scholarly journals Comparison of Four Ultrasonography-Based Risk Stratification Systems in Thyroid Nodules with Nondiagnostic/Unsatisfactory Cytology: A Real-World Study

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1948
Author(s):  
You-Bin Lee ◽  
Young-Lyun Oh ◽  
Jung-Hee Shin ◽  
Sun-Wook Kim ◽  
Jae-Hoon Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Roc Curve ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Positive Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
The Other ◽  
American Thyroid Association ◽  
Data Systems ◽  
Malignancy Rate ◽  
Line P ◽  
The Eu

We compared American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines, Korean (K)-Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data Systems (TIRADS), EU-TIRADS, and American College of Radiology (ACR) TIRADS in diagnosing malignancy for thyroid nodules with nondiagnostic/unsatisfactory cytology. Among 1143 nondiagnostic/unsatisfactory aspirations from April 2011 to March 2016, malignancy was detected in 39 of 89 excised nodules. The minimum malignancy rate was 7.82% in EU-TIRADS 5 and 1.87–3.00% in EU-TIRADS 3–4. In the other systems, the minimum malignancy rate was 14.29–16.19% in category 5 and ≤3% in the remaining categories. Although the EU-TIRADS category ≥ 5 exhibited the highest positive likelihood ratio (LR) of only 2.214, category ≥ 5 in the other systems yielded the highest positive LR of >5. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of all systems to predict malignancy were located statistically above the diagonal nondiscrimination line (P for ROC curve: EU-TIRADS, 0.0022; all others, 0.0001). The areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) were not significantly different among the four systems. The ATA guidelines, K-TIRADS, and ACR TIRADS may be useful to guide management for nondiagnostic/unsatisfactory nodules. The EU-TIRADS, although also useful, exhibited inferior performance in predicting malignancy for nondiagnostic/unsatisfactory nodules in Korea, an iodine-sufficient area.

scholarly journals Use of Diagnostic Criteria from ACR and EU-TIRADS Systems to Improve the Performance of Cytology in Thyroid Nodule Triage

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5439
Author(s):  
Davide Seminati ◽  
Giulia Capitoli ◽  
Davide Leni ◽  
Davide Fior ◽  
Francesco Vacirca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Nodule ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Scoring Systems ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Data Systems ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Radiological Features ◽  
Benign Nodules ◽  
Design And Methods ◽  
The Eu

Objective: The American College of Radiology (ACR) and the European Thyroid Association (EU) have proposed two scoring systems for thyroid nodule classification. Here, we compared the ability of the two systems in triaging thyroid nodules for fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and tested the putative role of an approach that combines ultrasound features and cytology for the detection of malignant nodules. Design and Methods: The scores obtained with the ACR and EU Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data Systems (TIRADS) from a prospective series of 480 thyroid nodules acquired from 435 subjects were compared to assess their performances in FNA triaging on the final cytological diagnosis. The US features that showed the highest contribution in discriminating benign nodules from malignancies were combined with cytology to improve its diagnostic performance. Results: FNA was recommended on 46.5% and 51.9% of the nodules using the ACR and EU-TIRADS scores, respectively. The ACR system demonstrated a higher specificity as compared to the EU-TIRADS (59.0% vs. 52.4%, p = 0.0012) in predicting >TIR3A/III (SIAPEC/Bethesda) nodules. Moreover, specific radiological features (i.e., echogenic foci and margins), combined with the cytological classes improved the specificity (97.5% vs. 91%, p < 0.0001) and positive predictive values (77.5% vs. 50.7%, p < 0.0001) compared to cytology alone, especially in the setting of indeterminate nodules (TIR3A/III and TIR3B/IV), maintaining an excellent sensitivity and negative predictive value. Conclusions: The ACR-TIRADS system showed a higher specificity compared to the EU-TIRADS in triaging thyroid nodules. The use of specific radiological features improved the diagnostic ability of cytology.

ACR TI-RADS and ATA ultrasound classifications are helpful for the management of thyroid nodules located in the isthmus

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jianhui Cao ◽  
Weiwei Huang ◽  
Pintong Huang ◽  
Yunlin Huang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Stratification ◽  
Operating Characteristic ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
American Thyroid Association ◽  
Management Recommendations ◽  
Diagnostic Capabilities

