scholarly journals Reciprocal Garden Study Reveals Acute Spatial-Edaphic Adaptation for Cycas micronesica

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Marler
Keyword(s):  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Local Genotypes ◽  
North And South

A long-term reciprocal garden study was used to determine adaptive variation between Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill plants from north versus south Guam. Half-siblings from each location were planted as one-leaf seedlings in north and south gardens and monitored for 15 years. Stem height and diameter, and leaf number and maximum length were measured yearly. Survival and plant size traits were evaluated using a two-way factorial. In both locations, the local genotypes out-performed the foreign genotypes in terms of survival and growth. Survival of the foreign genotypes began to decline by year 4 and was less than 10% by year 15. Survival of the local genotypes was 70% for the north garden and 100% for the south garden. The north site was more hostile to plant performance because overall survival and plant growth were less than for the south site. The most likely environmental factor provoking local adaptation was highly contrasting soil characteristics between north and south Guam. The results indicates that long-term conservation success for C. micronesica and other cycad species must include the concept of local adaptation into decisions for transplantation and restoration projects.

scholarly journals NEW JETTIES FOR TUNG-KANG FISHING HARBOR, TAIWAN

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (17) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Chi-Fu Su
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
The South ◽  
Littoral Drift ◽  
The North ◽  
Study Planning ◽  
South West ◽  
South West Coast ◽  
Three Rivers ◽  
North And South

Tung-Kang Fishing Harbor, which is about 16 km to the south of Kaohsiung Harbor, is a river harbor on the south-west coast of Taiwan. This harbor is located at the estuary of the Niu-Pu River, which meets the Tung- Kang River and the Kao-Ping River on the north side, (see Fig. 1) The original north and south jetties were constructed in 1959. Because the entrance is located at the meeting of the three rivers and the water depth at the entrance is shallower than that in the breaking zone, the entrance is easily chocked with sand during the summer season when the south-west wind and waves are strong. Therefore, dredging is always necessary to maintain the required depth. On. the other hand, because of the increasing number of fishing boats and deeper draft, the port cannot function effectively. There-fore, how to keep the required water depth at the entrance and to obtain a wider and stable water basin is an urgent problem with this harbor. Based on the sounding of 1973, the littoral drift is mainly from the south. In the next year the construction of a 176 m long new south jetty was begun to protect the entrance and to facilitate the sedimentation study. In 1975, the Taiwan Fisheries Consultants was appointed to undertake the investigation and long-term planning work. This project includes littoral process study, planning, model test and design. Finally it is recommended that an adequate layout of south and north jetties can solve the problem of accretation of the harbor entrance. The purpose of this paper is to describe some aspects with emphasis on how to prevent the shoaling of the entrance channel located at the meeting of the rivers.

Three Types of South Pacific Subtropical Mode Waters: Their Relation to the Large-Scale Circulation of the South Pacific Subtropical Gyre and Their Temporal Variability

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 2478-2490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takamasa Tsubouchi ◽  
Toshio Suga ◽  
Kimio Hanawa
Keyword(s):  
World Ocean ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
Recirculation Region ◽  
The South ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Term Variation ◽  
North And South

Abstract A detailed spatial distribution of South Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (SPSTMW) and its temporal variation were investigated using the World Ocean Atlas (WOA) 2001 climatology and high-resolution expendable bathythermograph (HRX) line data. In the WOA 2001 climatology, SPSTMW can be classified into western and eastern parts. A detailed examination of spatial distributions using HRX-PX06 line data revealed that the eastern part can be further divided into two types by the Tasman Front (TF) extension. Consequently, SPSTMW can be classified into three types, referred to in the present study as the West, North, and South types. The West type, situated in the recirculation region of the East Australia Current (EAC), has a core layer temperature (CLT) of about 19.1°C; the North type, in the region north of the TF extension, has a CLT of about 17.6°C; and the South type, in the region south of the TF extension, has a CLT of about 16.0°C. The long-term (>6 yr) variations in the inventories of the three types were dissimilar to each other. The short-term (<6 yr) and long-term variations in the mean CLT of the North and South types were greater than that of the West type. Winter cooling in the previous year may have influenced the short-term variation in the South-type CLT. Moreover, the strength of the EAC may have influenced long-term variation in the West-type inventory and thickness and in the North-type thickness and CLT.

Long-term Cyclic Variations of Prominences, Green and Red Coronae over Solar Cycles

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 201-204
Author(s):  
Vojtech Rušin ◽  
Milan Minarovjech ◽  
Milan Rybanský
Keyword(s):  
Emission Lines ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Green Line ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
The South ◽  
Coronal Emission ◽  
Local Maxima ◽  
The North ◽  
Cyclic Variations

AbstractLong-term cyclic variations in the distribution of prominences and intensities of green (530.3 nm) and red (637.4 nm) coronal emission lines over solar cycles 18–23 are presented. Polar prominence branches will reach the poles at different epochs in cycle 23: the north branch at the beginning in 2002 and the south branch a year later (2003), respectively. The local maxima of intensities in the green line show both poleward- and equatorward-migrating branches. The poleward branches will reach the poles around cycle maxima like prominences, while the equatorward branches show a duration of 18 years and will end in cycle minima (2007). The red corona shows mostly equatorward branches. The possibility that these branches begin to develop at high latitudes in the preceding cycles cannot be excluded.

