scholarly journals Oral Microbiota—A New Frontier in the Pathogenesis and Management of Head and Neck Cancers

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Marjut Metsäniitty ◽  
Shrabon Hasnat ◽  
Tuula Salo ◽  
Abdelhakim Salem
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Fusobacterium Nucleatum ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Potentially Malignant ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Malignant Lesions

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) comprises the majority of tumors in head and neck tissues. The prognosis of HNSCC has not significantly improved for decades, signifying the need for new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Recent evidence suggests that oral microbiota is associated with carcinogenesis. Thus, we conducted a comprehensive systematic review to evaluate the current evidence regarding the role of oral microbiota in HNSCC and whether their targeting may confer diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic utility. Following the screening of 233 publications retrieved from multiple databases, 34 eligible studies comprising 2469 patients were compiled and critically appraised. Importantly, many oral pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum were linked to certain oral potentially malignant lesions and various types of HNSCC. Furthermore, we summarized the association between the expression profiles of different oral bacterial species and their tumorigenic and prognostic effects in cancer patients. We also discussed the current limitations of this newly emerging area and the potential microbiota-related strategies for preventing and treating HNSCC. Whilst many clinical studies are underway to unravel the role of oral microbiota in cancer, the limited available data and experimental approaches reflect the newness of this promising yet challenging field.

Epigenetic Mechanisms of Human Papillomavirus–Associated Head and Neck Cancer

2015 ◽  
Vol 139 (11) ◽  
pp. 1373-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole V. J. Anayannis ◽  
Nicolas F. Schlecht ◽  
Thomas J. Belbin
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Epigenetic Changes

Context Growing evidence suggests that as many as half of all oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs) harbor human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. Despite being more advanced at diagnosis, HPV-positive OPSCCs are associated with a better response to therapy and longer patient survival than HPV-negative OPSCCs. Human papillomavirus–positive OPSCC has also been shown to have distinct host gene expression profiles compared with HPV-negative OPSCC. Recently, this distinction has been shown to include the epigenome. It is well supported that cancers are epigenetically deregulated. This review highlights epigenetic differences between HPV-positive and HPV-negative OPSCCs. The epigenetic mechanisms highlighted include methylation changes to host and viral DNA, and host chromatin modification. We also review the current evidence regarding host DNA methylation changes associated with smoking, and deregulation of microRNA expression in HPV-positive OPSCC. Objective To provide an overview of epigenetic mechanisms reported in HPV-positive OPSCC, with analogies to cervical cancer, and discussion of the challenges involved in studying epigenetic changes in HPV-associated OPSCC in combination with changes associated with smoking. Data Sources Sources were a literature review of peer-reviewed articles in PubMed on HPV and either OPSCC or head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and related epigenetic mechanisms. Conclusions Epigenetic changes are reported to be a contributing factor to maintaining a malignant phenotype in HPV-positive OPSCC. The epigenetic mechanisms highlighted in this review can be studied for potential as biomarkers or as drug targets. Furthermore, continued research on the deregulation of epigenetic mechanisms in HPV-positive OPSCC (compared with HPV-negative OPSCC) may contribute to our understanding of the clinical and biologic differences between HPV-positive and HPV-negative OPSCC.

scholarly journals Role of human papillomavirus and its detection in potentially malignant and malignant head and neck lesions: updated review

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Chaudhary ◽  
Mamta Singh ◽  
Shanthy Sundaram ◽  
Ravi Mehrotra
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Potentially Malignant

scholarly journals The Oral Microbiota: A Literature Review for Updating Professionals in Dentistry. Part I

2019 ◽  
pp. 143-152
Author(s):  
Cristina Barboza-Solís DDS, MSc, PhD ◽  
Luis Alberto Acuña-Amador PhD
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Systemic Diseases ◽  
Conceptual Background ◽  
Keyword Searches

In recent decades, a body of literature examining the relationships between oral health and general health has rapidly developed. However, the biological mechanisms involved in explaining such relationships have not been fully described. Recent evidence has suggested that these relationships could be partially explained by the composition and interaction of the microbiome/microbiota between local and systemic body sites. For instance, it has been suggested that intestinal microbiota could have effects on non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes or cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study is to explore current evidence of the link between oral and systemic diseases, to discuss whether oral microbiome/microbiota could represent an unexplored biological pathway partially explaining those relationships. A non-systematic review of the literature was carried out using keyword searches in Pubmed from February to May 2019. The ultimate goal was to present recent scientific evidence to update the general knowledge on this topic to professionals in dentistry. This review is divided in two parts for journal publication; however, it is intended to be used as one piece. In this first part, we will summarize the conceptual background of oral microbiome/microbiota, we will describe the main methods used in microbiology to characterize oral organisms, and will present the main composition of bacteria in oral microbiome/microbiota. The second part highlights the main evidence regarding the biological plausibility that links oral microbiome and systemic diseases and we will conclude with some future research recommendations. Taking into account the role of oral microbiota in the development of systemic diseases could change the main paradigm of how oral health is currently conceptualized by dental professionals.

scholarly journals The Role of EUS in the Differential Diagnosis of Polypoid Lesions of the Gallbladder: Update

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
Young Koog Cheon
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Color Doppler ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Diagnostic Dilemma ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Malignancy ◽  
Potentially Malignant ◽  
Recording Analysis ◽  
Malignant Lesions