PURPOSE: To compare the application value of the American College of Radiology (ACR) Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) and the American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines in the risk stratification of thyroid isthmic nodules. METHODS: A total of 315 patients with thyroid isthmic nodules (315 nodules) confirmed by surgical pathology or fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) were selected in this retrospective study. The nodules were evaluated and classified according to ACR TI-RADS and the ATA guidelines. Taking pathological results as the reference, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn to evaluate the diagnostic capabilities of the ACR TI-RADS and the ATA guidelines for the risk stratification of thyroid isthmic nodules. The unnecessary biopsy rates and false-negative rates were compared. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis of ultrasonographic features of suspicious malignancies showed that an aspect ratio >  1 was not an independent risk factor for malignant thyroid nodules located in the isthmus (odds ratio: 3.193, 95%confidence interval: 0.882–11.552) (P = 0.077). The area under the ROC curves for diagnosing malignant thyroid nodules located in the isthmus in by the ACR TI-RADS and the ATA guidelines were 0.853 and 0.835, respectively. Under the management recommendations of the ACR TI-RADS and ATA guidelines, the false-negative rates of malignant thyroid nodules were 66.2%(ATA intermediate suspicion), 62.3%(ACR TR 4), 81.8%(ATA high suspicion) and 86.5%(ACR TR 5). CONCLUSION: Both the ACR TI-RADS and the ATA guidelines have high diagnostic capabilities for the risk stratification of thyroid isthmic nodules. For ACR TR 4 and 5 and ATA intermediate- and high-suspicion thyroid isthmic nodules with a maximum diameter <  1 cm, the criteria for puncture should be lowered, and FNAB should be done to clarify their diagnosis.

Risk Stratification of Thyroid Nodules With Atypia of Undetermined Significance/Follicular Lesion of Undetermined Significance (AUS/FLUS) Cytology Using Ultrasonography Patterns Defined by the 2015 ATA Guidelines

2017 ◽  
Vol 126 (9) ◽  
pp. 625-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Hye Lee ◽  
Kyunghwa Han ◽  
Eun-Kyung Kim ◽  
Hee Jung Moon ◽  
Jung Hyun Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Stratification ◽  
Fine Needle Aspiration ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
American Thyroid Association ◽  
Fine Needle ◽  
Malignancy Rate ◽  
Undetermined Significance

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of ultrasonography (US) patterns based on the 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines for malignancy in atypia of undetermined significance or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) nodules. Methods: From January 2014 to August 2015, 133 thyroid nodules that were initially diagnosed as AUS/FLUS on fine needle aspiration (FNA) were included in this study. Each nodule was assigned a category with US patterns defined by the ATA guidelines. Clinical characteristics and US patterns were compared between the benign and malignant nodules, and malignancy rates were calculated according to the ATA guidelines. Results: The malignancy rate in the very low suspicion group was 0.0% in AUS/FLUS nodules. When applying the ATA guidelines, significant differences existed for US patterns between the benign and malignant nodules in the AUS group ( P = .032) but not the FLUS group ( P = .168). Conclusions: Ultrasonography patterns by the 2015 ATA guidelines can provide risk stratification for nodules with AUS cytology but not for ones with FLUS cytology. For nodules with AUS/FLUS cytology with the very low suspicion pattern of the ATA guidelines, follow-up US might be recommended instead of repeat FNA.

A Comparison of Different Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data Systems to Reduce Unnecessary FNAs and Missed Malignancies

2021 ◽  
pp. 875647932110550
Author(s):  
Ehsan Seif ◽  
Mostafa Qorbani ◽  
Shaghayegh Mousavi ◽  
Ali Salahshoor
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Scoring Systems ◽  
Data System ◽  
Data Systems ◽  
Fine Needle ◽  
Conservative Method ◽  
Thyroid Imaging ◽  
The Eu

Objective: The Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) has been proposed to reduce the number of unnecessary fine needle aspirations (FNA) from thyroid nodules. Materials and Methods: An individual radiologist provided sonographic examinations and FNA on a collection of 188 thyroid nodules. The recommendations based on the TIRADS system, for each nodule, was determined and evaluated against the cytology results. Results: The American College of Radiology (ACR), artificial intelligence (AI), European (EU), and Korean (K) scoring systems reduced FNAs by 53%, 56%, 48%, and 28%, respectively. Among those lesions without a recommendation for immediate FNA, The ACR would have missed four malignant nodules, the AI would have missed four malignant nodules, and K TIRADS would have missed three malignant nodules but with a recommended follow-up imaging. The ACR would have missed three malignant nodules, the AI would have missed four malignant nodules, and EU TIRADS would have missed four malignant nodules, without a recommended follow-up examination. The highest and lowest kappa interrelated agreements were between ACR and AI (0.902) and AI and K (0.448). Conclusion: The ACR and AI TIRADS could substantially decrease the number of FNAs but rely on follow-up imaging. The EU TIRADS reduced the number of FNAs, the least however this system had less dependence on follow-up imaging. The K TIRADS was the most conservative method and the least dependent on follow-up diagnostics.

