scholarly journals Heterologous Prime-Boost Vaccination with a Peptide-Based Vaccine and Viral Vector Reshapes Dendritic Cell, CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Phenotypes to Improve the Antitumor Therapeutic Effect

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6107
Author(s):  
Tamara Hofer ◽  
Matteo Rossi ◽  
Susanna Carboni ◽  
Wilma Di Berardino Besson ◽  
Dorothee von Laer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Viral Vector ◽  
Mouse Tumor ◽  
Protein Vaccine ◽  
Boost Vaccination ◽  
Draining Lymph Nodes

Heterologous prime-boost settings with a protein vaccine and the viral vector vesicular stomatitis virus, both expressing tumor-associated antigens (KISIMA-TAA and VSV-GP-TAA), have been previously shown to generate potent antitumor immunity. In the cold TC-1 model (HPV antigen) and the immune-infiltrate MC-38 model (Adpgk, Reps1 and Rpl18 neo-antigens), we further investigated pivotal immune cells that educate CD8+ T cells. Heterologous prime-boost vaccination induced a superior antitumor response characterized by the increase in number and functionality of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, recruitment of cross-presenting dendritic cells, and polarization of CD4+ T cells towards an antitumor Th1 phenotype within the tumor and tumor-draining lymph nodes, turning the cold TC-1 tumor into a hot, inflamed tumor. In the inflamed MC-38 tumor model, treatment combination markedly prolonged the overall survival of mice. Treatment with multi-epitope vaccines also induced high frequencies of multiple antigen specificities in the periphery and in the tumor. Prime-boost treatment reduced tumor-infiltrating regulatory CD4+ T cells whilst increasing cross-presenting dendritic cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes. In conclusion, heterologous prime-boost vaccination possesses the ability to induce a potent anti-tumor response in both immune-excluded and immune-infiltrated mouse tumor models. Additionally, this study highlights the design of a multi-epitope vaccine for cancer immunotherapy.

CD8+ T-cell–mediated killing of donor dendritic cells prevents alloreactive T helper type-2 responses in vivo

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (7) ◽  
pp. 2257-2264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Laffont ◽  
Jérôme D. Coudert ◽  
Lucile Garidou ◽  
Laurent Delpy ◽  
Aurélie Wiedemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Cd8 T Cell ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
Th2 Cell ◽  
Draining Lymph Nodes

Abstract Accumulating evidence indicates that, in absence of CD8+ T-cell activation, CD4+ T-cell–mediated allograft rejection is associated with a dominant Th2-cell response and eosinophil infiltrates. In this study, we analyzed the mechanisms by which CD8+ T cells regulate alloreactive CD4+ T-cell priming and differentiation into interleukin 4 (IL-4)–producing cells. We showed that interferon γ (IFN-γ) production by CD8+ T cells was dispensable for the inhibition of Th2-cell development, as well as tissue eosinophilia and type 2 cytokine production in the rejected grafts. Since we noticed that CD8+ T cells not only suppressed Th2 differentiation, but also down-modulated the overall priming of alloreactive CD4+ T cells, we evaluated whether CD8+ T cells act by limiting the accumulation of donor-derived dendritic cells (DCs) in lymph nodes. We found that indeed, alloreactive CD8+ T cells rapidly eliminated allogeneic DCs from T-cell areas of draining lymph nodes, through a perforin-dependent mechanism. Thus, our data demonstrate that cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)–mediated clearance of allogeneic DCs is a negative feedback mechanism that limits the duration of alloantigen presentation in draining lymph nodes, thereby modulating the amplitude and polarization of the primary alloreactive CD4+ T-cell responses.

scholarly journals Vaginal Submucosal Dendritic Cells, but Not Langerhans Cells, Induce Protective Th1 Responses to Herpes Simplex Virus-2

2003 ◽  
Vol 197 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyan Zhao ◽  
Eszter Deak ◽  
Kelly Soderberg ◽  
Melissa Linehan ◽  
David Spezzano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Langerhans Cells ◽  
Vaginal Mucosa ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Draining Lymph Nodes