Observed seasonal regimes of North-South Atlantic Ocean interbasin exchange

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed D. Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Meridional Overturning Circulation ◽  
Volume Flux ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Interbasin Exchange ◽  
North And South

North and South Atlantic lateral volume exchange is a key component of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) embedded in Earth’s climate. Northward AMOC heat transport within this exchange mitigates the large heat loss to the atmosphere in the northern North Atlantic. Because of inadequate climate data, observational basin-scale studies of net interbasin exchange between the North and South Atlantic have been limited. Here ten independent climate datasets, five satellite-derived and five analyses, are synthesized to show that North and South Atlantic climatological net lateral volume exchange is partitioned into two seasonal regimes. From late-May to late-November, net lateral volume flux is from the North to the South Atlantic; whereas from late-November to late-May, net lateral volume flux is from the South to the North Atlantic. This climatological characterization offers a framework for assessing seasonal variations in these basins and provides a constraint for climate models that simulate AMOC dynamics.

Four new Burmese species of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from distantly related parapatric clades from the Shan Plateau and Salween Basin

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4758 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. LEE GRISMER ◽  
PERRY L. JR. WOOD ◽  
EVAN S. H. QUAH ◽  
MYINT KYAW THURA ◽  
JAMIE R. OAKS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
The South ◽  
Taxonomic Analysis ◽  
The North ◽  
North And South ◽  
Northwestern Thailand

An integrative taxonomic analysis based on morphology, color pattern, and the mitochondrial gene ND2 recovered four new species of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker that are endemic to the Shan Plateau or Salween Basin in eastern Myanmar. Hemiphyllodactylus ngwelwini sp. nov. from the Shan Plateau is part of the earlier described “eastern Myanmar clade” renamed herein as the north lineage and H. kyaiktiyoensis sp. nov. and H. pinlaungensis sp. nov. of the Shan Plateau and H. zwegabinensis sp. nov. of the Salween Basin compose an entirely new Burmese clade herein referred to as the south lineage. Although the north and south lineages come within 46 km of one another on the Shan Plateau, they are not sister lineages but sequentially separated by two lineages from Yunnan, China and another from northwestern Thailand. Hemiphyllodactylus zwegabinensis sp. nov. is the first species of this genus to be recorded from the Salween Basin and is known only from a wind-blown cloud forest on the top of the insular, karstic mountain Zwegabin in Kayin State. All other Burmese species except for H. typus, are endemic to the various localities throughout the Shan Plateau. These four new species bring the total number of Hemiphyllodactylus in Myanmar to at least 10 which is certainly an extreme underestimate of the diversity of this genus given that we discover new species at every upland locality we survey. 

scholarly journals PACIFIC COD OF THE KURIL ISLANDS: STOCK AND CONTEMPORARY FISHING

Fisheries ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (4) ◽  
pp. 44-51
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Zolotov ◽  
Nikolay Antonov ◽  
Olga Maznikova
Keyword(s):  
Kuril Islands ◽  
Pacific Cod ◽  
The North ◽  
Trawl Fishing ◽  
Northern Kuril Islands ◽  
The Kuril Islands ◽  
High Level ◽  
North And South ◽  
South Kuril Islands

The paper analyzes the long-term dynamics of stocks and annual catches of Pacific cod of the Kuril Islands, and also considers the structure of its modern fishery, taking into account the changes that have occurred in the organization of its coastal fishing in recent years. It was shown that the dynamics of commercial biomass of Pacific cod in the Northern and Southern Kuril Islands is comparable to that in 1975-2020 for groups in the southeastern part of the Bering Sea, the Karagin and Olyutor bays, on the shelf of Western Kamchatka, and in south-western Sakhalin. Development of the cod fishery in the North and South Kuril Islands in 1980-2019 went in accordance with the dynamics of stocks, the maximum catches were observed during the period of a high level of abundance of both groups in the 1980s. While the structure of the cod fishery on the shelf of the Northern Kuril Islands to date can be considered established, the development of fishing in the South Kuril Islands in the last two decades went by the gradual replacement of trawl fishing in the winter-spring period with snorkeling in the summer season.

scholarly journals Qualified temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen climatologies in a changing Adriatic Sea

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 331-390
Author(s):  
M. Lipizer ◽  
E. Partescano ◽  
A. Rabitti ◽  
A. Giorgetti ◽  
A. Crise
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Synthetic Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Utilisation ◽  
Oxygen Minimum