Comparison of ACR TI-RADS, Kwak TI-RADS, ATA guidelines and KTA/KSThR guidelines in combination with SWE in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Wen-Fang Deng
Keyword(s):  
Roc Curve ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Youden Index ◽  
Diagnostic Efficacy ◽  
Ultrasound Classification

OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic efficacy of ACR TI-RADS, Kwak TI-RADS, ATA guidelines and KTA/KSThR guidelines in combination with shear wave elastography (SWE) for thyroid nodules. METHODS: The retrospective study included 566 thyroid nodules with maximum diameter≥5 mm which confirmed by FNA cytology or/and surgical pathology. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, Youden index of diagnosis of thyroid nodules by ACR TI-RADS, Kwak TI-RADS, ATA guidelines, KTA/KSThR guidelines and SWE were calculated. The ROC curve was drawn to determine the cut-off values of the four ultrasound classification systems and SWE Emax. The diagnostic efficacy of the four ultrasound classification systems in combination with SWE were calculated and compared with those of pre-combination. RESULTS: The ROC curves indicated that the cut-off value of ACR TI-RADS, Kwak TI-RADS, ATA guidelines, KTA/KSThR guidelines and Emax of SWE was TR5, 4c, high-suspicion, high-suspicion, and 41.7 kPa, respectively, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.907(0.879–0.934), 0904(0.876–0.932), 0.894(0.863–0.924), 0.888(0.856–0.919), 0.886(0.859–0.913), respectively. After combination with SWE, the the sensitivities of the four ultrasound classification systems for the diagnosis of nodules were improved, and the differences were statistically significant (all P≤0.001); the specificities were decreased, but the differences were not statistically significant (all P >  0.05); the accuracies were improved, but only the difference of ACR TI-RADS was statistically significant (x2 = 4.45, p = 0.035); the differences in the AUCs were not significant (all P >  0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The four ultrasound classification systems and SWE all had high performance in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules. The four classification systems in combination with SWE were all beneficial to the differential diagnosis of nodules, and ACR TI-RADS in combination with SWE was more effective, especially for TR3 and TR4 nodules.

scholarly journals Elastography for the Diagnosis of High-Suspicion Thyroid Nodules Based on the 2015 American Thyroid Association Guidelines: A Multicenter Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hairu Li ◽  
Yulan Peng ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Hong Ai ◽  
Xiaodong Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Strain Ratio ◽  
American Thyroid Association ◽  
Diagnostic Efficiency ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Abstract Background: Accurate diagnosis of high-risk nodules of 2015 American thyroid association(ATA) would reduce invasive testing. Elastography is useful for identifying benign and malignant thyroid nodules. Aims: To investigate the diagnostic efficiency of elastography for high-suspicion thyroid nodules based on the 2015 guidelines in the Chinese population. Materials and Methods: A total of 1445 thyroid nodules were subjected to conventional ultrasound and strain elastography examinations. Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves were plotted to evaluate the diagnostic performance of elasticity score(ES) and strain ratio(SR). Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the predictors of malignancy. Results: The areas under the curve of ES and SR were 0.828 and 0.732. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value(PPV) and negative predictive value(NPV) of ES were 92.4%, 60.7%, 79.0%, 76.3% and 85.5% , and those of the SR were 81.1%, 50.1%, 68.9%, 65.9% and 67.9%. Logistic regression analysis showed that microcalcification (OR=5.290), taller than wide (OR=12.710), irregular margin (OR=10.117), extrathyroidal extension (OR=6.412), ES (OR=3.741) and SR (OR=1.083) were independent predictors of malignant thyroid nodules. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV and NPV of ES were all superior in nodules ≥1 cm than in those <1 cm (95.0% vs 90.4%, 68.8% vs 56.8%, 85.9% vs 74.4%, 85.2% vs 69.9%, 87.8% vs 84.2%, respectively). Conclusions: Elastography with ES is valuable for assessment of high-suspicion thyroid nodules based on the 2015 ATA guidelines, especially in nodules ≥1 cm.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology in Thyroid Nodules in Thammasat University Hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (10) ◽  
pp. 1667-1670
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Thyroid Nodule ◽  
Fine Needle Aspiration ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Follicular Neoplasm ◽  
Fine Needle ◽  
Malignancy Rate

