scholarly journals Mismatched Prenatal and Postnatal Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Child Behaviours: A Sex-Dependent Role for NR3C1 DNA Methylation in the Wirral Child Health and Development Study

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Hill ◽  
Andrew Pickles ◽  
Nicola Wright ◽  
John P. Quinn ◽  
Chris Murgatroyd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postnatal Depression ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Human Study ◽  
Maternal Investment ◽  
Maternal Report ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Predictive Adaptive Response ◽  
First Time ◽  
Depressed Symptoms

Evolutionary hypotheses predict that male fetuses are more vulnerable to poor maternal conditions (Sex-biased Maternal Investment), but female fetuses are at greater risk of glucocorticoid-mediated disorders where there is a mismatch between fetal and postnatal environments (Predictive Adaptive Response). Self-reported prenatal and postnatal depression and maternal report of child anxious-depressed symptoms at 2.5, 3.5 and 5.0 years were obtained from an ‘extensive’ sample of first-time mothers (N = 794). Salivary NR3C1 1-F promoter methylation was assayed at 14 months in an ‘intensive’ subsample (n = 176) and stratified by psychosocial risk. Generalised structural equation models were fitted and estimated by maximum likelihood to allow the inclusion of participants from both intensive and extensive samples. Postnatal depression was associated with NR3C1 methylation and anxious-depressed symptoms in daughters of mothers with low prenatal depression (prenatal-postnatal depression interaction for methylation, p < 0.001; for child symptoms, p = 0.011). In girls, NR3C1 methylation mediated the association between maternal depression and child anxious-depressed symptoms. The effects were greater in girls than boys: the test of sex differences in the effect of the prenatal-postnatal depression interaction on both outcomes gave X2 (2) = 5.95 (p = 0.051). This was the first human study to show that epigenetic and early behavioural outcomes may arise through different mechanisms in males and females.

scholarly journals Maternal depression and child behaviours: sex-dependent mediation by glucocorticoid receptor gene methylation in a longitudinal study from pregnancy to age 5 years

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Hill ◽  
Andrew Pickles ◽  
Nicola Wright ◽  
John P Quinn ◽  
Chris Murgatroyd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Postnatal Depression ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Female Fetus ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene ◽  
Depressed Symptoms

ABSTRACTBackgroundEvolutionary hypotheses predict that male fetuses are more vulnerable to poor maternal conditions than females (Sex-biased Maternal Investment), but that the adaptive female fetus, with a more responsive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, is put at later risk of glucocorticoid mediated disorders where there is a mismatch between fetal and postnatal environments (Predictive Adaptive Response). Self-report measures of prenatal and postnatal depression and maternal report of child anxious depressed symptoms at 2.5, 3.5 and 5.0 years were obtained from an ‘extensive’ sample of first time mothers recruited from the general population (N = 794). Salivary NR3C1 1-F promoter methylation was assayed at 14 months in an ‘intensive’ subsample (N = 176) stratified during pregnancy by psychosocial risk. Generalised structural equation models (SEM) were fitted and estimated by maximum likelihood to allow inclusion of participants from both intensive and extensive samples.ResultsPostnatal depression was associated with NR3C1 methylation and with anxious-depressed symptoms in the daughters of mothers lacking the hypothesised protective effect of high prenatal depression (prenatal-postnatal depression interaction for methylation, p =.00001; for child symptoms, p = .011). In girls, NR3C1 methylation mediated the association between maternal depression and child anxious-depressed symptoms. The effects were greater in girls than boys, and the test of the sex differences in the effect of the prenatal-postnatal depression interaction on both outcomes gave χ2(2) = 5.95 (p=.051).ConclusionsThis is the first study to show in humans that, as a result of sex-biased reproductive investment and fetal adaptation, epigenetic and early behavioural outcomes may arise through different mechanisms in males and females. Epigenetic effects at the NR3C1 promoter mediated mismatch between prenatal and postnatal maternal conditions and child anxious-depressed symptoms, specifically in females.

scholarly journals The role of peri-traumatic stress and disruption distress in predicting post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following exposure to a natural disaster

BJPsych Open ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Boden ◽  
David M. Fergusson ◽  
L. John Horwood ◽  
Roger T. Mulder
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disaster ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Post Traumatic

BackgroundFew studies have examined the contribution of specific disaster-related experiences to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms.AimsTo examine the roles of peri-traumatic stress and distress due to lingering disaster-related disruption in explaining linkages between disaster exposure and PTSD symptoms among a cohort exposed to the 2010–2011 Canterbury (New Zealand) earthquakes.MethodStructural equation models were fitted to data obtained from the Christchurch Health and Development Study at age 35 (n=495), 20–24 months following the onset of the disaster. Measures included: earthquake exposure, peri-traumatic stress, disruption distress and PTSD symptoms.ResultsThe associations between earthquake exposure and PTSD symptoms were explained largely by the experience of peri-traumatic stress during the earthquakes (β=0.189,P<0.0001) and disruption distress following the earthquakes (β=0.105,P<0.0001).ConclusionsThe results suggest the importance of minimising post-event disruption distress following exposure to a natural disaster.

scholarly journals The role of peri-traumatic stress and disruption distress in predicting symptoms of major depression following exposure to a natural disaster