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 infection occurs primarily at the genital mucosal surfaces and is a leading cause of ulcerative lesions. Despite the availability of animal models for HSV-2 infection, little is known regarding the mechanism of immune induction within the vaginal mucosa. Here, we examined the cell types responsible for the initiation of protective Th1 immunity to HSV-2. Intravaginal inoculation of HSV-2 led to a rapid recruitment of submucosal dendritic cells (DCs) to the infected epithelium. Subsequently, CD11c+ DCs harboring viral peptides in the context of MHC class II molecules emerged in the draining lymph nodes and were found to be responsible for the stimulation of IFNγ secretion from HSV-specific CD4+ T cells. Other antigen-presenting cells including B cells and macrophages did not present viral peptides to T cells in the draining lymph nodes. Next, we assessed the relative contribution to immune generation by the Langerhans cells in the vaginal epithelium, the submucosal CD11b+ DCs, and the CD8α+ lymph node DCs. Analysis of these DC populations from the draining lymph nodes revealed that only the CD11b+ submucosal DCs, but not Langerhans cell–derived or CD8α+ DCs, presented viral antigens to CD4+ T cells and induced IFNγ secretion. These results demonstrate a previously unanticipated role for submucosal DCs in the generation of protective Th1 immune responses to HSV-2 in the vaginal mucosa, and suggest their importance in immunity to other sexually transmitted diseases.

Anti-GvHD Effect of Antithymocyte Globulin Is Mediated by Antibodies Binding to T Cells and Regulatory NK Cells, and Less So or Not at All by Antibodies Binding to Other Mononuclear Cell Subsets

Blood ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 116 (21) ◽  
pp. 2346-2346
Author(s):  
Mette Hoegh-Petersen ◽  
Minaa Amin ◽  
Yiping Liu ◽  
Alejandra Ugarte-Torres ◽  
Tyler S Williamson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Antithymocyte Globulin ◽  
Chronic Gvhd ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Effector Memory