Background: Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is a key investigation of thyroid nodules. There are several reports of FNA accuracy, which ranges from 75.0% to 94.8%, while false negative rates are 5.8% to 21.5%. In Thailand, there is no available data of FNA accuracy according to the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC). The present study reported single-institute data of FNA accuracy, that could be used in thyroid nodule management. Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of FNA cytology results of thyroid nodules collected in Thammasat University (TU) Hospital. Materials and Methods: The present study was a retrospective study collected cytologic results of all thyroid nodules that subsequently had definitive histopathologic diagnoses. The data were gathered from clinics at TU Hospital that performed thyroid nodule FNA between May 2011 and November 2014. The FNA cytology results were classified according to TBSRTC. Each cytopathologic result was compared with its postoperative tissue histopathology. The malignancy rate, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy were calculated. Results: The present study included 197 thyroid nodule FNA cytology results. The sensitivity and specificity were 77.8% and 65.4%, respectively. The calculated PPV was found to be 47.7%, and the NPV was 87.9%. The accuracy of these results was 69.0%. The malignancy rate of the unsatisfactory group was 6.25%, benign group 8.05%, atypia of undetermined significance or follicular lesion of unknown significance 22.22%, follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm 14.20%, suspicious for malignancy 73.68%, and malignant 100%. Conclusion: The FNA cytology in TU Hospital has comparable sensitivity to the other studies. Interestingly, the malignancy rate in the follicular neoplasm category is lower than that of the other institutes because of a high false positive rate in this category. This causes lower specificity and accuracy, which may cause a higher rate of unnecessary operations. Keywords: FNA; Thyroid nodule; Diagnostic accuracy

scholarly journals Sonographic Risk Stratification Systems for Thyroid Nodules as Rule-Out Tests in Older Adults

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2458
Author(s):  
Giorgio Grani ◽  
Gabriela Brenta ◽  
Pierpaolo Trimboli ◽  
Rosa Falcone ◽  
Valeria Ramundo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Stratification ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
American Thyroid Association ◽  
Data Systems ◽  
Discriminative Performance ◽  
Sizable Number ◽  
Rule Out

Ultrasonographic risk-stratification systems (RSS), including various Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data Systems (TIRADS), were proposed to improve reporting and reduce the number of fine-needle aspiration biopsies. However, age might be a confounder since some suspicious ultrasonographic features lack specificity in elderly patients. We aimed to investigate whether the diagnostic performance of the RSS varied between age groups. All patients consecutively referred for thyroid biopsy between November 1, 2015, and March 10, 2020, were included. The malignancy risk of each nodule was estimated according to five RSS: the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology/Associazione Medici Endocrinologi guidelines, the American College of Radiology (ACR) TIRADS, the American Thyroid Association guidelines, the European TIRADS, and the Korean TIRADS. Overall, 818 nodules (57 malignant) were evaluated. The malignancy rate was higher in patients ≤ 65 years (8.1%) than in patients > 65 years (3.8%; p = 0.02). All RSS confirmed a significant discriminative performance in both age groups, with a negative predictive value of 100% in patients > 65 years, although specificity was lower in older patients. The ACR TIRADS was the best performing in both age groups. RSS could avoid a sizable number of biopsies when applied as rule-out tests in elderly patients.

scholarly journals MON-497 Evaluation and Comparison of Ultrasonographic Features According to Histology of Thyroid Nodules

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cátia Ferrinho ◽  
Clara Valério Cunha ◽  
Eugénia Silva ◽  
Catarina Saraiva ◽  
Rute Costa Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Positive Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Diagnostic Odds Ratio ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Us ◽  
Risk Of Malignancy ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Introduction: The prevalence of thyroid nodules identified by ultrasonography (US) may be up to 70%, with the majority being incidentalomas. Less than 15% of thyroid nodules will be malignant. Ultrasonography plays a key role in the diagnosis and management of thyroid diseases and US features have been described in way to predict the risk of malignancy. Aim: Evaluate and correlate US features with histological results, in our hospital, from January 2017 to December 2018. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study. A total of 117 patients were evaluated, 77 had histology of nodular hyperplasia (benign) and 40 had histology of thyroid carcinoma (malign) after partial or total thyroidectomy. We described the size of the nodule (the largest diameter), the US features detailed in the ultrasound report (shape, margins, echogenicity, composition and microcalcifications), the EU-TIRADS score of each nodule and the histology of thyroid. The data were analysed using nonparametric statistical tests. The results are presented as median (interquartile range). The level of significance accepted was p&lt;0.05. Results: Of the 117 patients, 82.1% were female, with a median age of 59.7 (25.0) years, nodule size in benign histology group was 35.0 (14.0) mm and in malign histology group was 20.0 (28.0) mm. Of malignant nodules, 90.0% (n=36) were papillary carcinomas. The prevalence of US features: 76.9% were solid, 35.0% had microcalcifications, 25.6% had irregular margins, 17.9% were markedly hypoechoic and 6.8% were taller-than-wide. Three characteristics were significantly related to malignancy: irregular margins (p=0.001), markedly hypoechoic (p=0.001) and microcalcifications (p=0.015). The taller-than-wide feature had the highest specificity of 94.8%; the marked hypoechogenicity with a specificity of 92.2%, had the highest positive likelihood ratio (LHR+: 4.81 (95% CI: 2.02–11.44)) and the highest diagnostic odds ratio (DOR: 7.10 (95% CI: 2.48–20.30)). The EU-TIRADS 5 category had a significant association with malignancy (p=0.001) and 80.0% of malignant nodules were classified in this category. The specificity was 62.3%, LHR+ was 2.12 (95% CI: 1.53–2.94) and DOR was 6.62 (95% CI: 2.69–16.31). Conclusion: In the evaluation of the US features, marked hypoechogenicity had the highest LHR+ and DOR. It was possible to verify that the EU-TIRADS 5 category was a good predictor of risk to malignancy, which reinforces the importance of categorizing the nodules for selective perform of fine needle aspiration.

