Optimization of the Production of Enzymatic Biodiesel from Residual Babassu Oil (Orbignya sp.) via RSM

Residual oil from babassu (Orbignya sp.), a low-cost raw material, was used in the enzymatic esterification for biodiesel production, using lipase B from Candida antarctica (Novozym® 435) and ethanol. For the first time in the literature, residual babassu oil and Novozym® 435 are being investigated to obtain biodiesel. In this communication, response surface methodology (RSM) and a central composite design (CCD) were used to optimize the esterification and study the effects of four factors (molar ratio (1:1–1:16, free fatty acids (FFAs) /alcohol), temperature (30–50 °C), biocatalyst content (0.05–0.15 g) and reaction time (2–6 h)) in the conversion into fatty acid ethyl esters. Under optimized conditions (1:18 molar ratio (FFAs/alcohol), 0.14 g of Novozym® 435, 48 °C and 4 h), the conversion into ethyl esters was 96.8%. It was found that after 10 consecutive cycles of esterification under optimal conditions, Novozym® 435 showed a maximum loss of activity of 5.8%, suggesting a very small change in the support/enzyme ratio proved by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and insignificant changes in the surface of Novozym® 435 proved by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after the 10 consecutive cycles of esterification.

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Current scenario of catalysts for biodiesel production: a critical review

Reviews in Chemical Engineering ◽

10.1515/revce-2016-0026 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 267-297 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Farrukh Jamil ◽

Lamya Al-Haj ◽

Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb ◽

Mohab A. Al-Hinai ◽

Mahad Baawain ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Low Cost ◽

Bifunctional Catalyst ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Homogeneous Catalysts ◽

Animal Fats ◽

Current Scenario ◽

Short Chain Alcohol

AbstractDue to increasing concerns about global warming and dwindling oil supplies, the world’s attention is turning to green processes that use sustainable and environmentally friendly feedstock to produce renewable energy such as biofuels. Among them, biodiesel, which is made from nontoxic, biodegradable, renewable sources such as refined and used vegetable oils and animal fats, is a renewable substitute fuel for petroleum diesel fuel. Biodiesel is produced by transesterification in which oil or fat is reacted with short chain alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. The process of transesterification is affected by the mode of reaction, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type of alcohol, nature and amount of catalysts, reaction time, and temperature. Various studies have been carried out using different oils as the raw material; different alcohols (methanol, ethanol, butanol); different catalysts; notably homogeneous catalysts such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and supercritical fluids; or, in some cases, enzymes such as lipases. This article focuses on the application of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production because of their environmental and economic advantages. This review contains a detailed discussion on the advantages and feasibility of catalysts for biodiesel production, which are both environmentally and economically viable as compared to conventional homogeneous catalysts. The classification of catalysts into different categories based on a catalyst’s activity, feasibility, and lifetime is also briefly discussed. Furthermore, recommendations have been made for the most suitable catalyst (bifunctional catalyst) for low-cost oils to valuable biodiesel and the challenges faced by the biodiesel industry with some possible solutions.

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PENGARUH SUHU REAKSI DAN JUMLAH KATALIS PADA PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL DARI LIMBAH LEMAK SAPI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS HETEROGEN CaO DARI KULIT TELUR AYAM

Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU ◽

10.32734/jtk.v4i1.1458 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 35-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wendi ◽

Valentinoh Cuaca ◽

Taslim

Keyword(s):