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 711-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline J Bell ◽  
Joseph M Boden ◽  
L John Horwood ◽  
Roger T Mulder
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Health And Development

Objective: Few studies have examined the contribution of specific disaster-related experiences to symptoms of depression. The aims of this study were to do this by examining the roles of peri-traumatic stress and distress due to lingering disaster-related disruption in explaining linkages between disaster exposure and major depressive disorder symptoms among a cohort exposed to the 2010–2011 Canterbury (New Zealand) earthquakes. Methods: Structural equation models were fitted to data obtained from the Christchurch Health and Development Study at age 35 ( n = 495), 20–24 months following the onset of the disaster. Measures included earthquake exposure, peri-traumatic stress, disruption distress and symptoms of major depressive disorder. Results: The associations between earthquake exposure and major depression were explained largely by the experience of peri-traumatic stress during the earthquakes (β = 0.180, p < 0.01) and not by disruption distress following the earthquakes (β = 0.048, p = 0.47). Conclusion: The results suggest that peri-traumatic stress has been under-recognised as a predictor of major depressive disorder.

Measuring the Big Five in Self-Report and Other Ratings

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Barbaranelli ◽  
Gian Vittorio Caprara
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Fit Indexes ◽  
Response Modes

Summary: The aim of the study is to assess the construct validity of two different measures of the Big Five, matching two “response modes” (phrase-questionnaire and list of adjectives) and two sources of information or raters (self-report and other ratings). Two-hundred subjects, equally divided in males and females, were administered the self-report versions of the Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ) and the Big Five Observer (BFO), a list of bipolar pairs of adjectives ( Caprara, Barbaranelli, & Borgogni, 1993 , 1994 ). Every subject was rated by six acquaintances, then aggregated by means of the same instruments used for the self-report, but worded in a third-person format. The multitrait-multimethod matrix derived from these measures was then analyzed via Structural Equation Models according to the criteria proposed by Widaman (1985) , Marsh (1989) , and Bagozzi (1994) . In particular, four different models were compared. While the global fit indexes of the models were only moderate, convergent and discriminant validities were clearly supported, and method and error variance were moderate or low.

Collective Efficacy and Organizational Commitment in an Italian City Hall

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Borgogni ◽  
Silvia Dello Russo ◽  
Laura Petitta ◽  
Gary P. Latham
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
City Hall ◽  
Italian City ◽  
Public Sector Managers ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Group

Employees (N = 170) of a City Hall in Italy were administered a questionnaire measuring collective efficacy (CE), perceptions of context (PoC), and organizational commitment (OC). Two facets of collective efficacy were identified, namely group and organizational. Structural equation models revealed that perceptions of top management display a stronger relationship with organizational collective efficacy, whereas employees’ perceptions of their colleagues and their direct superior are related to collective efficacy at the group level. Group collective efficacy had a stronger relationship with affective organizational commitment than did organizational collective efficacy. The theoretical significance of this study is in showing that CE is two-dimensional rather than unidimensional. The practical significance of this finding is that the PoC model provides a framework that public sector managers can use to increase the efficacy of the organization as a whole as well as the individual groups that compose it.

A Cautionary Note on Incremental Fit Indices Reported by LISREL

Methodology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan C. Schmukle ◽  
Jochen Hardt
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Null Model ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Fit Indices ◽  
Cautionary Note ◽  
Confirmatory Factor

Abstract. Incremental fit indices (IFIs) are regularly used when assessing the fit of structural equation models. IFIs are based on the comparison of the fit of a target model with that of a null model. For maximum-likelihood estimation, IFIs are usually computed by using the χ2 statistics of the maximum-likelihood fitting function (ML-χ2). However, LISREL recently changed the computation of IFIs. Since version 8.52, IFIs reported by LISREL are based on the χ2 statistics of the reweighted least squares fitting function (RLS-χ2). Although both functions lead to the same maximum-likelihood parameter estimates, the two χ2 statistics reach different values. Because these differences are especially large for null models, IFIs are affected in particular. Consequently, RLS-χ2 based IFIs in combination with conventional cut-off values explored for ML-χ2 based IFIs may lead to a wrong acceptance of models. We demonstrate this point by a confirmatory factor analysis in a sample of 2449 subjects.

Forced Zero Cross-Loading Misspecifications in Measurement Component of Structural Equation Models

Methodology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 138-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsien-Yuan Hsu ◽  
Susan Troncoso Skidmore ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Bruce Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Model Specification ◽  
Simulation Design ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Fit Statistics ◽  
Path Coefficients

The purpose of the present paper was to evaluate the effect of constraining near-zero parameter cross-loadings to zero in the measurement component of a structural equation model. A Monte Carlo 3 × 5 × 2 simulation design was conducted (i.e., sample sizes of 200, 600, and 1,000; parameter cross-loadings of 0.07, 0.10, 0.13, 0.16, and 0.19 misspecified to be zero; and parameter path coefficients in the structural model of either 0.50 or 0.70). Results indicated that factor pattern coefficients and factor covariances were overestimated in measurement models when near-zero parameter cross-loadings constrained to zero were higher than 0.13 in the population. Moreover, the path coefficients between factors were misestimated when the near-zero parameter cross-loadings constrained to zero were noteworthy. Our results add to the literature detailing the importance of testing individual model specification decisions, and not simply evaluating omnibus model fit statistics.

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