scholarly journals The Bird Assemblage of the Darwin Region (Australia): What Is the Effect of Twenty Years of Increasing Urbanisation?

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Fischer ◽  
Andrew C. Edwards ◽  
Patrice Weber ◽  
Stephen T. Garnett ◽  
Timothy G. Whiteside
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Feeding Guilds ◽  
Australian Birds ◽  
Bird Survey ◽  
Species Analysis ◽  
Community Data ◽  
Bird Assemblage ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
The Difference

There has been considerable urban development in the Darwin region over the last twenty years; as for most fauna in Australia since colonisation, the potential effects to the bird assemblage were expected to be disastrous. To provide a broad overview of changes, bird survey data from 1998 and 2018 were extracted from BirdLife Australia’s ‘Atlas of Australian Birds’ database. A total of 165 species were categorised into primary food source feeding guilds and levels of food specialisation. This was integrated into ArcGIS along with land use change mapping from 1998 and 2018 to investigate its impact on bird assemblages. There was no significant change in overall species numbers when all sites were analysed. However, when sites were separated into those with increased urbanisation or decreased greenspace, several sites showed a significant change in the number of species. For the majority of species, analysis of primary food types found no difference in the proportion of species within the assemblages between 1998 and 2018, regardless of the level of urbanisation or greenspace; the exception being those species that primarily feed on insects, where the difference was just significant. An analysis using bird community data sorted into levels of food specialisation also found no difference between 1998 and 2018 despite habitat changes. These findings suggest that although there has been considerable urban development in the Darwin region, bird communities are remaining relatively stable.

scholarly journals The impact of Sosnowsky’s Hogweed on feeding guilds of birds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia Grzędzicka ◽  
Jiří Reif
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Plant Invasions ◽  
Bird Communities ◽  
Feeding Guilds ◽  
Guild Structure ◽  
Feeding Guild ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact

AbstractPlant invasions alter bird community composition worldwide, but the underlying mechanisms still require exploration. The investigation of feeding guild structure of bird communities can be informative in respect to the potential impact of invasion features on the availability of food for birds. For this purpose, we focused on determining the influence of the invasive Sosnowsky’s Hogweed Heracleum sosnowskyi on the abundance of birds from various feeding guilds. In spring and summer 2019, birds were counted three times on 52 pairs of sites (control + Heracleum) in southern Poland, at various stages of Sosnowsky’s Hogweed development (i.e. sprouting, full growth and flowering, all corresponding to respective bird counts). We have shown that the presence of invader negatively affected the abundance of birds from all feeding guilds. However, a closer examination of the invaded sites uncovered that responses of particular guilds differed in respect to development stages expressed by a set of characteristics of the invader. Ground and herb insectivores were more common on plots with a higher number of the invader, while the abundance of bush and tree insectivores was negatively correlated with hogweeds’ height. Granivores were not affected by the invader’s features, while the abundance of omnivores was negatively related to the number of flowering hogweeds. Besides showing the general negative impact of the invader on different feeding guilds, our research has shown that certain aspects of Sosnowsky’s Hogweed invasion may support or depress occurrence of different birds on invaded plots. Knowledge of these aspects may facilitate our capacity for coping with challenges the invasive plants put in front of bird conservationists.

scholarly journals Pre and Post test Clinical study to evaluate the Immunomodulatory effect (IgE) of Virecana followed by Citrakaharitaki Leha in Allergic Asthma

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
Jyotish S Jayandan ◽  
James Chacko ◽  
Devipriya Soman ◽  
Mahesh C Kundagol
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Allergic Asthma ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Management Protocol ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
The Difference