Methyl Ester ◽

Beef Tallow ◽

Low Cost ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Animal Fats ◽

Acid Catalyzed ◽

Methyl Ester Content

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines consisting of the alkyl monoesters from vegetable oils or animal fats. Beef tallow waste is the non-edible raw material with low cost production and the availability is huge in the cattle production. The objective of the study was to utilize beef tallow waste for biodiesel production using solid oxide catalyst which derived from the industrial eggshells. The materials calcined with temperature 900oC and time 2 hours, transformed calcium species in the shells into active CaO catalysts.The oil contained high free fatty acid (FFA) content of 1.86%. The FFA content of the oil was reduced by acid-catalyzed esterification. The product from this stage was subjected to produce biodiesel. Transesterification process reacts oil and methanol to produce methyl ester and glycerol. The produced methyl ester on the upper layer was separated from the glycerol and then washed. Effect of various process variables such as amount of catalyst and temperature were investigated. The biodiesel properties like methyl ester content, density, viscosity, and flash point was evaluated and was found to compare well with Indonesian Standard (SNI). Under the best condition, the maximum yield of 82.43% beef tallow methyl ester was obtained by using 9:1 molar ratio of methanol to beef tallow oil at 55oC, for a reaction time 1.5 hours in the presence 3 wt% of CaO catalyst. The results of this work showed that the use of beef tallow is very suitable as low cost feedstock for biodiesel production.

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MICROWAVE IRRADIATION AS AN ALTERNATIVE PROCESS FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION USING MACAUBA OIL (Acrocomia aculeata)

The Journal of Engineering and Exact Sciences ◽

10.18540/jcecvl2iss3pp034-046 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 034-046

Author(s):

Marcos Roberto Do Nascimento Pereira ◽

Pedro Prates Valério ◽

Salvador Carlos Grande ◽

Maria Helena Caño de Andrade

Keyword(s):

Microwave Irradiation ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Acid Value ◽

Ethyl Esters ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Palm Tree ◽

Alternative Source ◽

Productive Potential

Macauba is an oleaginous palm tree widely found in Brazil. Its productive potential can reach 6000 kg of oil per hectare. In this study, crude vegetable oil was mechanically extracted from the mesocarp (pulp) of fresh Macauba fruit and subjected to physical-chemical determinations to analyse the following parameters: acid value, moisture content and kinematic viscosity. The results strongly indicate that Macauba palm oil is an alternative source of raw material for biodiesel production. Furthermore, concerning fatty acid composition, a predominance of unsaturated compounds was noted (75.92%) of which 63.21% are oleic acid, and 9.21% are linoleic acid. In this context, to produce ethyl esters, Macauba palm oil was subjected to alkaline transesterification by homogeneous catalysis, with microwave irradiation being applied to the heating step. The results indicated a conversion rate of 96.6%, for a molar ratio ethanol/oil of 12:1, a catalyst concentration equal to 1.0 wt% (KOH) and a reaction time equal to 60 seconds.

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Preparation of KI-Impregnated Razor Clam Shell as a Catalyst and its Application in Biodiesel Production from Jatropha curcas Oil

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.744.506 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 744 ◽

pp. 506-510 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Achanai Buasri ◽

Pittayarat Chaibundit ◽

Metawee Kuboonprasert ◽

Arnan Silajan ◽

Vorrada Loryuenyong

Keyword(s):

Potassium Iodide ◽

Jatropha Curcas ◽

Low Cost ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Solid Catalyst ◽

Clam Shell ◽

Razor Clam

Nowadays, utilization of biomass is considered to have the potential to solve many environmental problems and provide a source of renewable and environmentally-friendly energy. Research on green and low cost catalysts is needed for economical production of biodiesel. The goal of this work was to test potassium iodide (KI)-impregnated calcined razor clam shell as a heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil in a microwave reactor. The effects of different preparation conditions on biodiesel yield were investigated and the structure of the catalyst was characterized. The raw material and the resulting solid catalyst were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The waste shell displays a typical layered architecture. The sample had the surface area 16.51 m2/g, pore diameter 22.18 nm and pore volume 0.14 cm3/g, and presented a uniform pore size. The highest fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 96.99% for potassium iodide-calcium oxide (KI-CaO) catalyst was obtained under the optimum condition (reaction time 5 min, microwave power 600 W, methanol/oil molar ratio 12:1, and catalyst dosage 3 wt%). It was showing potential applications of catalyst in biodiesel industry.

