Compound Endoscopic Morphological Features for Identifying Non-Pedunculated Lesions ≥20 mm with Intramucosal Neoplasia

Background: The major limitation of piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is the inaccurate histological assessment of the resected specimen, especially in cases of submucosal invasion. Objective: To classify non-pedunculated lesions ≥20 mm based on endoscopic morphological features, in order to identify those that present intramucosal neoplasia (includes low-grade neoplasia and high-grade neoplasia) and are suitable for piecemeal EMR. Design: A post-hoc analysis from an observational prospective multicentre study conducted by 58 endoscopists at 17 academic and community hospitals was performed. Unbiased conditional inference trees (CTREE) were fitted to analyse the association between intramucosal neoplasia and the lesions’ endoscopic characteristics. Result: 542 lesions from 517 patients were included in the analysis. Intramucosal neoplasia was present in 484 of 542 (89.3%) lesions. A conditional inference tree including all lesions’ characteristics assessed with white light imaging and narrow-band imaging (NBI) found that ulceration, pseudodepressed type and sessile morphology changed the accuracy for predicting intramucosal neoplasia. In ulcerated lesions, the probability of intramucosal neoplasia was 25% (95%CI: 8.3–52.6%; p < 0.001). In non-ulcerated lesions, its probability in lateral spreading lesions (LST) non-granular (NG) pseudodepressed-type lesions rose to 64.0% (95%CI: 42.6–81.3%; p < 0.001). Sessile morphology also raised the probability of intramucosal neoplasia to 86.3% (95%CI: 80.2–90.7%; p < 0.001). In the remaining 319 (58.9%) non-ulcerated lesions that were of the LST-granular (G) homogeneous type, LST-G nodular-mixed type, and LST-NG flat elevated morphology, the probability of intramucosal neoplasia was 96.2% (95%CI: 93.5–97.8%; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Non-ulcerated LST-G type and LST-NG flat elevated lesions are the most common non-pedunculated lesions ≥20 mm and are associated with a high probability of intramucosal neoplasia. This means that they are good candidates for piecemeal EMR. In the remaining lesions, further diagnostic techniques like magnification or diagnostic +/− therapeutic endoscopic submucosal dissection should be considered.

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Zur Entwicklung der modalenverstehen-Konstruktion: Ein Konservierungseffekt im Zuge der Auxiliarisierung

Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik ◽

10.1515/zgl-2020-0003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 101-135

Author(s):

Volodymyr Dekalo

Keyword(s):

Random Forest ◽

20Th Century ◽

Semantic Space ◽

Time Span ◽

Conditional Inference ◽

Fourth Period ◽

Space Model ◽

Previous Time ◽

Conditional Inference Trees ◽

Feature Based

AbstractThe present paper deals with item- and feature-based changes of the modal semi-schematic construction with verstehen in written German during the 20th century. To understand this development, the century is divided into four equal periods. Applying a simple collexeme analysis for each time span, the study ascertains which lexical verbs appear as typical items in a schematic slot constituting its collostructional profile. Comparing the distributional behavior manually in a pairwise fashion, the analysis reveals that solely three verbs, namely machen, umgehen and meistern, stay constantly highly attracted within the top collexemes of the verstehen-construction during the 20th century. Using a dependency-based semantic space model, the study demonstrates that the collostructional profile of the fourth period differs considerably from the previous time span. Utilizing random forest of conditional inference trees, changes in terms of usage features of the modal construction are pinpointed. As a result, its grammaticality degree has not increased demonstrating solely minor changes in temporal functionality as well as in realization of subject forms.