Abstract Abstract 2346 Introduction: Polyclonal rabbit-anti-human T cell globulin may decrease the likelihood of graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) without increasing the likelihood of relapse. We have recently shown that high levels of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) capable of binding to total lymphocytes are associated with a low likelihood of acute GVHD grade 2–4 (aGVHD) as well as chronic GVHD needing systemic therapy (cGVHD) but not increased likelihood of relapse (Podgorny PJ et al, BBMT 16:915, 2010). ATG is polyclonal, composed of antibodies for antigens expressed on multiple cell subsets, including T cells, B cells, NK cells, monocytes and dendritic cells. These cell subsets may play a role in the pathogenesis of GVHD. The anti-GVHD effect of ATG may be mediated through killing/inhibition of one or several of these cell subsets (eg, T cells) or their subsets (eg, naïve T cells as based on mouse experiments naïve T cells are thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of GVHD). To better understand the mechanism of action of ATG on GVHD, we set out to determine levels of which ATG fraction (capable of binding to which cell subset) are associated with subsequent development of GVHD. Patients and Methods: A total of 121 patients were studied, whose myeloablative conditioning included 4.5 mg/kg ATG (Thymoglobulin). Serum was collected on day 7. Using flow cytometry, levels of the following ATG fractions were determined: capable of binding to 1. naïve B cells, 2. memory B cells, 3. naïve CD4 T cells, 4. central memory (CM) CD4 T cells, 5. effector memory (EM) CD4 T cells, 6. naïve CD8 T cells, 7. CM CD8 T cells, 8. EM CD8 T cells not expressing CD45RA (EMRA-), 9. EM CD8 T cells expressing CD45RA (EMRA+), 10. cytolytic (CD16+CD56+) NK cells, 11. regulatory (CD16-CD56high) NK cells, 12. CD16+CD56− NK cells, 13. monocytes and 14. dendritic cells/dendritic cell precursors (DCs). For each ATG fraction, levels in patients with versus without aGVHD or cGVHD were compared using Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test. For each fraction for which the levels appeared to be significantly different (p<0.05), we determined whether patients with high fraction level had a significantly lower likelihood of aGVHD or cGVHD than patients with low fraction level (high/low cutoff level was determined from ROC curve, using the point with maximum sum of sensitivity and specificity). This was done using log-binomial regression models, ie, multivariate analysis adjusting for recipient age (continuous), stem cell source (marrow or cord blood versus blood stem cells), donor type (HLA-matched sibling versus other), donor/recipient sex (M/M versus other) and days of follow up (continuous). Results: In univariate analyses, patients developing aGVHD had significantly lower levels of the following ATG fractions: binding to naïve CD4 T cells, EM CD4 T cells, naïve CD8 T cells and regulatory NK cells. Patients developing cGVHD had significantly lower levels of the following ATG fractions: capable of binding to naïve CD4 T cells, CM CD4 T cells, EM CD4 T cells, naïve CD8 T cells and regulatory NK cells. Patients who did vs did not develop relapse had similar levels of all ATG fractions. In multivariate analyses, high levels of the following ATG fractions were significantly associated with a low likelihood of aGVHD: capable of binding to naïve CD4 T cells (relative risk=.33, p=.001), EM CD4 T cells (RR=.30, p<.001), naïve CD8 T cells (RR=.33, p=.002) and regulatory NK cells (RR=.36, p=.001). High levels of the following ATG fractions were significantly associated with a low likelihood of cGVHD: capable of binding to naïve CD4 T cells (RR=.59, p=.028), CM CD4 T cells (RR=.49, p=.009), EM CD4 T cells (RR=.51, p=.006), naïve CD8 T cells (RR=.46, p=.005) and regulatory NK cells (RR=.55, p=.036). Conclusion: For both aGVHD and cGVHD, the anti-GVHD effect with relapse-neutral effect of ATG appears to be mediated by antibodies to antigens expressed on naïve T cells (both CD4 and CD8), EM CD4 T cells and regulatory NK cells, and to a lesser degree or not at all by antibodies binding to antigens expressed on B cells, cytolytic NK cells, monocytes or DCs. This is the first step towards identifying the antibody(ies) within ATG important for the anti-GVHD effect without impacting relapse. If such antibody(ies) is (are) found in the future, it should be explored whether such antibody(ies) alone or ATG enriched for such antibody(ies) could further decrease GVHD without impacting relapse. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Using Natural Adjuvants to Stimulate Anti-Tumour Immune Responses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sabine Kuhn
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Tumour Growth ◽  
Tumour Site ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Draining Lymph Nodes

<p><b>The anti-tumour immune response is often not potent enough to prevent or eradicate disease. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that are critical for the initiation of immune responses. While DCs frequently infiltrate tumours, lack of activation together with immuno-suppressive factors from the tumour can hamper an effective anti-tumour immune response.</b></p> <p>In this thesis, the ability of microbial stimuli and danger signals to overcome suppression and re-programme DCs and macrophages to an immuno-stimulatory phenotype was investigated. Whole live Mycobacterium smegmatis and BCG were used to provide multiple pathogen-associated molecular patterns. The intracellularly-recognised toll-like-receptor (TLR) ligands CpG and Poly IC, as well as the extracelullarly recognised TLR ligand LPS, and the danger signal monosodium-urate crystals (MSU) were also included.</p> <p>Bone-marrow derived DCs were found to respond to all adjuvants in vitro and DCs in tumour cell suspensions could be activated ex vivo. To assess the ability of adjuvants to enhance anti-tumour responses in vivo, immune-competent mice bearing established subcutaneous B16F1 melanomas were injected peri-tumorally with the different adjuvants. In line with previous reports, CpG treatment was effective in delaying tumour growth and increasing survival. A similar effect was found with Poly IC, but not with LPS, M. smegmatis, BCG or MSU alone. Combination of M. smegmatis + MSU, however, significantly delayed tumour growth and prolonged survival, while combinations of MSU + BCG or LPS were ineffective. Similar results were obtained using the B16.OVA melanoma and E.G7-OVA thymoma subcutaneous tumour models. In addition, Poly IC and MSU + M. smegmatis reduced primary tumour growth as well as lung metastases in the orthotopic 4T1 breast carcinoma model.</p> <p>Both Poly IC and MSU + M. smegmatis elicited an anti-tumour immune response that required CD8 T cells as well as NK cells. These treatments also resulted in increased proliferation of CD8 T cells and NK cells in tumour-draining lymph nodes, augmented infiltration of effector cells into the tumour, as well as enhanced production of in ammatory cytokines by effector cells and DCs in tumours. In addition, MSU + M. smegmatis also stimulated CD4 T cell proliferation, tumour-infiltrationand activation, while at the same time decreasing the frequency of regulatory T cells in tumours.</p> <p>Activation of a successful immune response to tumours was associated with early induction of IL-12 and IFNʸ, as well as moderate levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines at the tumour site and systemically. Furthermore, anti-tumour activity correlated with the induction of inflammatory monocyte-derived DCs in tumour-draining lymph nodes. These DCs were also observed in adjuvant treated tumours and their appearance was preceded by accumulation of inflammatory monocytes at the tumour site.</p> <p>These findings suggest that specific natural adjuvants can successfully modify the tumour environment and enhance the innate and adaptive anti-tumour immune response to delay tumour progression and increase survival.</p>

