Preparation of KI-Impregnated Razor Clam Shell as a Catalyst and its Application in Biodiesel Production from Jatropha curcas Oil

Nowadays, utilization of biomass is considered to have the potential to solve many environmental problems and provide a source of renewable and environmentally-friendly energy. Research on green and low cost catalysts is needed for economical production of biodiesel. The goal of this work was to test potassium iodide (KI)-impregnated calcined razor clam shell as a heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil in a microwave reactor. The effects of different preparation conditions on biodiesel yield were investigated and the structure of the catalyst was characterized. The raw material and the resulting solid catalyst were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The waste shell displays a typical layered architecture. The sample had the surface area 16.51 m2/g, pore diameter 22.18 nm and pore volume 0.14 cm3/g, and presented a uniform pore size. The highest fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 96.99% for potassium iodide-calcium oxide (KI-CaO) catalyst was obtained under the optimum condition (reaction time 5 min, microwave power 600 W, methanol/oil molar ratio 12:1, and catalyst dosage 3 wt%). It was showing potential applications of catalyst in biodiesel industry.

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Transesterification of Jatropha Curcas Oil to Biodiesel by Using Short Necked Clam (Orbicularia Orbiculata) Shell Derived Catalyst

Energy Exploration & Exploitation ◽

10.1260/0144-5987.30.5.853 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 30 (5) ◽

pp. 853-866 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Y.H. Taufiq-Yap ◽

H.V. Lee ◽

P.L. Lau

Keyword(s):

Jatropha Curcas ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Clam Shell ◽

Jatropha Curcas Oil ◽

Environmental Friendly ◽

Acid Methyl

Investigation has been conducted to develop an environmental friendly and economically feasible process for biodiesel production. Natural short necked clam shell was utilized as calcium oxide (CaO) source for transesterification of non-edible Jatropha curcas oil to biodiesel. The powdered clam shell was calcined at 900°C for 3 h to transform calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in shell to active CaO catalyst. The effect of catalyst loading, methanol to oil molar ratio and reaction time on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield was investigated. Under optimal condition, biodiesel yield achieved 93% within 6 h at 65°C. As a result, the catalytic activity of waste clam shell-derived catalyst is comparable to commercial CaO catalyzed reaction. Hence, it can be used as another renewable yet cost-effective catalyst source for biodiesel production.

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Calcium Methoxide Synthesis from Quick Lime Using as Solid Catalyst in Refined Palm Oil Biodiesel Production

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.834-836.550 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 834-836 ◽

pp. 550-554 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Warakom Suwanthai ◽

Vittaya Punsuvon ◽

Pilanee Vaithanomsat

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Solid Catalyst ◽

Solid Base ◽

Quick Lime ◽

X Ray ◽

Refined Palm Oil

In this research, calcium methoxide was synthesized as solid base catalyst from quick lime for biodiesel production. The catalyst was further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection fourier transform (ATR-FTIR) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies (EDX) to evaluate its performance. The transesterification of refined palm oil using calcium methoxide and the process parameters affecting the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content such as catalyst concentration, methanol:oil molar ratio and reaction time were investigated. The results showed that the FAME content at 97% was achieved within 3 h using 3 %wt catalyst loading, 12:1 methanol:oil molar ratio and 65 °C reaction temperature. The result of FAME suggested calcium methoxide was the promising solid catalyst for substitution of the conventional liquid catalyst.

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Current scenario of catalysts for biodiesel production: a critical review

Reviews in Chemical Engineering ◽

10.1515/revce-2016-0026 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 267-297 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Farrukh Jamil ◽

Lamya Al-Haj ◽

Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb ◽

Mohab A. Al-Hinai ◽

Mahad Baawain ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Low Cost ◽

Bifunctional Catalyst ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Homogeneous Catalysts ◽

Animal Fats ◽

Current Scenario ◽

Short Chain Alcohol

AbstractDue to increasing concerns about global warming and dwindling oil supplies, the world’s attention is turning to green processes that use sustainable and environmentally friendly feedstock to produce renewable energy such as biofuels. Among them, biodiesel, which is made from nontoxic, biodegradable, renewable sources such as refined and used vegetable oils and animal fats, is a renewable substitute fuel for petroleum diesel fuel. Biodiesel is produced by transesterification in which oil or fat is reacted with short chain alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. The process of transesterification is affected by the mode of reaction, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type of alcohol, nature and amount of catalysts, reaction time, and temperature. Various studies have been carried out using different oils as the raw material; different alcohols (methanol, ethanol, butanol); different catalysts; notably homogeneous catalysts such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and supercritical fluids; or, in some cases, enzymes such as lipases. This article focuses on the application of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production because of their environmental and economic advantages. This review contains a detailed discussion on the advantages and feasibility of catalysts for biodiesel production, which are both environmentally and economically viable as compared to conventional homogeneous catalysts. The classification of catalysts into different categories based on a catalyst’s activity, feasibility, and lifetime is also briefly discussed. Furthermore, recommendations have been made for the most suitable catalyst (bifunctional catalyst) for low-cost oils to valuable biodiesel and the challenges faced by the biodiesel industry with some possible solutions.