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Performance of Wireless Magnetometers for Stop Bar Detection at Signalized Intersections

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.1177/0361198118796068 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2672 (45) ◽

pp. 55-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jidong J. Yang ◽

Bashan Zuo

Keyword(s):

Environmental Conditions ◽

Access Point ◽

Signalized Intersections ◽

Conditional Inference ◽

Professional Judgment ◽

Heavy Vehicles ◽

Study Results ◽

Adverse Weather ◽

Reliable Detection ◽

Conditional Inference Trees

Wireless magnetometers have been considered as a practical alternative to inductive loops and suitable for large intersections, where span wire is generally used for traffic signal support. In this paper, wireless magnetometers are evaluated for stop bar vehicle detection at signalized intersections. High-resolution detector data were collected in the field subjected to various weather and environmental conditions. Conditional inference trees were used to correlate detection errors with weather and environmental factors that potentially affect the performance of wireless magnetometers. The study results indicated that the wireless magnetometers are fairly robust to various environmental conditions, such as wind, lighting, and visibility. Frequent passing of heavy vehicles, common at large intersections, can cause communication interruption between in-pavement sensors and the access point. This likely increases false and stuck-on call errors, which could be aggravated by adverse weather (e.g., rain, fog, or snow). This communication interruption issue can be mitigated by proper installation of additional repeaters. Provided the interruption issues are site-specific, professional judgment and field test are required for proper system setup, which is critical to delivering accurate and reliable detection for the wireless magnetometer system.

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INCIDENCE AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF HIGH GRADE PROSTATIC INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA IN TURP SPECIFIMENS

10.36106/gjra/1012856 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

B. Pavan Kumar ◽

Imran Ali ◽

Anwar Miya ◽

Kishan Kishan

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Criteria ◽

Prostatic Carcinoma ◽

Invasive Carcinoma ◽

Clinical Presentation ◽

Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽

Diagnostic Techniques ◽

Transurethral Resection Of Prostate ◽

Low Grade ◽

High Grade ◽

Precancerous Condition

BACKGROUND : PIN is a well known precancerous condition of prostatic carcinoma. Transurethral resection of prostate has become the most prominent and the easiest way, to morphologically evaluate lesions of PIN. But clinicians are sometimes confused by the grading that is given in the report. So there is a need to define the diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis of PIN using newer diagnostic techniques to assist in the better diagnosis and grading. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether the diagnostic criteria can be defined PIN and using newer techniques for PIN grading to improve the clinical management of patients with prostatic lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study will be done in the Department of Pathology MGM Hospitals, Warangal for a period of 2 years and includes consecutive cases of TURP specimens from the patients who present with obstructive symptoms as a major clinical presentation and correlated with PSA levels. INCLULSION CRITERIA: Patients who present with obstructive symptoms as a major clinical presentation. RESULTS: 1.160 cases of TURP specimens were studied out of which 53 (33.12%) cases are PIN. BPH -78 (48/74%), PC-15 (9.37%), SM-14 (8.75%) 2. Majority cases are low grade PIN 34 out of 53 cases (21.25%) High Grade PIN 19 out of 53cases. (11.87%) 3. High Grade PIN and prostatic Carcinoma shared increased incidence and severity with advancing age in the study. Majority of HG PIN cases in our study noted in (70-79 years of age) 4. The risk of carcinoma is more in cases of High Grade PIN (68.42%) than in low grade PIN (17.64%) 5. This warrants are need for repeat prostatic biopsies to diagnose the invasive carcinoma in patient with High grade PIN.

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The dative alternation in South Asian English(es)

English World-Wide ◽

10.1075/eww.35.1.02ber ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 7-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Tobias Bernaisch ◽

Stefan Th. Gries ◽

Joybrato Mukherjee

Keyword(s):

