scholarly journals Staying Cool in A Warming Climate: Temperature, Electricity and Air Conditioning in Saudi Arabia

Climate ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Howarth ◽  
Natalia Odnoletkova ◽  
Thamir Alshehri ◽  
Abdullah Almadani ◽  
Alessandro Lanza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Hourly Data ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Relationship

As global temperatures warm and populations and incomes rise, the demand for cooling will soar, creating a positive feedback loop between global warming and electricity-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. This study explores the relationship between temperature, electricity, air conditioning (AC) and CO2 emissions, and the sustainability of cooling in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. With the highest share of AC in household electricity consumption in the world and its already very hot summers warming by 3 °C in many areas over the last 40 years, Saudi Arabia provides an important case study of how the cooling challenge can be managed. Data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF ERA5) is used to illustrate local warming trends (1979–2018) and show the relationship between temperature and power generation within a typical year using hourly data (2011–2015). Using annual data (2010–2018), we then show that since 2016 the rapid growth in the Kingdom’s electricity demand for AC and its associated CO2 emissions have plateaued. This suggests energy efficiency measures, higher electricity prices and a shift from the use of oil towards gas in the power sector are having a positive effect on energy sustainability. We identify key policies and technologies that will be important for the sustainable use of cooling in Saudi Arabia and beyond.

scholarly journals Is the Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) valid for Turkey?

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harun Terzi ◽  
Ugur Pata
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Pollution Haven Hypothesis ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Pollution Haven ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Direction Effect ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between FDI inflows and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is still one of the most important topics among both environmentalists and economists. In this study, the Toda-Yamamoto augmented Granger causality method is applied to analyze the relationship between FDI inflows and CO2 emissions by employing annual data from 1974 to 2011 to determine whether the pollution haven hypothesis is valid in Turkey. The results of the causality test indicated that FDI inflows and CO2 emissions have a short-run univariate causal relationship, with positive causality moving from CO2 emissions to FDI inflows. One direction effect of CO2 emissions on FDI inflows supports the pollution haven hypothesis in Turkey.

scholarly journals Air conditioning in the region of Madrid, Spain: An approach to electricity consumption, economics and CO2 emissions

Energy ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 1630-1639 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Izquierdo ◽  
A. Moreno-Rodríguez ◽  
A. González-Gil ◽  
N. García-Hernando
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Electricity Consumption

scholarly journals The Relation between Tourism and Economic Growth: A Case of Saudi Arabia as an Emerging Tourism Destination

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-47
Author(s):  
Lamia Jamel
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Granger Causality ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Granger Causality Test ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Causality Test

This paper examines empirically the relation between tourism and economic growth in Saudi Arabia. The authors try to justify how tourism contributes to the economic growth of Saudi Arabia. There are applied descriptive statistics, unit root test, VAR model and Granger Causality test as an econometric methodology to examine the connection between tourism and economic growth in Saudi Arabia for the annual data in the period from 1990 to 2018. The main empirical results of the study find out that tourism affects positively the economic growth in Saudi Arabia. Also, there is found a positive nexus among tourism and economic growth. Furthermore, CO2 emissions and financial development impact positively the tourism sector, while trade openness predicts a negative effect on tourism. Additionally, CO2 emissions, financial development, and trade openness have a positive impact on economic growth in Saudi Arabia. Finally, the Granger causality test provides evidence of bidirectional nexus between tourism and economic growth in Saudi Arabia. This paper contributes to the current research by explaining the causal nexus among tourism and economic growth in Saudi Arabia during the period from 1990 to 2018, applying a vector autoregressive model and Granger Causality.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Emissions and Productivity Growth

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pantelis Kalaitzidakis ◽  
Theofanis Mamuneas ◽  
Thanasis Stengos
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Tfp Growth ◽  
Greenhouse Emissions ◽  
Output Elasticity ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Average Contribution ◽  
Average Sample

In this paper, we examine the effect of emissions, as measured by carbon dioxide (CO2), on economic growth among a set of OECD countries during the period 1981–1998. We examine the relationship between total factor productivity (TFP) growth and emissions using a semiparametric smooth coefficient model that allow us to directly estimate the output elasticity of emissions. The results indicate that there exists a monotonically-increasing relationship between emissions and TFP growth. The output elasticity of CO2 emissions is small with an average sample value of 0.07. In addition, we find an average contribution of CO2 emissions to productivity growth of about 0.063 percent for the period 1981–1998.

scholarly journals The Underground Economy and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhimin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Underground Economy ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Co2 Intensity ◽  
Reduce Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
China’S Economy

China aims to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) intensity by 40–45% compared to its level in 2005 by 2020. The underground economy accounts for a significant proportion of China’s economy, but is not included in official statistics. Therefore, the nexus of CO2 and the underground economy in China is worthy of exploration. To this end, this paper identifies the extent to which the underground economy affects CO2 emissions through the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 1998 to 2016. Many studies have focused on the quantification of the relationship between CO2 emissions and economic development. However, the insights provided by those studies have generally ignored the underground economy. With full consideration of the scale of the underground economy, this research concludes that similar to previous studies, the inversely N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) still holds for the income-CO2 nexus in China. Furthermore, a threshold regression analysis shows that the structural and technological effects are environment-beneficial and drive the EKC downward by their threshold effects. The empirical techniques in this paper can also be applied for similar research on other emerging economies that are confronted with the difficulties of achieving sustainable development.