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Optimization of Esterification and Transesterification Reactions for Biodiesel Production from Crude Coconut Oil Using RSM Techniques

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.610 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 723 ◽

pp. 610-615 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Natta Pimngern ◽

Vittaya Punsuvon

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Quadratic Model ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Model Equations

Crude coconut oil with high free fatty acid (FFA) content was used as a raw material to produce biodiesel. In this work, the esterification followed by transesterification of crude coconut oil with methanol is studied. The response surface methodology (RSM) with 5-level-3-factor central composite design (CCD) was applied to study the effect of different factors on the FFA content of esterification and the percentage of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion of transesterification. The FAME conversion was detected by proton magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectrometer. As a result, the optimum conditions for esterification were 6:1 of methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 0.75wt% of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) concentration and 90 min of reaction time. The optimum conditions for transesterification were 8.23:1 of methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 0.75wt% of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration and 80 min of reaction time. Quadratic model equations were obtained describing the relationships between dependents and independent variables to minimize the FFA content and maximize the FAME conversion. Fuel properties of the crude coconut oil biodiesel were also examined followed ASTM and EN standards. The results showed that all properties met well with both standards.

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Biodiesel Production Using Bauxite in Low-Cost Solid Base Catalyst Precursors

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal9121064 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 1064 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yong-Ming Dai ◽

Cheng-Hsuan Hsieh ◽

Jia-Hao Lin ◽

Fu-Hsuan Chen ◽

Chiing-Chang Chen

Keyword(s):

Alkali Metal ◽

Low Cost ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Metal Catalyst ◽

Solid Base ◽

One Pot ◽

Physical And Chemical

Investigation was conducted on bauxite mixed with Li2CO3 as alkali metal catalysts for biodiesel production. Bauxite contains a high percentage of Si and Al compounds among products. Because of the high expense of commercial materials (SiO2, Al2O3) that makes them not economical, the method was very recently improved by replacing commercial materials with Si and Al from bauxite. This is one of the easiest methods for preparing heterogeneous transesterification catalysts, through one-pot blending, grinding bauxite with Li2CO3, and heating at 800 °C for 4 h. The prepared solid-base alkali metal catalyst was characterized in terms of its physical and chemical properties using X-ray powder diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The optimal conditions for the transesterification procedure are to mix methanol oil by molar ratio 9:1, under 65 °C, with catalyst amount 3 wt.%. The procedure is suitable for transesterifying oil to fatty acid methyl ester in the 96% range.

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Optimization of the Production of Enzymatic Biodiesel from Residual Babassu Oil (Orbignya sp.) via RSM

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal10040414 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 414 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Katerine S. Moreira ◽

Lourembergue S. Moura Júnior ◽

Rodolpho R. C. Monteiro ◽

André L. B. de Oliveira ◽

Camila P. Valle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Ethyl Esters ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Enzymatic Esterification ◽

Maximum Loss ◽

Babassu Oil ◽

Small Change ◽

Optimized Conditions

Residual oil from babassu (Orbignya sp.), a low-cost raw material, was used in the enzymatic esterification for biodiesel production, using lipase B from Candida antarctica (Novozym® 435) and ethanol. For the first time in the literature, residual babassu oil and Novozym® 435 are being investigated to obtain biodiesel. In this communication, response surface methodology (RSM) and a central composite design (CCD) were used to optimize the esterification and study the effects of four factors (molar ratio (1:1–1:16, free fatty acids (FFAs) /alcohol), temperature (30–50 °C), biocatalyst content (0.05–0.15 g) and reaction time (2–6 h)) in the conversion into fatty acid ethyl esters. Under optimized conditions (1:18 molar ratio (FFAs/alcohol), 0.14 g of Novozym® 435, 48 °C and 4 h), the conversion into ethyl esters was 96.8%. It was found that after 10 consecutive cycles of esterification under optimal conditions, Novozym® 435 showed a maximum loss of activity of 5.8%, suggesting a very small change in the support/enzyme ratio proved by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and insignificant changes in the surface of Novozym® 435 proved by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after the 10 consecutive cycles of esterification.

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Comprehensive Comparison of Hetero-Homogeneous Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Non-Edible Jatropha curcas Oil

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal11121420 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1420

Author(s):

Khawer Khan ◽

Noaman Ul-Haq ◽

Wajeeh Ur Rahman ◽

Muzaffar Ali ◽

Umer Rashid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Jatropha Curcas ◽

Low Cost ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Acid Methyl ◽

Comprehensive Comparison

The synthesis of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas by transesterification is kinetically controlled. It depends on the molar ratio, reaction time, and temperature, as well as the catalyst nature and quantity. The aim of this study was to explore the transesterification of low-cost, inedible J. curcas seed oil utilizing both homogenous (potassium hydroxide; KOH) and heterogenous (calcium oxide; CaO) catalysis. In this effort, two steps were used. First, free fatty acids in J. curcas oil were reduced from 12.4 to less than 1 wt.% with sulfuric acid-catalyzed pretreatment. Transesterification subsequently converted the oil to biodiesel. The yield of fatty acid methyl esters was optimized by varying the reaction time, catalyst load, and methanol-to-oil molar ratio. A maximum yield of 96% was obtained from CaO nanoparticles at a reaction time of 5.5 h with 4 wt.% of the catalyst and an 18:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio. The optimum conditions for KOH were a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 9:1, 5 wt.% of the catalyst, and a reaction time of 3.5 h, and this returned a yield of 92%. The fuel properties of the optimized biodiesel were within the limits specified in ASTM D6751, the American biodiesel standard. In addition, the 5% blends in petroleum diesel were within the ranges prescribed in ASTM D975, the American diesel fuel standard.

