scholarly journals The Arabidopsis Root Tip (Phospho)Proteomes at Growth-Promoting versus Growth-Repressing Conditions Reveal Novel Root Growth Regulators

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1665
Author(s):  
Natalia Nikonorova ◽  
Evan Murphy ◽  
Cassio Flavio Fonseca de Lima ◽  
Shanshuo Zhu ◽  
Brigitte van de Cotte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Phosphorylation Site ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Arabidopsis Root ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
The Impact

Auxin plays a dual role in growth regulation and, depending on the tissue and concentration of the hormone, it can either promote or inhibit division and expansion processes in plants. Recent studies have revealed that, beyond transcriptional reprogramming, alternative auxin-controlled mechanisms regulate root growth. Here, we explored the impact of different concentrations of the synthetic auxin NAA that establish growth-promoting and -repressing conditions on the root tip proteome and phosphoproteome, generating a unique resource. From the phosphoproteome data, we pinpointed (novel) growth regulators, such as the RALF34-THE1 module. Our results, together with previously published studies, suggest that auxin, H+-ATPases, cell wall modifications and cell wall sensing receptor-like kinases are tightly embedded in a pathway regulating cell elongation. Furthermore, our study assigned a novel role to MKK2 as a regulator of primary root growth and a (potential) regulator of auxin biosynthesis and signalling, and suggests the importance of the MKK2 Thr31 phosphorylation site for growth regulation in the Arabidopsis root tip.

scholarly journals Auxin-triggered changes in the Arabidopsis root tip (phospho)proteome reveal novel root growth regulators

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Nikonorova ◽  
Evan Murphy ◽  
Cassio Flavio Fonseca de Lima ◽  
Shanshuo Zhu ◽  
Brigitte van de Cotte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Phosphorylation Site ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Arabidopsis Root ◽  
Transcriptional Reprogramming ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTAuxin plays a dual role in growth regulation and, depending on the tissue and concentration of the hormone, it can either promote or inhibit division and expansion processes in plants. Recent studies revealed that, beyond transcriptional reprogramming, alternative auxin-controlled mechanisms regulate root growth. Here, we explored the impact of different auxin concentrations on the root tip proteome and phosphoproteome, generating a unique resource. From the phosphoproteome data we pinpointed (novel) growth regulators, such as the RALF34-THE1 module. Our results together with previously published studies suggest that auxin, H+-ATPases, cell wall modifications and cell wall sensing receptor-like kinases are tightly embedded in a pathway regulating cell elongation. Furthermore, our study assigned a novel role to MKK2 as a regulator of primary root growth and a (potential) regulator of auxin biosynthesis and signalling, and suggests the importance of the MKK2 Thr31phosphorylation site for growth regulation in theArabidopsisroot tip.ONE SENTENCE SUMMARYAn auxin-triggered Arabidopsis root tip (phospho)proteome reveals novel root growth regulators

scholarly journals Synthesis and Biological Activity of Brassinosteroid Analogues with a Nitrogen-Containing Side Chain

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Mikhail V. Diachkov ◽  
Karoll Ferrer ◽  
Jana Oklestkova ◽  
Lucie Rarova ◽  
Vaclav Bazgier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Short Side ◽  
Arabidopsis Root ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Brassinosteroid Analogues

Brassinosteroids are a class of plant hormones that regulate a broad range of physiological processes such as plant growth, development and immunity, including the suppression of biotic and abiotic stresses. In this paper, we report the synthesis of new brassinosteroid analogues with a nitrogen-containing side chain and their biological activity on Arabidopis thaliana. Based on molecular docking experiments, two groups of brassinosteroid analogues were prepared with short and long side chains in order to study the impact of side chain length on plants. The derivatives with a short side chain were prepared with amide, amine and ammonium functional groups. The derivatives with a long side chain were synthesized using amide and ammonium functional groups. A total of 25 new brassinosteroid analogues were prepared. All 25 compounds were tested in an Arabidopsis root sensitivity bioassay and cytotoxicity screening. The synthesized substances showed no significant inhibitory activity compared to natural 24-epibrassinolide. In contrast, in low concentration, several compounds (8a, 8b, 8e, 16e, 22a and 22e) showed interesting growth-promoting activity. The cytotoxicity assay showed no toxicity of the prepared compounds on cancer and normal cell lines.

