scholarly journals Competition and Cooperation between Fluorine and Oxygen in SnO2:F Films

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 873
Author(s):  
Maolin Sun ◽  
Zhen Gong ◽  
Hang Yin ◽  
Zheng Zhang ◽  
Yutong Li ◽  
...  

The interaction of oxygen and fluorine (F&O) in an F-doped SnO2 film, prepared by regulating oxygen partial pressure and the content of doped fluorine from 2.5 at% to 10 at%, was investigated in the large perspective through characterization methods including XRD, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, wettability measurement and a Hall effect test system. The results show that F&O’s competitive and cooperative relationship would be reflected in the structure and electrical characteristics of SnO2 films. The oxygen action is overwhelming and restricts fluorine, so a growing number of F atoms occupy the position by the order of co-edge oxygen of tin–oxygen octahedron chains > oxygen vacancies > segregation, which leads to that carrier concentration modestly increasing from ~1015 to ~1017/cm−3. As oxygen action is inadequate to restrain fluorine, more F atoms are likely to enter the SnO2 lattice in a solid-solution way to replace the O atoms at the co-edge position of the octahedron chains, causing a dramatic increase in carrier concentration from ~1016 to ~1019/cm−3. Furthermore, by continuing to weaken oxygen action, only 2.5 at% of fluorine content could bring about a carrier concentration augment from ~1016/cm−3 to ~1018/cm−3, then going up to ~1021/cm−3 by post-annealing. However, the impairment of oxygen action contributes to a more effective doping of fluorine on SnO2 film. Such mutual action between fluorine and oxygen provides a direction for highly efficient production and tunable regulation of SnO2 film on demand.

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arash Badakhsh ◽  
Kay-Hyeok An ◽  
Chan Woo Park ◽  
Byung-Joo Kim

Herein, simplified time-efficient production of AlN-coated SiC (SiC@AlN) ceramic powder was practiced. Short-term vibratory ball milling with high frequency was employed to integrate the microsize particles. Also, paraffin as a significant phase change material (PCM) was reinforced using the manufactured SiC@AlN in order to enhance the thermal conductivity (TC) and stability of the final composite. Various characterization methods were used to clarify the changes in particle size of the biceramic powder as well as the thermal features of the paraffin-based composite. Manufactured SiC@AlN was found to be the most effective in the improvement of interfacial adhesion of composite components and the subsequent enhancement of TC, compared with singular ceramic powders as the reinforcing agents. Also, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated a very slight increase in latent heat of the fabricated composite PCM.


Author(s):  
F. A. Durum ◽  
R. G. Goldman ◽  
T. J. Bolling ◽  
M. F. Miller

CMP-KDO synthetase (CKS) is an enzyme which plays a key role in the synthesis of LPS, an outer membrane component unique to gram negative bacteria. CKS activates KDO to CMP-KDO for incorporation into LPS. The enzyme is normally present in low concentrations (0.02% of total cell protein) which makes it difficult to perform large scale isolation and purification. Recently, the gene for CKS from E. coli was cloned and various recombinant DNA constructs overproducing CKS several thousandfold (unpublished data) were derived. Interestingly, no cytoplasmic inclusions of overproduced CKS were observed by EM (Fig. 1) which is in contrast to other reports of large proteinaceous inclusion bodies in various overproducing recombinant strains. The present immunocytochemical study was undertaken to localize CKS in these cells.Immune labeling conditions were first optimized using a previously described cell-free test system. Briefly, this involves soaking small blocks of polymerized bovine serum albumin in purified CKS antigen and subjecting them to various fixation, embedding and immunochemical conditions.


1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail L. MacLean ◽  
Andrew Stuart ◽  
Robert Stenstrom

Differences in real ear sound pressure levels (SPLs) with three portable stereo system (PSS) earphones (supraaural [Sony Model MDR-44], semiaural [Sony Model MDR-A15L], and insert [Sony Model MDR-E225]) were investigated. Twelve adult men served as subjects. Frequency response, high frequency average (HFA) output, peak output, peak output frequency, and overall RMS output for each PSS earphone were obtained with a probe tube microphone system (Fonix 6500 Hearing Aid Test System). Results indicated a significant difference in mean RMS outputs with nonsignificant differences in mean HFA outputs, peak outputs, and peak output frequencies among PSS earphones. Differences in mean overall RMS outputs were attributed to differences in low-frequency effects that were observed among the frequency responses of the three PSS earphones. It is suggested that one cannot assume equivalent real ear SPLs, with equivalent inputs, among different styles of PSS earphones.


2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tibor I. Kesztyues ◽  
M. Mehlitz ◽  
E. Schilken ◽  
G. Weniger ◽  
S. Wolf ◽  
...  

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (02) ◽  
pp. 172-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
P R Kelsey ◽  
K J Stevenson ◽  
L Poller

SummaryLiposomes of pure phospholipids were used in a modified APTT test system and the role of phosphatidyl serine (PS) in determining the sensitivity of the test system to the presence of lupus anticoagulants was assessed. Six consecutive patients with lupus anticoagulants and seven haemophiliacs with anticoagulants directed at specific coagulation factors, were studied. Increasing the concentration of phospholipid in the test system markedly reduced the sensitivity to lupus anticoagulants but had marginal effect on the specific factor inhibitors. The same effect was achieved when the content of PS alone was increased in a vehicle liposome of constant composition.The results suggest that the lupus anticoagulants can best be detected by a screening method using an APTT test with a reagent of low PS content. The use of a reagent rich in PS will largely abolish the lupus anticoagulant’s effect on the APTT. An approach using the two different types of reagent may facilitate differentiation of lupus inhibitors from other types of anticoagulant.


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