scholarly journals Economy and Pollution by CO2 Emissions - Kuznets Environmental Curve in Asia Pacific Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Francisco Ortiz-Paniagua ◽  
Mario Nuno Mata ◽  
Mario Gómes ◽  
José Moleiro Martins ◽  
Juan González-Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The economies of the Asia Pacific region (APEC) are among the most dynamic, with the highest levels of commercial activity and environmental degradation in the world. One way to study trends in the relationship between the economy and pollution is the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). This perspective assumed that in the long-term, higher levels of wealth would be achieve lower pollution levels. The aim was analyze whether the EKC behavior occurs for the APEC economies. The method used was an econometric model for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and GDP. The results showed stationary unit root in first differences, this suggest the presence of EKC behavior was explained with a high probability level that the GDP coefficient would reach an inflection point to become negative and significant.

scholarly journals Reducing High Energy Demand Associated with Air-Conditioning Needs in Saudi Arabia

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jubran Alshahrani ◽  
Peter Boait
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Residential Sector ◽  
Smart Control ◽  
Ac Systems

Electricity consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has grown at an annual rate of about 7% as a result of population and economic growth. The consumption of the residential sector accounts for over 50% of the total energy generation. Moreover, the energy consumption of air-conditioning (AC) systems has become 70% of residential buildings’ total electricity consumption in the summer months, leading to a high peak electricity demand. This study investigates solutions that will tackle the problem of high energy demand associated with KSA’s air-conditioning needs in residential buildings. To reduce the AC energy consumption in the residential sector, we propose the use of smart control in the thermostat settings. Smart control can be utilized by (i) scheduling and advance control of the operation of AC systems and (ii) remotely setting the thermostats appropriately by the utilities. In this study, we model typical residential buildings and, crucially, occupancy behavior based on behavioral data obtained through a survey. The potential impacts in terms of achievable electricity savings of different AC operation modes for residential houses of Riyadh city are presented. The results from our computer simulations show that the solutions intended to reduce energy consumption effectively, particularly in the advance mode of operation, resulted in a 30% to 40% increase in total annual energy savings.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND PRODUCTIVE PRACTICES INFLUENCE ON THE INDUSTRIAL ENERGETIC EFFICIENCY

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
Fábio De Oliveira Neves ◽  
Henrique Ewbank ◽  
José Arnaldo Frutuoso Roveda ◽  
Andrea Trianni ◽  
Fernando Pinhabel Marafão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Hvac Systems ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Industrial Economic

The industrial energetic efficiency (EE) is recognized as one of the main factors for the reduction of gas emissions that cause the greenhouse effect and for the improvement of the industrial competiveness. Within this context, many papers of the international literature have proposed different indicators of industrial, economic and environmental behavior, so as to promote the EE inside the industries. However, such proposals do not generally check the result of the joint work for more than one indicator in the organizations, making more global analysis more difficult related to EE. This paper aims to check which environmental, economic and industrial practices indicators influence the EE of the industries.  The data have been collected from the framework developed by Trianni et al. (2014), that analysed the main energetic efficiency measures for the technologies: motors, lighting, compressed air and HVAC systems (heating, ventilation and air conditioning). A logistic regression model has been adjusted for understand the relationship the economic, environmental and productive practices behavior on the energetic efficiency. Results suggest that a healthy workplace enables investments in equipment and machinery, allowing the EE inside the industries. 

scholarly journals Exergy and Economic Analysis of Energy Consumption in the Residential Sector of the Qassim Region in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radwan A. Almasri ◽  
A. F. Almarshoud ◽  
Hanafy M. Omar ◽  
Khaled Khodary Esmaeil ◽  
Mohammed Alshitawi
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
Residential Sector ◽  
Water Heaters ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Residential Electricity ◽  
Residential Electricity Consumption

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is considered one of the countries with the highest consumption of electric energy per capita. Moreover, during the period of 2007–2017, the consumption rate increased from 6.9 MWh to 9.6 MWh. On the other hand, the share of residential electricity consumption in the KSA constitutes the biggest portion of the total electric consumption, which was about 48% in 2017. The objectives of this work were to analyze the exergy and assess the economic and environmental impacts of energy consumption in the residential sector of the Qassim region to determine potential areas for energy rationalization. The consumption patterns of 100 surveyed dwellings were analyzed to establish energy consumption indicators and conduct exergy analysis. The performances of different consuming domestic items were also examined, and energy efficiency measures are proposed. The average yearly consumption per dwelling was determined, and the total energy and exergy efficiencies are 145% and 11.38%, respectively. The average shares of lighting, domestic appliances, water heaters, and air conditioning from the total yearly energy consumption were determined.

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