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PRODUKSI BIODIESEL DARI LEMAK SAPI DENGAN PROSES TRANSESTERIFIKASI DENGAN KATALIS BASA NaOH

Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU ◽

10.32734/jtk.v2i1.1419 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Ranggita Dwi Nindya Affandi ◽

Toni Rizki Aruan ◽

Taslim ◽

Iriany

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Beef Tallow ◽

Low Cost ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Single Step ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

National Standard ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Reflux Condenser

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel commonly produced from vegetable oil or animal fat with methanol through transesterification. Beef tallow was used as a raw material of transesterification to make biodiesel, because the price of beef tallow was driven down by the market and to reduce the pollution to the surrounding. In this research variable observed were reaction temperature, reaction time and amount of catalyst. Transesterification was carried out in a three necked spherical Pyrex vessel equipped with reflux condenser, stirrer and thermometer. In the present investigation an attempt has been made to use beef tallow as low cost sustainable potential feedstock for biodiesel production by single step transesterification process. Under optimal condition, the maximum yield of 95,67 % beef tallow methyl ester was obtained by using 6 : 1 molar ratio of beef tallow to methanol at 50 oC for a reaction time 30 minutes in the presence of 0,8 wt% of NaOH catalyst. The biodiesel properties were comparable to Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The results of this work showed that the use of beef tallow is suitable for feedstock of biodiesel production with low cost.

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Mango (Magnifera indica) seed oil grown in Dilla town as potential raw material for biodiesel production using NaOH- a homogeneous catalyst

10.31221/osf.io/xsq5y ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Chem Int

Keyword(s):

Diesel Engine ◽

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Pollution Prevention ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Homogeneous Catalyst ◽

Minimal Amount

Biodiesel produced by transesterification process from vegetable oils or animal fats is viewed as a promising renewable energy source. Now a day’s diminishing of petroleum reserves in the ground and increasing environmental pollution prevention and regulations have made searching for renewable oxygenated energy sources from biomasses. Biodiesel is non-toxic, renewable, biodegradable, environmentally benign, energy efficient and diesel substituent fuel used in diesel engine which contributes minimal amount of global warming gases such as CO, CO2, SO2, NOX, unburned hydrocarbons, and particulate matters. The chemical composition of the biodiesel was examined by help of GC-MS and five fatty acid methyl esters such as methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate and methyl linoleneate were identified. The variables that affect the amount of biodiesel such as methanol/oil molar ratio, mass weight of catalyst and temperature were studied. In addition to this the physicochemical properties of the biodiesel such as (density, kinematic viscosity, iodine value high heating value, flash point, acidic value, saponification value, carbon residue, peroxide value and ester content) were determined and its corresponding values were 87 Kg/m3, 5.63 Mm2/s, 39.56 g I/100g oil, 42.22 MJ/Kg, 132oC, 0.12 mgKOH/g, 209.72 mgKOH/g, 0.04%wt, 12.63 meq/kg, and 92.67 wt% respectively. The results of the present study showed that all physicochemical properties lie within the ASTM and EN biodiesel standards. Therefore, mango seed oil methyl ester could be used as an alternative to diesel engine.

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Red Mud-Based Polyaluminum Ferric Chloride Flocculant: Preparation, Characterization and Flocculation Performance

10.21203/rs.3.rs-159842/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yong Cheng ◽

Longjun Xu ◽

Chenglun Liu ◽

Zao Jiang ◽

Qiyuan Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Red Mud ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Low Cost ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Iron Chloride ◽

Raw Material ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Polymerization Temperature ◽

Solution Ph

Abstract In this work, red mud was used as raw material to extract Al and Fe with hydrochloric acid. The high-efficiency polyaluminum iron chloride (PAFC) flocculant was prepared via adjusting the pH of the leaching solution, the molar ratio of aluminum and iron, and the polymerization temperature. The effect of synthesis and flocculation conditions on the flocculation performance of aged landfill leachate was investigated. The results confirmed that the PAFC prepared at the polymerization pH of 2.5, the Al/Fe molar ratio of 8, and the polymerization temperature of 70 °C had the optimum flocculation effect. The flocculation consequences of PAFC and commercial polyaluminum iron chloride flocculant (CPAFC) under different flocculation conditions were compared. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), UV254, chroma and settlement height of PAFC at flocculant concentration of 60 g/L and solution pH of 6 were 72.2%, 79.2%, 82.9% and 9.5 cm (within 90 min), respectively. PAFC has excellent flocculation performance and can be used as a simple, potentially low-cost wastewater treatment agent in industrial applications.