Corrigendum - Factors which affects the growth of grain legumes on a solonized brown soil. I. Genotypic responses to soil physical factors

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
BJ Atwell
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Brown Soil ◽  
Penetrometer Resistance ◽  
System L

Lupins (Lupinus angustifolius cvv. Yandee and 75A-258 and L. pilosus cv. P. 20957) and pea (Pisum sativum cv. Dundale) were grown in the field for 43 days on a solonized brown soil. Shoots of L. pilosus and peas grew most rapidly, while L. angustifolius cv. 75A-258 developed a relatively large root system. L. angustifolius cv. Yandee, a commercial lupin cultivar, was poorly adapted; shoot growth was restricted and roots ceased growing 36 days after sowing. The soil factors responsible for these widely differing responses were investigated. Once primary roots of L. angustifolius were 20-30 cm deep, root extension was slow or arrested. Indeed, primary root apices of Yandee were often necrotic in the soil below 20 cm. In contrast, roots proliferated rapidly in the surface 20 cm of the soil, particularly in 7SA-258, suggesting that factors in the deeper soil layers restricted root growth most severely. The vigorous growth of lateral roots of 75A-258 was reflected in a 2.6 fold greater total root length than for Yandee 43 days after sowing. Soil physical properties were not considered a likely explanation for these observations; soil water status and porosity were always favourable for root growth and root sections indicated that no cortical degradation, typical of O2 deficient roots, had occurred. Penetrometer resistance and root tip osmotic pressures suggested that poor root growth could not be ascribed simply to soil mechanical properties. The results suggest, by inference, that soil chemical factors could underlie the phenotypic responses observed.

scholarly journals RNA-Seq Transcriptome Analysis of Rice Primary Roots Reveals the Role of Flavonoids in Regulating the Rice Primary Root Growth

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Yu Xu ◽  
Junjie Zou ◽  
Hongyan Zheng ◽  
Miaoyun Xu ◽  
Xuefeng Zong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Auxin Signaling ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Quercetin Treatment

Flavonoids play important roles in root development and in its tropic responses, whereas the flavonoids-mediated changes of the global transcription levels during root growth remain unclear. Here, the global transcription changes in quercetin-treated rice primary roots were analyzed. Quercetin treatment significantly induced the inhibition of root growth and the reduction of H2O2 and O2− levels. In addition, the RNA-seq analysis revealed that there are 1243 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in quercetin-treated roots, including 1032 up-regulated and 211 down-regulated genes. A gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that the enriched GO terms are mainly associated with the cell wall organization, response to oxidative stress, and response to hormone stimulus. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment pathway analysis showed that the enriched DEGs are involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction. Moreover, the quercetin treatment led to an increase of the antioxidant enzyme activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in rice roots. Also, the quercetin treatment altered the DR5:GUS expression pattern in the root tips. All of these data indicated that the flavonoids-mediated transcription changes of genes are related to the genes involved in cell wall remodeling, redox homeostasis, and auxin signaling, leading to a reduced cell division in the meristem zone and cell elongation in the elongation zone of roots.

scholarly journals Nitrate Induction of Primary Root Growth Requires Cytokinin Signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela A Naulin ◽  
Grace I Armijo ◽  
Andrea S Vega ◽  
Karem P Tamayo ◽  
Diana E Gras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Growth Arrest ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cytokinin Signaling ◽  
Control Growth ◽  
Primary Root Growth