scholarly journals Inhibition of caspase-8 activity reduces IFN-gamma expression by T cells from Leishmania major infection

2008 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wânia F. Pereira ◽  
Landi V.C. Guillermo ◽  
Flávia L. Ribeiro-Gomes ◽  
Marcela F. Lopes
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Caspase 8 ◽  
Ifn Gamma ◽  
Major Infection ◽  
Draining Lymph Nodes

Following infection with Leishmania major, T cell activation and apoptosis can be detected in draining lymph nodes of C57BL/6-infected mice. We investigated the mechanisms involved in apoptosis and cytokine expression following Tcellactivation. After two weeks of infection, apoptotic T cells were not detected in draining lymph nodes but activation with anti-CD3 induced apoptosis in both CD4 and CD8 T cells. Treatment with anti-FasLigand, caspase-8 or caspase- 9 inhibitors did not block activation-induced T-cell death. We also investigated whether the blockade of caspase-8 activity would affect the expression of type-1 or type-2 cytokines. At early stages of infection, both CD4 and CD8 T cells expressed IFN-gamma upon activation. Treatment with the caspase-8 inhibitor zIETD-fmk (benzyl-oxycarbonyl-Ile- Glu(OMe)-Thr-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethyl ketone) reduced the proportion of CD8 T cells and IFN-gamma expression in both CD4 and CD8T cells. We conclude that a non apoptotic role of caspase-8 activity may be required for T cell-mediated type-1 responses during L. major infection.

Abrogation of Donor T Cell IL-21 Signaling Leads to Tissue-Specific Modulation of Immunity and Separation of Gvhd From GVL

Blood ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 116 (21) ◽  
pp. 729-729
Author(s):  
Alan M. Hanash ◽  
Lucy W. Kappel ◽  
Nury L. Yim ◽  
Rebecca A. Nejat ◽  
Gabrielle L. Goldberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Donor T Cells