South Asian ◽

Conditional Inference ◽

The South ◽

Double Object ◽

Indian English ◽

British English ◽

Semantic Class ◽

Dative Alternation ◽

Syntactic Pattern ◽

Conditional Inference Trees

The present paper focuses on the modelling of cross-varietal differences and similarities in South Asian English(es) and British English at the level of verb complementation. Specifically, we analyse the dative alternation with GIVE, i.e. the alternation between the double-object construction (John gave Mary a book) and the prepositional dative (John gave a book to Mary) as well as their passivised constructions with regard to the factors that potentially exert an influence on this alternation in seven varieties of English. The South Asian varieties under scrutiny are Bangladeshi English, Indian English, Maldivian English, Nepali English, Pakistani English and Sri Lankan English, while British English serves as the reference variety. The patterns of GIVE are annotated according to the following parameters including potential predictors of the dative alternation: syntactic pattern and semantic class of GIVE; syntactic complexity, animacy, discourse accessibility and pronominality of constituents (cf. Gries 2003b; Bresnan and Hay 2008). The choices of complementation patterns are then statistically modelled using conditional inference trees and a random-forest analysis. The results indicate that many of the predictors found to be relevant in British English are at play in the South Asian varieties, too. The syntactic pattern of GIVE is, in descending order, uniformly influenced by the predictors pronominality of recipient, length of recipient, semantic class of GIVE and length of patient. Interestingly, the predictor country is marginal in accounting for the dative alternation of GIVE across the varieties at hand. Based on this observation, we derive variety-independent protostructions, i.e. abstract combinations of (cross-varietally stable) features with high predictive power for a particular syntactic pattern, which we argue to be part of the lexicogrammatical “common core” (Quirk et al. 1985: 16) of English. The implications of the present paper are twofold. While the order of the predictors regarding their influence on the dative alternation is clearly compatible with earlier studies (cf. e.g. Green 1974; Ransom 1979; Hawkins 1994; Gries 2003b), the stability of the order across varieties of English calls for a) a more fine-grained gradation of linguistic forms and structures at the lexis-grammar interface as indicators of structural nativisation and b) a revision of earlier verb-complementational findings specific to individual or groups of varieties of South Asian English.

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A Multivariate Study of T/V Forms in European Languages Based on a Parallel Corpus of Film Subtitles

Research in Language ◽

10.1515/rela-2017-0010 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 153-172 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Natalia Levshina

Keyword(s):

Multivariate Analyses ◽

The Other ◽

Conditional Inference ◽

Contextual Variables ◽

Linguistic Differences ◽

Parallel Corpus ◽

Contextual Features ◽

European Languages ◽

Multivariate Study ◽

Conditional Inference Trees

The present study investigates the cross-linguistic differences in the use of so-called T/V forms (e.g. French tu and vous, German du and Sie, Russian ty and vy) in ten European languages from different language families and genera. These constraints represent an elusive object of investigation because they depend on a large number of subtle contextual features and social distinctions, which should be cross-linguistically matched. Film subtitles in different languages offer a convenient solution because the situations of communication between film characters can serve as comparative concepts. I selected more than two hundred contexts that contain the pronouns you and yourself in the original English versions, which are then coded for fifteen contextual variables that describe the Speaker and the Hearer, their relationships and different situational properties. The creators of subtitles in the other languages have to choose between T and V when translating from English, where the T/V distinction is not expressed grammatically. On the basis of these situations translated in ten languages, I perform multivariate analyses using the method of conditional inference trees in order to identify the most relevant contextual variables that constrain the T/V variation in each language.

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Vowel duration in English adjectives in attributive and predicative constructions

Language and Cognition ◽

10.1017/langcog.2019.32 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 555-581

Author(s):

JOAN BYBEE ◽

RICARDO NAPOLEÃO DE SOUZA

Keyword(s):

Random Forest ◽

Mixed Effects ◽

Mixed Effects Model ◽

Conditional Inference ◽

Statistical Techniques ◽

Vowel Duration ◽

Number Of Factors ◽

Conditional Inference Trees ◽

Construction Type ◽

As Effects

abstractUsing ten English adjectives, this study tests the hypothesis that the vowels in adjectives in predicative constructions are longer than those in attributive constructions in spoken conversation. The analyses considered a number of factors: occurrence before a pause, lexical adjective, vowel identity, probability given surrounding words, and others. Two sets of statistical techniques were used: a Mixed-effects model and the Random Forest Analysis based on Conditional Inference Trees (CIT). Both analyses showed strong effects of predicative vs. attributive constructions and individual lexical adjectives on vowel duration in the predicted direction, as well as effects of many of the phonological variables tested. The results showed that the longer duration in the predicative construction is not due to lengthening before a pause, though it is related to whether the adjective is internal or final in the predicative construction. Nor is the effect attributable solely to the probability of the occurrence of the adjective; rather construction type has to be taken into account. The two statistical techniques complement each other, with the Mixed-effects model showing very general trends over all the data, and the Random Forest / CIT analysis showing factors that affect only subsets of the data.