Although most gallbladder (GB) polyps are benign, some early carcinomas of the GB share the same appearance as benign polyps. Currently, GB polyps larger than 1 cm should be surgically removed because of the increased risk of malignancy. Distinguishing between nonneoplastic, neoplastic, and potentially malignant lesions is a major diagnostic dilemma, and the therapeutic options for these lesions remain controversial. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is considered to be superior to conventional US for imaging GB lesions, because EUS can provide highresolution images of small lesions with higher ultrasound frequencies. However, differential diagnosis remains difficult, especially for small GB polyps. Thus, various diagnostic methods using EUS have been introduced to overcome difficulty for differential diagnosis between neoplastic and non-neoplastic polyps. Contrastenhanced harmonic EUS is useful for observing microvascular patterns and additional enhancement images of GB polyps. This is needed a post-recording analysis due to a short enhancement time. Real-time color Doppler-EUS provides the Doppler flow of vessels without a time limit.

scholarly journals Oral, intestinal, and pancreatic microbiomes are correlated and exhibit co-abundance in patients with pancreatic cancer and other gastrointestinal diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Chung ◽  
Naisi Zhao ◽  
Richard Meier ◽  
Devin C. Koestler ◽  
Erika Del Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Tumor ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Fusobacterium Nucleatum ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Pancreatic Tissue ◽  
Kappa Statistics ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Correlation Networks ◽  
Complex Correlation ◽  
High Throughput Dna Sequencing

AbstractOral microbiota are believed to play important roles in systemic diseases, including cancer. We collected oral swabs and at least one pancreatic tissue or intestinal samples from 52 subjects, and characterized 16S ribosomal RNA genes using high-throughput DNA sequencing in a total 324 samples. We identified a total of 73 unique Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) that were shared between oral and pancreatic or intestinal samples. Accounting for pairing and within-subject correlation, 7 ASVs showed significant concordance (Kappa statistics) and 5 ASVs exhibited significant or marginally significant Pairwise Stratified Association (PASTA) between oral samples and pancreatic tissue or intestinal samples. Of these, two specific bacterial species (Gemella morbillorum and Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. vincentii) showed consistent presence or absence patterns between oral and intestinal or pancreatic samples. Lastly, our microbial co-abundance analyses showed several distinct ASVs clusters and complex correlation-networks between ASV clusters in buccal, saliva, duodenum, jejunum, and pancreatic tumor samples. Toghether, our findings suggest that oral, intestinal, and pancreatic microbiomes are correlated and bacteria of oral origin exhibit co-abundance relationships and demonstrate complex correlation patterns in the intestinal and pancreatic tumor samples. Future prospective studies should aim to uncover the co-abundance of specific microbial communities for studying etiology of microbiota-driven carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals Acquisition of Oral Microbiota is Driven by Environment, Not Host Genetics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiranjit Mukherjee ◽  
Christina O. Moyer ◽  
Heidi M. Steinkamp ◽  
Shahr B. Hashmi ◽  
Xiaohan Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Host Genetics ◽  
Early Effects ◽  
The Many

Abstract Background: The oral microbiota is acquired very early, but the factors shaping its acquisition are not well understood. Previous studies comparing monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins have suggested that host genetics plays a role. However, all twins share an equal portion of their parent’s genome, so this model is not informative for studying parent-to-child transmission. We used a novel study design that allowed us to directly examine the genetics of transmission by comparing the oral microbiota of biological versus adoptive mother-child dyads. Results: No difference was observed in how closely oral bacterial community profiles matched for adoptive versus biological mother-child pairs, indicating little if any effect of host genetics on the fidelity of transmission. Both adopted and biologic children more closely resembled their own mother as compared to unrelated women, supporting the role of contact and environment. Mother-child strain similarity increased with the age of the child, ruling out early effects of host genetic influence that are lost over time. No effect on the fidelity of mother-child strain sharing from vaginal birth or breast feeding was seen. Analysis of extended families showed that fathers and mothers were equally similar to their children, and that cohabitating couples showed even greater strain similarity than mother-child pairs. These findings support the role of contact and shared environment, and age, but not genetics, as determinants of microbial transmission, and were consistent at both species and strain level resolutions, and across multiple oral habitats. In addition, analysis of individual species all showed similar results. Conclusions: The host is clearly active in shaping the composition of the oral microbiome, since only a few of the many bacterial species in the larger environment are capable of colonizing the human oral cavity. Our findings suggest that these host mechanisms are universally shared among humans, since no effect of genetic relatedness on fidelity of microbial transmission could be detected. Instead our findings point towards contact and shared environment being the driving factors of microbial transmission, with a unique combination of these factors ultimately shaping the highly personalized human oral microbiome.

scholarly journals Oral Bacterial Microbiota in Digestive Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2585
Author(s):  
Elisa Reitano ◽  
Nicola de’Angelis ◽  
Paschalis Gavriilidis ◽  
Federica Gaiani ◽  
Riccardo Memeo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Fusobacterium Nucleatum ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Liver Carcinoma ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Digestive Cancer ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
Digestive Cancers

The relation between the gut microbiota and human health is increasingly recognized. Recently, some evidence suggested that dysbiosis of the oral microbiota may be involved in the development of digestive cancers. A systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines to investigate the association between the oral microbiota and digestive cancers. Several databases including Medline, Scopus, and Embase were searched by three independent reviewers, without date restriction. Over a total of 1654 records initially identified, 28 studies (2 prospective cohort studies and 26 case-controls) were selected. They investigated oral microbiota composition in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (n = 5), gastric cancer (n = 5), colorectal cancer (n = 9), liver carcinoma (n = 2), and pancreatic cancer (n = 7). In most of the studies, oral microbiota composition was found to be different between digestive cancer patients and controls. Particularly, oral microbiota dysbiosis and specific bacteria, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis, appeared to be associated with colorectal cancers. Current evidence suggests that differences exist in oral microbiota composition between patients with and without digestive cancers. Further studies are required to investigate and validate oral–gut microbial transmission patterns and their role in digestive cancer carcinogenesis.

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