Abstract Abstract 729 Allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation is frequently the only curative therapy available to patients with hematopoietic malignancies, however transplant success continues to be limited by complications including graft vs. host disease (GVHD) and disease relapse. Separation of GVHD from graft vs. leukemia/lymphoma (GVL) responses continues to be a major goal of experimental and clinical transplantation, and better understanding of T cell immunobiology may lead to novel strategies to accomplish this goal. Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by Th17 helper T cells, and abrogation of IL-21 signaling has recently been demonstrated to reduce GVHD while retaining GVL. However, the mechanisms by which IL-21 may lead to a separation of GVHD and GVL are incompletely understood. In order to characterize the effect of IL-21 on GVH and GVL T cell responses, we compared wild type and IL-21 receptor knockout (IL-21R KO) donor T cells in a C57BL/6 into BALB/c murine MHC-mismatched bone marrow transplant (BMT) model. Lethally irradiated BMT recipients of IL-21R KO T cells demonstrated decreased GVHD-related morbidity (p<.05) and mortality (p<.01), and decreased histopathologic evidence of GVHD within the small intestine (p<.05). While this reduction in IL-21R KO T cell-mediated GVHD was associated with increased donor regulatory T cells two to three weeks post-BMT (p<.001), IL-21 signaling in both donor CD4 and donor CD8 T cells was found to contribute to GVHD mortality (p<.01 for CD4, p<.05 for CD8). Analysis of IL-21R expression by wild type T cells demonstrated receptor upregulation upon polyclonal activation in vitro and upon alloactivation in vivo (p<.01). However, this IL-21R upregulation was not required for in vivo alloactivation, as IL-21R KO and wild type donor T cells demonstrated equivalently greater proliferation in allogeneic vs. syngeneic recipients (p<.001), equivalent upregulation of CD25 (p<.001), and equivalent downregulation of CD62L (p<.01 for CD8 T cells). Despite this equivalent alloactivation, IL-21R KO T cells demonstrated decreased infiltration within the small intestine (p<.05), decreased infiltration in mesenteric lymph nodes (p<.05 for CD8 T cells, p<.001 for CD4 T cells), and decreased inflammatory cytokine-producing CD4 T cells within mesenteric lymph nodes (p<.01 for IFN-g, p<.001 for TNF-a, Figure 1A). Consistent with this, transplanted IL-21R KO donor T cells demonstrated decreased expression of a4b7 integrin (LPAM, p<.05), a molecule known to be involved in homing of GVHD-mediating donor T cells to the gut. However, in contrast to the reduced inflammatory cytokine-producing CD4 T cells observed in mesenteric lymph nodes, IL-21R KO helper T cell cytokine production was maintained in spleen (Figure 1B) and peripheral lymph nodes, and IL-21R KO T cells were able to protect recipient mice from lethality due to A20 lymphoma (p<.001). In summary, abrogation of IL-21 signaling in donor T cells leads to tissue-specific modulation of immunity, such that gastrointestinal GVHD is reduced, but peripheral T cell function and GVL capacity are retained. Targeting IL-21 for therapeutic intervention is an exciting strategy to separate GVHD from GVL, and this novel approach should be considered for clinical investigation to improve transplant outcomes and prevent malignant relapse. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Predominant Role for Directly Transfected Dendritic Cells in Antigen Presentation to CD8+ T Cells after Gene Gun Immunization

1998 ◽  
Vol 188 (6) ◽  
pp. 1075-1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angel Porgador ◽  
Kari R. Irvine ◽  
Akiko Iwasaki ◽  
Brian H. Barber ◽  
Nicholas P. Restifo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Antigen Presentation ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cell ◽  
Gene Gun ◽  
Cross Presentation

Cutaneous gene (DNA) bombardment results in substantial expression of the encoded antigen in the epidermal layer as well as detectable expression in dendritic cells (DC) in draining lymph nodes (LNs). Under these conditions, two possible modes of DC antigen presentation to naive CD8+ T cells might exist: (a) presentation directly by gene-transfected DC trafficking to local lymph nodes, and (b) cross-presentation by untransfected DC of antigen released from or associated with transfected epidermal cells. The relative contributions of these distinct modes of antigen presentation to priming for cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses have not been clearly established. Here we show that LN cells directly expressing the DNA-encoded antigen are rare; 24 h after five abdominal skin bombardments, the number of these cells does not exceed 50–100 cells in an individual draining LN. However, over this same time period, the total number of CD11c+ DC increases more than twofold, by an average of 20,000–30,000 DC per major draining node. This augmentation is due to gold bombardment and is independent of the presence of plasmid DNA. Most antigen-bearing cells in the LNs draining the site of DNA delivery appear to be DC and can be depleted by antibodies to an intact surface protein encoded by cotransfected DNA. This finding of predominant antigen presentation by directly transfected cells is also consistent with data from studies on cotransfection with antigen and CD86-encoding DNA, showing that priming of anti-mutant influenza nucleoprotein CTLs with a single immunization is dependent upon coexpression of the DNAs encoding nucleoprotein and B7.2 in the same cells. These observations provide insight into the relative roles of direct gene expression and cross-presentation in CD8+ T cell priming using gene gun immunization, and indicate that augmentation of direct DC gene expression may enhance such priming.

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