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Effectiveness of Magnifying Narrow-Band Imaging Endoscopy for Differential Diagnosis between the High-Risk Mixed-Type and Low-Risk Simple-Type of Low-Grade, Well-Differentiated Gastric Tubular Adenocarcinoma

Gastroenterology Research and Practice ◽

10.1155/2016/3028456 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Takashi Saitoh ◽

Asako Takamura ◽

Gen Watanabe ◽

Suzuko Sugitani ◽

Yoichi Ajioka

Keyword(s):

Differential Diagnosis ◽

High Risk ◽

Narrow Band ◽

Narrow Band Imaging ◽

Low Risk ◽

Tubular Adenocarcinoma ◽

Simple Type ◽

Low Grade ◽

Predictive Values ◽

Well Differentiated

Backgrounds. Magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging (NBI-ME) is useful for diagnosing differentiated early gastric cancer (D-EGC). D-EGC is classified as high- or low-grade based on its glandular architectural and cytological atypia. Low-grade, well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma (LG-tub1) mixed with high-grade tub1 (HG-tub1) and/or other histological types (M-LG-tub1) may indicate a primitive high-risk malignant lesion compared to histologically simple-type LG-tub1 (S-LG-tub1). Because LG-tub1 is occasionally difficult to diagnose due to its unclear demarcation under conventional white light endoscopy, early precise diagnoses are important.Methods. We compared NBI-ME and postendoscopic submucosal dissection histological findings for 30 S-LG-tub1 and 15 M-LG-tub1 lesions. We classified the NBI-ME findings of S-LG-tub1 (and not D-EGC) into four patterns. The differential diagnosis between M-LG-tub1 and S-LG-tub1 depended on the presence of more than one of these patterns without or with other patterns (referred to as “limited-to-four-pattern [LFP] sign-positive” and “sign-negative”, resp.).Result. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values, and intraobserver and interobserver agreement, using the “LFP sign” for the differential diagnosis between M-LG-tub1 and S-LG-tub1, were 87.9%, 91.7%, 88.9%, 96.7%, 73.3%, andk= 0.842 andk= 0.737, respectively.Conclusion. NBI-ME may be useful in differentiating between high-risk M-LG-tub1 and low-risk S-LG-tub1.

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Tu1468 Magnifying the Endoscopic Characteristics of Colorectal Lesions With Narrow Band Imaging System

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ◽

10.1016/j.gie.2013.03.949 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 77 (5) ◽

pp. AB551

Author(s):

Yoshiki Wada ◽

Shin-Ei Kudo ◽

Masashi Misawa ◽

Shingo Matsudaira ◽

Hiroki Nakamura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Imaging System ◽

Narrow Band ◽

Narrow Band Imaging ◽

Endoscopic Characteristics

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The semantics of conversion nouns and -ing nominalizations: A quantitative and theoretical perspective

Journal of Linguistics ◽

10.1017/s0022226721000311 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-37

Author(s):

ROCHELLE LIEBER ◽

INGO PLAG

Keyword(s):

Fundamental Problem ◽

Theoretical Perspective ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Conditional Inference ◽