Abstract. An updated climatology, based on a comprehensive dataset (1911–2009) of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, has been produced for the whole Adriatic Sea with the Variational Inverse Method using the DIVA software. Climatological maps were produced at 26 levels and validated with Ordinary Cross Validation and with real vs. synthetic Temperature–Salinity diagram intercomparison. The concept of Climatology–Observation Misfit (COM) has been introduced as an estimate of the physical variability associated with the climatological structures. In order to verify the temporal stability of the climatology, long-term variability has been investigated in the Mid Adriatic and the South Adriatic Pits, regarded as the most suitable records of possible long-term changes. Compared with previous climatologies, this study reveals a surface temperature rise (up to 2 °C), a clear deep dissolved oxygen minimum in the South Adriatic Gyre and a bottom summer oxygen minimum in the North Adriatic. Below 100 m all properties profoundly differ between the Middle and the South Adriatic. The South Adriatic Pit clearly shows the remote effects of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient, while no effect is observed in Middle Adriatic Pits. The deepest part of the South Adriatic seems now to be significantly saltier (+0.18 since the period 1911–1914, with an increase of +0.018 decade−1 since the late 1940s) and warmer (+0.54 °C since 1911–1914), even though a long-term temperature trend could not be statistically demonstrated. Conversely, the Middle Adriatic Pits present a long-term increase in apparent oxygen utilisation (+0.77 mL L−1 since 1911–1914, with a constant increase of +0.2 mL L−1 decade−1 after the 1970s).

Decolonising cities of the global South in the classroom and beyond

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 535-552
Author(s):  
Astrid Wood
Keyword(s):  
Global South ◽  
Colonial Literature ◽  
The South ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
North And South

In the post-colonial context, the global South has become the approved nomenclature for the non-European, non-Western parts of the world. The term promises a departure from post-colonial development geographies and from the material and discursive legacies of colonialism by ostensibly blurring the bifurcations between developed and developing, rich and poor, centre and periphery. In concept, the post-colonial literature mitigates the disparity between cities of the North and South by highlighting the achievements of elsewhere. But what happens when we try to teach this approach in the classroom? How do we locate the South without relying on concepts of otherness? And how do we communicate the importance of the South without re-creating the regional hierarchies that have dominated for far too long? This article outlines the academic arguments before turning to the opportunities and constraints associated with delivering an undergraduate module that teaches post-colonial concepts without relying on colonial constructs.

Debating the South in Unified Italy

2020 ◽  
pp. 186-214
Author(s):  
Stefan Nygård
Keyword(s):  
Nation State ◽  
The South ◽  
National Politics ◽  
The North ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
History Of ◽  
South Axis ◽  
Nation State Formation ◽  
North And South

The history of modern Italy is an illustrative example of the different social and spatial layers of the North–South divide. Since unification in 1861, Italy has struggled to overcome regional imbalances, mainly although not exclusively along a North–South axis. With an emphasis on the period following unification, when North-South was placed at the centre of national politics, this chapter surveys the lingering debates on Italy’s so-called Southern question and the dynamics of nation-state formation in which it is embedded. The contested history of this process includes debates over economic and moral debts caused by the uneven distribution of gains and sacrifices between North and South as a result of unification. Socio-economically, two North–South divides developed in parallel after unification; the more significant one between Italy and transalpine Europe, and the initially minor but eventually growing divergence between the northern and southern regions within Italy. The ideas of development, catching-up and “Europeanization” were recurring themes in the intellectual and political debates discussed in the chapter. The contested issue was whether the North was developing the South, or vice versa.

Infection of the Pacific saury Cololabis saira (Brevoort, 1856) (Teleostei: Beloniformes: Scomberesocidae) by Pennella sp. (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Pennellidae) south of the Subarctic Front

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 384-389
Author(s):  
Satoshi Suyama ◽  
Shigeho Kakehi ◽  
Takashi Yanagimoto ◽  
Seinen Chow
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Parasitic Copepod ◽  
Pacific Saury ◽  
The South ◽  
Subarctic Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Cololabis Saira ◽  
Subarctic Front ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
North And South

Abstract The Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) is a fish of commercial importance subject to unpredictable epidemics of infection by Pennella sp., a parasitic copepod. We analyzed the distribution of fish presenting with newly attached Pennella to determine the region and season in which Pennella first infect the fish. Pacific sauries migrate northward in the spring to spend the summer in the subarctic region, successively crossing the Subarctic Boundary (SAB) and the Subarctic Front (SAF). The fish then return to subtropical waters in the fall and overwinter there. Pacific sauries infected with Pennella were observed on both the north and south sides of the SAF from May to December. Newly attached Pennella, however, were observed mainly to the south of the SAF during the northward migration of the fish in May and June, and only to the south of the SAB during the southward migration in November and December. These results indicate that the intermediate host or hosts of Pennella inhabit the region south of the SAF, with infection of Pacific saury occurring during late fall and spring. Such information may assist in identifying the intermediate host(s).

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