Avrupa’ya Türk göçü: Almanya örneği

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Milan Palat
Keyword(s):  
Network Theory ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
The Other ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Effective Mechanism ◽  
The Eu

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’den göç ve Almanya’nın ekonomik göstergeleri arasındaki ilişkiyi, nicel metot yöntemleri kullanarak değerlendirmektir. Türkiye’nin belirsiz Avrupa ile bütünleşme beklentilerine rağmen  Avrupa Birliğinin köklü üyelerine olan Türk göçü devam edecektir. Çok sayıda Türk azınlığın yaşadığı ve hayat standartlarının yüksek olduğu Almanya, Hollanda ve Fransa’ya  büyük bir göç dalgası gerçekleşebilir. Çalışmanın istatistiksel bölümünün sonuçları, toplam göç ile gayri safi yurtiçi hasıladaki büyüme arasında pozitif, toplam göç ile işsizlik arasındaki negatif ve tahmin edilen bağımlılık yönüyle uygunluk içerisinde olan toplam göç ile aylık gelir arasında pozitif ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir. Türkiye’den göçle işsizlik arasındaki ilişki, toplam göçle olan ilişkiden daha düşüktür. Ancak, Almanya’daki yabancı mevcudiyeti ile Türkiye’den göç arasında bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. Bu durum, var olan göçmen topluluğunun olduğu yerin, yeni göçmenleri, köken bağlarına dayanarak cezbetmesi ve maliyet- riskler sebebiyle göçün düşük seviye de olduğuna dayanan kuramsal Ağ teorisi görüşü ile uygunluk göstermektedir. Göç ve işsizlik arasında gözlenen ilişki, Almanya’ya göçün  işgücü piyasasında talepte meydana gelen değişime karşılık geldiği gerçeğini göstermektedir. İşsizlik ve göç olgularının meydana geliş zamanlarında bir aralık  olsa bile  göç, Alman emek pazarında var olan dengesizliklerin azaltılmasında nispeten etkili bir mekanizma gibi görünmektedir. ENGLISH TITLE & ABSTRACTTurkish Immigration to the European Union: The Case of GermanyThe objective of the paper was to evaluate the relationships between immigration from Turkey and economic indicators in Germany using  quantitative methods. Despite Turkey’s unclear European integration prospects, it is predicted that Turkish immigration to  established member countries of the EU will continue. The strongest waves may flow to Germany, Netherlands or France, where numerous Turkish minorities are already present and where the living standards are high. Results from the statistical analysis of the paper showed a positive correlation between immigration total and the growth of gross domestic product. On the other hand, a negative correlation of immigration total and unemployment was found and a positive relationship between immigration total and income total which is in agreement with the expected dependency direction. With regards to  immigration from Turkey it is less correlated to unemployment than immigration total. But there is a correlation between immigration from Turkey and the stock of foreigners in Germany This is in accordance with the theoretical concept of network theory where an existing community of migrants keeps attracting new migrants because the costs and risks associated with migration are lower, thanks to established linkages to the country of origin. The observed correlation of migration and unemployment points to the fact that immigration to Germany responds to changes in demand in the labour market. Even though a time lag may occur in the case of unemployment and immigration, migration appears to be a relatively effective mechanism to offset existing imbalances in German labour markets. 

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