Morphological Form ◽

Semantic Framework ◽

Lexical Semantic ◽

Conditional Inference Trees ◽

Form Type ◽

The Relationship

This paper addresses a fundamental problem of derivational morphology: which meanings are possible for the words of a given morphological category, which forms can be chosen to express a given meaning, and what is the role of the base in these mappings of form and meaning? In a broad empirical study we examine the extent to which two types of nominalizations in English – conversion nouns and -ing nominalizations – can express either eventive or referential readings, can be quantified as either count or mass, and can be based on verbs of particular aspectual classes (state, activity, accomplishment, achievement, semelfactive). Past literature (for example, Grimshaw 1990 Brinton 1995, 1998 Borer 2013) has suggested an association between conversion nominalization, count quantification, and referential reading on the one hand, and between -ing nominalization, mass quantification and eventive reading on the other. Using a subset of the data reported in Andreou & Lieber (2020), we give statistical evidence that the relationship between morphological form, type of quantification, and aspectual class of base verb is neither categorical, as the literature suggests, nor completely free, but rather is probabilistic. We provide both a univariate analysis and a multivariate analysis (using conditional inference trees) that show that the relationship among the variables of morphological form, eventivity, quantification and aspectual class of base is complex. Tendencies sometimes go in the direction suggested by past literature (e.g. -ing forms tend to be eventive), but sometimes contradict past predictions (conversion also tends to be eventive). We also document that an important role is played by the specific verb underlying the nominalization rather than the aspectual class of verb. Finally, we consider what the pattern of polysemy that we uncover suggests with respect to theoretical modeling, looking at syntactic models (Distributed Morphology), lexical semantic models (the Lexical Semantic Framework), Analogical Models, and Distributional Semantics.

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Gastric adenocarcinoma of the fundic gland type: clinicopathological features of eight patients treated with endoscopic submucosal dissection

10.21203/rs.3.rs-60985/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chengfang Li ◽

Xinglong Wu ◽

Shuang Yang ◽

Xiaorong Yang ◽

Jin Yao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection ◽

Gastric Adenocarcinoma ◽

Narrow Band Imaging ◽

Clinicopathological Features ◽

World Health ◽

Low Grade ◽

Fundic Gland ◽

Pepsinogen I ◽

Submucosal Dissection ◽

Gland Type

Abstract BackgroundGastric adenocarcinoma of the fundic gland type (GA-FG) has been added to the 2019 edition of the World Health Organization’s list of digestive system-associated cancers. This lesion differentiates toward the fundic gland and mostly involves chief cell-predominant differentiation with low-grade cytology. Clinicians and pathologists are still unaware of this rare disease; consequently, some cases are incorrectly diagnosed. This study aimed to investigate the clinicopathological features of GA-FG using retrospective analyses of endoscopic and pathological findings. Materials and methodsSamples were collected from patients diagnosed with GA-FG. The clinical courses of all patients were monitored prospectively and reviewed retrospectively. Available clinical information, endoscopic features, pathological appearance, and follow-up data were assessed. Immunohistochemistry [mucin (MUC) 2, MUC5, MUC6, P53, CDX2, Ki67, SYN, CD56, CGA, β-catenin, and pepsinogen-I] was examined using Envision two-step method.ResultsEight cases of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) were obtained from our institution. Patient age ranged from 48-80 years (mean, 65 years). Some patients were on acid-suppressing medication. Most lesions were located in the upper third (n = 7) and one was in the middle third of the stomach. Six lesions were of the superficial flat type, whereas two were of the superficial elevated type. Narrow-band imaging using magnifying endoscopy showed irregular microvascular patterns (MVPs) in four cases and regular MVPs in the remaining cases. All lesions were primarily solitary and ~6 mm in diameter (largest, 12 mm). All tumors were localized in the mucosal layer with six cases of invasion into the submucosal layer. Well-formed glands of chief cells were predominant. Tumor cells were positive for pepsinogen-I, MUC6, SYN, and CD56. Lymphatic and vascular infiltration and metastatic and recurrent disease were not observed in any case.CONCLUSIONGA-FG, a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma with mild atypia, can be completely removed using ESD, with a favorable prognosis in patients.

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