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Low-Cost Alternative Biodiesel Production Apparatus Based on Household Food Blender for Continuous Biodiesel Production for Small Communities

10.21203/rs.3.rs-289076/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Wijittra Wongjaikham ◽

Doonyapong Wongsawaeng ◽

Vareeporn Ratnitsai ◽

Manita Kamjam ◽

Kanokwan Ngaosuwan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Low Cost ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Homogeneous Catalyst ◽

Reaction Volume ◽

Small Communities ◽

Production Apparatus

Abstract Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are sustainable biofuel that can alleviate high oil cost and environmental impacts of petroleum-based fuel. A modified 1,200 W high efficiency fruit blender was employed for continuous transesterification of various refined vegetable oils and waste cooking oil (WCO) using sodium hydroxide as a homogeneous catalyst. The following factors have been investigated on their effects on FAME yield: baffles, reaction volume, total reactant flow rate, methanol-oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration and reaction temperature. Results indicated that the optimal conditions were: 2,000 mL reaction volume, 50 mL/min total flow rate, 1% and 1.25% catalyst concentration for refined palm oil and WCO, respectively, 6:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio and 62 - 63oC, obtaining yield efficiency over 96.5% FAME yield of 21.14 ´ 10-4 g.J-1 (for palm oil) and 19.39 ´ 10-4 g.J-1 (for WCO). All the properties of produced FAMEs meet the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. The modified household fruit blender could be a practical and low-cost alternative biodiesel production apparatus for continuous biodiesel production for small communities in remote areas.

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Lipase NS81006 immobilized on Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles for biodiesel production

Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry ◽

10.1515/auoc-2016-0008 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 13-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Baskar Thangaraj ◽

Zhaohua Jia ◽

Lingmei Dai ◽

Dehua Liu ◽

Wei Du

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽

Immobilized Lipase ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Fe3o4 Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽

Time Duration ◽

Fast Reaction ◽

Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽

Optimized Conditions ◽

Free Lipase

Abstract Lipase-catalyzed biodiesel production is being the object of extensive research due to the demerits of chemical based catalytic system. Lipase immobilized on Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles has the integrated advantages of traditional immobilized lipase and free lipase for its rather fast reaction rate and easy separation. It has been demonstrated that free lipase NS81006 has potential in catalyzing the alcoholysis of renewable oils for biodiesel preparation. In this study, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with organosilane compounds like (3-aminopropyl)triethyloxysilane (APTES) and (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane) MPTMS were used as carriers for lipase immobilization. Lipase NS81006 was covalently bound to the organosilane-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles by using glutaraldehyde cross-linking reagent. A biodiesel yield of 89% and 81% could be achieved by lipase immobilized on APTES-Fe3O4 and MPTMS-Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles respectively under optimized conditions of oil to methanol molar ratio 1:3 with three step addition of methanol, reaction temperature 45°C and reaction time duration 12 h. The lipases immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles could be recovered easily by external magnetic field for further use.

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Flow-mode biodiesel production from palm oil using a pressurized microwave reactor

Green Processing and Synthesis ◽

10.1515/gps-2017-0116 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 8-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Seyed Mohammad Safieddin Ardebili ◽

Xinyu Ge ◽

Giancarlo Cravotto

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Irradiation Time ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Flow Mode ◽

Reaction Conditions ◽

Surface Method ◽

Optimized Conditions ◽

Reactor Pressure ◽

Palm Oil Biodiesel

Abstract The factors that influence microwave-assisted biodiesel production reactions have been analyzed in this investigation. The studied parameters included microwave (MW) power, irradiation time, and reactor pressure. The response surface method was used to optimize the reaction conditions. The conversion for the 6:1 methanol/oil molar ratio and 1% catalyst ranged from 68.4% to 96.71%. The optimized conditions were found to be 138 s of MW irradiation at 780 W and 7 bar pressure. The conversion at this point was 97.82%. Biodiesel yield increased at higher radiation times (90–130 s) and pressures (5–7 bar). Results show that MW power and irradiation time have significant effects at the 1% level, whereas pressure had significant effects at the 5% level on biodiesel production in this range. The major properties of the palm oil biodiesel produced herein have met the requirements of the EN 14214 methyl ester standard.

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