Abstract Nitrate can act as a potent signal to control growth and development in plants. In this study, we show that nitrate is able to stimulate primary root growth via increased meristem activity and cytokinin signaling. Cytokinin perception and biosynthesis mutants displayed shorter roots as compared with wild-type plants when grown with nitrate as the only nitrogen source. Histological analysis of the root tip revealed decreased cell division and elongation in the cytokinin receptor double mutant ahk2/ahk4 as compared with wild-type plants under a sufficient nitrate regime. Interestingly, a nitrate-dependent root growth arrest was observed between days 5 and 6 after sowing. Wild-type plants were able to recover from this growth arrest, while cytokinin signaling or biosynthesis mutants were not. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant changes in gene expression after, but not before, this transition in contrasting genotypes and nitrate regimes. We identified genes involved in both cell division and elongation as potentially important for primary root growth in response to nitrate. Our results provide evidence linking nitrate and cytokinin signaling for the control of primary root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis Myrosinase Genes AtTGG4 and AtTGG5 Are Root-Tip Specific and Contribute to Auxin Biosynthesis and Root-Growth Regulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili Fu ◽  
Meng Wang ◽  
Bingying Han ◽  
Deguan Tan ◽  
Xuepiao Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Auxin Biosynthesis ◽  
Root Tip

Factors which affects the growth of grain legumes on a solonized brown soil. I. Genotypic responses to soil physical factors

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
BJ Atwell
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Brown Soil ◽  
Penetrometer Resistance ◽  
System L

Lupins (Lupinus angustifolius cvv. Yandee and 75A-258 and L. pilosus cv. P. 20957) and pea (Pisum sativum cv. Dundale) were grown in the field for 43 days on a solonized brown soil. Shoots of L. pilosus and peas grew most rapidly, while L. angustifolius cv. 75A-258 developed a relatively large root system. L. angustifolius cv. Yandee, a commercial lupin cultivar, was poorly adapted; shoot growth was restricted and roots ceased growing 36 days after sowing. The soil factors responsible for these widely differing responses were investigated. Once primary roots of L. angustifolius were 20-30 cm deep, root extension was slow or arrested. Indeed, primary root apices of Yandee were often necrotic in the soil below 20 cm. In contrast, roots proliferated rapidly in the surface 20 cm of the soil, particularly in 7SA-258, suggesting that factors in the deeper soil layers restricted root growth most severely. The vigorous growth of lateral roots of 75A-258 was reflected in a 2.6 fold greater total root length than for Yandee 43 days after sowing. Soil physical properties were not considered a likely explanation for these observations; soil water status and porosity were always favourable for root growth and root sections indicated that no cortical degradation, typical of O2 deficient roots, had occurred. Penetrometer resistance and root tip osmotic pressures suggested that poor root growth could not be ascribed simply to soil mechanical properties. The results suggest, by inference, that soil chemical factors could underlie the phenotypic responses observed.

Hydrogen peroxide plays an important role in PERK4-mediated abscisic acid-regulated root growth in Arabidopsis

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaonan Ma ◽  
Xiaoran Zhang ◽  
Ling Yang ◽  
Mengmeng Tang ◽  
Kai Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Exogenous Aba ◽  
Ros Accumulation ◽  
Primary Root Growth ◽  
Respiratory Burst Oxidase ◽  
Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologue

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a crucial factor that affects primary root tip growth in plants. Previous research suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially hydrogen peroxide, are important regulators of ABA signalling in root growth of Arabidopsis. PROLINE-RICH EXTENSIN-LIKE RECEPTOR KINASE 4 (PERK4) plays an important role in ABA responses. Arabidopsis perk4 mutants display attenuated sensitivity to ABA, especially in primary root growth. To gain insights into the mechanism(s) of PERK4-associated ABA inhibition of root growth, in this study we investigated the involvement of ROS in this process. Normal ROS accumulation in the primary root in response to exogenous ABA treatment was not observed in perk4 mutants. PERK4 deficiency prohibits ABA-induced expression of RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOGUE (RBOH) genes, therefore the perk4-1 mutant showed decreased production of ROS in the root. The perk4-1/rbohc double mutant displayed the same phenotype as the perk4 and rbohc single mutants in response to exogenous ABA treatment. The results suggest that PERK4-stimulated ROS accumulation during ABA-regulated primary root growth may be mediated by RBOHC.

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