations.

scholarly journals Detection of Problematic Substance Use in the Child Welfare System: A Comparison of Self-Report and Caseworker Report

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen D. Seay
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Child Welfare ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Well Being ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Problematic Alcohol ◽  
Problematic Drug ◽  
Problematic Alcohol Use

Using a national sample of American families investigated for child maltreatment, this article compares parental self-report on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and Drug Abuse Screening Test measures to caseworker report of problematic alcohol and drug use at investigation. Data in this article are from child welfare caseworkers and a subset of parents surveyed in the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being II—primary caregivers (most often the biological mother) whose child remained in the home following investigation ( n = 4,009). Caseworkers identified problematic alcohol use in only 17.7% of the parents who self-reported problematic alcohol use and problematic drug use in 37.6% of the parents who self-reported problematic drug use. Sensitivity and specificity for the detection of problematic alcohol use were 21.5% and 94.8%, respectively, and 65.3% and 83.7% for problematic drug use, respectively. After controlling for the other variables in the model, an allegation of substance use reduced the odds of caseworker detection of problematic alcohol use being consistent with parent self-report (odds ratio [ OR] = 0.45, p < .01) and the odds of caseworker detection of problematic drug use being consistent with parent self-report ( OR = 0.13, p < .001).

scholarly journals Childhood Predictors of Daily Substance Use among Homeless Women of Different Ethnicities

2001 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
ADELINE NYAMATHI ◽  
DOUGLAS LONGSHORE ◽  
COLLEEN KEENAN ◽  
JANNA LESSER ◽  
BARBARA D. LEAKE
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Childhood Abuse ◽  
Peer Influence ◽  
Homeless Women ◽  
Negative Peer Influence ◽  
Alcohol Users

The objective of this study was to describe associations between childhood factors and adult daily substance use profiles among homeless women and to identify independent predictors of daily substance use for the overall sample and for ethnic/acculturation subgroups. Structured surveys were administered to 1,331 homeless women in Los Angeles who were either daily drug and alcohol users for the past 6 months or nondaily substance users. Physical abuse and parental drug abuse predicted daily drug use in the whole sample and selected subgroups, whereas parental alcohol abuse predicted daily alcohol use in the whole sample. Teen self-esteem was also found to have a protective effect on daily alcohol use for the sample and for African American women. Negative peer influence in adolescence predicted daily drug use among high-acculturated Latinas. In summary, childhood abuse, parental substance use, and negative peer influence affect important roles in homeless women's daily substance use.

scholarly journals Preprint: Alcohol's effects during uncertain and uncontrollable stressors in the laboratory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Bradford ◽  
Jack Michael Shireman ◽  
Sarah June Kittleson Sant'Ana ◽  
Gaylen Fronk ◽  
Susan E. Wanta (Schneck) ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Electric Shock ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Chronic Alcohol ◽  
Affective Components ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Startle Potentiation

Alcohol’s effects on reactivity to stressors depend on the nature of the stressor and the reactivity being assessed. Research identifying characteristics of stressors that modulate reactivity and clarifies the neurobehavioral, cognitive, and affective components of this reactivity may help prevent, reduce or treat the negative impacts of acute and chronic alcohol use with implications for other psychopathology involving maladaptive reactivity to stressors. We used a novel, multi-measure, cued electric shock stressor paradigm in a greater university community sample of adult recreational drinkers to test how alcohol (N=64), compared to No-alcohol (N=64), affects reactivity to stressors that vary in both their perceived certainty and controllability. Preregistered analyses suggested alcohol significantly dampened subjective anxiety (self-report) and defensive reactivity (startle potentiation) more during uncertain than during certain stressors regardless of controllability, suggesting that stressor uncertainty —but not uncontrollability— may be sufficient to enhance alcohol’s stress reactivity dampening and thus negative reinforcement potential.

What Mothers Know about Their Adolescents' Alcohol/Drug Use and Problems, and How Mothers React to Finding out about it

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred S. Friedman ◽  
Nita W. Glickman ◽  
Margaret R. Morrissey
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Heavy Alcohol ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Interview Format ◽  
Alcohol Users ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Outpatient Drug

Data was collected from 189 adolescent clients, ages thirteen to twenty-one, and separately from their mothers, in a structured interview format, at time of application for outpatient drug treatment. Based on the assumption that the adolescents know more about their own substance use than their mothers, and do not exaggerate their substance use in their reporting, the results indicate that the mothers' information is not very complete or accurate. The adolescents reported significantly more use of alcohol, but significantly less problem with alcohol use, a finding consistent with the usual assumption that heavy alcohol users deny their problem. In regard to the reports on the mothers' reactions upon finding out about the substance use, the best degree of agreement was on whether the adolescent was punished, and the least degree of agreement was on whether the mother expressed concern about the harmful effects of drugs on the adolescent's life.

scholarly journals Effects of the Transcendental Meditation Program on Substance Use among University Students

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. F. Haaga ◽  
Sarina Grosswald ◽  
Carolyn Gaylord-King ◽  
Maxwell Rainforth ◽  
Melissa Tanner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
University Students ◽  
Transcendental Meditation ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Male University Students ◽  
Valuable Role ◽  
Intervention Condition

A randomized wait-list controlled trial ( university students) of the effects of the Transcendental Meditation program was conducted in an urban setting. Substance use was assessed by self-report at baseline and 3 months later. For smoking and illicit drug use, there were no significant differences between conditions. For alcohol use, sex X intervention condition interactions were significant; TM instruction lowered drinking rates among male but not female students. TM instruction could play a valuable role in reducing alcohol use among male university students. Limitations are noted, along with suggestions for further research.

scholarly journals Adolescent Behavioral Characteristics Mediate Familial Effects on Alcohol Use and Problems in College-bound Students

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
April L. Brown ◽  
Roberto A. Espana ◽  
Chelsie Benca-Bachman ◽  
Justine W. Welsh ◽  
Rohan Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Family History ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Internalizing Problems ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Illicit Substance ◽  
Illicit Substance Use ◽  
History Of

Background: Alcohol use and problems are complex behaviours influenced by individual characteristics, such as temperament, mood. Studies suggest a broad spectrum of behaviours associated with drinking, which makes it unclear whether patterns of familial risk for drinking are directly or indirectly related to patterns of alcohol use and problems in late adolescence. Objectives: We examined direct and indirect effects of perceived family history of psychopathology on pre-collegiate alcohol use and problems via the Transmissible Liability Index (TLI).Methods: Participants (N=302; 29.6% male) provided self-report data on age of onset of drinking, past 90-day alcohol use and problems, family history of internalizing and alcohol and illicit substance use, and TLI. Results: Approximately 21% of participants reported having at least one relative with a history of regular and/or problematic alcohol use, compared to 12% for illicit substance use, and ~55% for internalizing problems. Higher TLI scores were associated with increased family history of substance use, alcohol use, and internalizing problems, as well as earlier age of onset of drinking. Family history of internalizing problems was the most robust indicator of AUP (β = 0.20 [95% CI = 0.04 - 0.36], p = 0.01). Path analyses suggested that the individual-level behaviours that comprise TLI mediate the effects of family history on age of initiation and regular alcohol consumption. Conclusions: Family history of internalizing, drinking, and illicit substance use reflect generalized risk for a broad set of behaviours associated with risk for alcohol initiation and use during the transition from high school to college.

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