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PENGARUH SUHU REAKSI DAN JUMLAH KATALIS PADA PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL DARI LIMBAH LEMAK SAPI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS HETEROGEN CaO DARI KULIT TELUR AYAM

Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU ◽

10.32734/jtk.v4i1.1458 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 35-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wendi ◽

Valentinoh Cuaca ◽

Taslim

Keyword(s):

Methyl Ester ◽

Beef Tallow ◽

Low Cost ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Animal Fats ◽

Acid Catalyzed ◽

Methyl Ester Content

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines consisting of the alkyl monoesters from vegetable oils or animal fats. Beef tallow waste is the non-edible raw material with low cost production and the availability is huge in the cattle production. The objective of the study was to utilize beef tallow waste for biodiesel production using solid oxide catalyst which derived from the industrial eggshells. The materials calcined with temperature 900oC and time 2 hours, transformed calcium species in the shells into active CaO catalysts.The oil contained high free fatty acid (FFA) content of 1.86%. The FFA content of the oil was reduced by acid-catalyzed esterification. The product from this stage was subjected to produce biodiesel. Transesterification process reacts oil and methanol to produce methyl ester and glycerol. The produced methyl ester on the upper layer was separated from the glycerol and then washed. Effect of various process variables such as amount of catalyst and temperature were investigated. The biodiesel properties like methyl ester content, density, viscosity, and flash point was evaluated and was found to compare well with Indonesian Standard (SNI). Under the best condition, the maximum yield of 82.43% beef tallow methyl ester was obtained by using 9:1 molar ratio of methanol to beef tallow oil at 55oC, for a reaction time 1.5 hours in the presence 3 wt% of CaO catalyst. The results of this work showed that the use of beef tallow is very suitable as low cost feedstock for biodiesel production.

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PRODUKSI BIODIESEL DARI LEMAK SAPI DENGAN PROSES TRANSESTERIFIKASI DENGAN KATALIS BASA NaOH

Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU ◽

10.32734/jtk.v2i1.1419 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Ranggita Dwi Nindya Affandi ◽

Toni Rizki Aruan ◽

Taslim ◽

Iriany

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Beef Tallow ◽

Low Cost ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Single Step ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

National Standard ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Reflux Condenser

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel commonly produced from vegetable oil or animal fat with methanol through transesterification. Beef tallow was used as a raw material of transesterification to make biodiesel, because the price of beef tallow was driven down by the market and to reduce the pollution to the surrounding. In this research variable observed were reaction temperature, reaction time and amount of catalyst. Transesterification was carried out in a three necked spherical Pyrex vessel equipped with reflux condenser, stirrer and thermometer. In the present investigation an attempt has been made to use beef tallow as low cost sustainable potential feedstock for biodiesel production by single step transesterification process. Under optimal condition, the maximum yield of 95,67 % beef tallow methyl ester was obtained by using 6 : 1 molar ratio of beef tallow to methanol at 50 oC for a reaction time 30 minutes in the presence of 0,8 wt% of NaOH catalyst. The biodiesel properties were comparable to Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The results of this work showed that the use of beef tallow is suitable for feedstock of biodiesel production with low cost.

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Production of Biodiesel from Non-Edible Jatropha curcas Oil via Transesterification Using Nd2O3-La2O3 Catalyst

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.620.335 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 620 ◽

pp. 335-339 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M.F. Rabiah Nizah ◽

Y.H. Taufiq-Yap ◽

Mohd Zobir Hussein

Keyword(s):

Vegetable Oil ◽

Jatropha Curcas ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Oil And Grease ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Animal Fats ◽

Acid Methyl ◽

Oil Resources

Biodiesel is viewed as the most promising alternative fuel to replace petroleum-based diesel since it is derived from renewable sources such as animal fats, vegetable oil and grease. Out of various vegetable oil resources for biodiesel production,Jatropha curcasoil (JCO) is a viable choice for biodiesel because it is non-edible and can be grown easily in a harsh environment. In this study, Nd2O3-La2O3catalyst was prepared for transesterification of JCO with methanol, in order to evaluate its potential as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production. Under suitable transesterification condition at 210 °C with catalyst amount of 3 wt.%, methanol/oil molar ratio of 45 and reaction time for 4 h, the conversion of JCO to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) achieved was more than 93% over Nd2O3-La2O3catalyst.

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