Allergic Asthma is one among the diseases which imposes a great burden on the subjects by hampering the quality of life of patients, reducing productivity, and causing work absence. The literary search hinted that there are no published works reporting both clinical and immunological(IgE) outcomes in Allergic Asthma. So the present study was a pre and post test clinical study to evaluate the effect of Ayurvedic line of management in inducing both immunological(IgE) and clinical outcomes in Allergic Asthma. In this study 30 patients were administered classical Virecana Karma (drug induced purgation) followed by Shamanoushadi (internal medicine) for 30 days. Statistical Analysis was done using SPSS VER. 20. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to evaluate the Subjective parameters, in order to interpret the time of significant change. For objective parameters Paired Samples t- Test was used to evaluate the difference of significant change. The results showed improvement in the subjective criteria, objective criteria and the overall effect of the therapy with the exception of no statistically significant results in immunomodulatory (IgE) effect which proves that the particular management protocol adopted is found to be clinically efficant but not effective in inducing changes at the immune level.

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal patterns of bird species diversity in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil: implications for conservation

2006 ◽  
Vol 66 (2a) ◽  
pp. 393-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. C. Figueira ◽  
R. Cintra ◽  
L. R. Viana ◽  
C. Yamashita
Keyword(s):  
Human Impacts ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resident Species ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Bird Survey ◽  
Bird Species Diversity ◽  
Habitat Generalists

Analysis of a three-year bird survey in the pantanal of Poconé revealed that most of the resident and seasonal birds are habitat generalists, using two or more habitats. In this study, previously sampled habitats were ranked in relation to species richness and stability (as measured by the ratio of seasonal to resident species). In all, nine habitats were grouped into three categories; results are as follows: 1) forests: more species-rich and more stable; 2) cerrado: intermediate levels; and 3) aquatic: less species-rich and less stable. The number of seasonal species remained relatively constant in forests throughout the year, while increasing in the other habitats during the dry season. The abundance of resident species seems to be related to species use of multiple habitats. Although many species were found to be habitat generalists, we discuss possible consequences of habitat loss and other human impacts on efforts to conserve this important bird community.

scholarly journals Evidence of change in a low-elevation forest bird community of Hawai'i since 1979

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle H. Reynolds ◽  
Richard J. Camp ◽  
Bonnie M. B. Nielson ◽  
James D. Jacobi
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Natural Area ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Forest Bird ◽  
Bird Survey ◽  
Elevational Range ◽  
Abundance And Distribution ◽  
Avian Disease

We evaluated the abundance and distribution of low-elevation forest birds on windward Hawai'i Island during August 1993-February 1994, and present evidence of changes in the species composition of the forest bird community since 1979. Endemic Hawaiian birds occurred in native-dominated forests as low as 120 m elevation. Non-native species were detected at all survey locations. We observed non-native Saffron Finch Sicalis flaveola, previously unrecorded in Puna. Variable circular plot surveys of Kahauale'a Natural Area Reserve indicated the disappearance of two native species ('I'iwi Vestiaria coccinea and 'O'u Psittitostra psittacea), and two non-native additions (Red-billed Leiothrix Leiothrix lutea and Kalij Pheasant Lophura leucomelana) to the study area since the Hawai'i Forest Bird Survey conducted in 1979. We present evidence that native 'Elepaio Chasiempsis sandwichensis has experienced a decrease in population density and an elevational range contraction since 1979. Surveys indicate Puna's forest bird community has had increasing aliens and declining native species since 1979. The persistence of some native bird species within the range of avian disease vectors such as Culex quinquefasciatus in forests below 1,000 m elevation presents an important enigma that requires additional study.

Tundra avian community composition during recovery from the Anaktuvuk River Fire

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan H. Pérez ◽  
Helen E. Chmura ◽  
Jesse S. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Bird Community ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Avian Community ◽  
Ecosystem Recovery ◽  
Ecological Disturbance ◽  
Burn Scar ◽  
Scar Region ◽  
Bird Survey ◽  
A Site

In 2007, a fire burned over 100000ha along the Anaktuvuk River in Alaska, causing widespread ecological disturbance. Despite efforts to understand ecosystem recovery, little is known about higher trophic levels. Here, we present qualitative findings from a preliminary bird survey of the burn scar region, conducted in 2014, at three sites representing varying severity of burn damage. We found that abundance and species richness both appear higher at a site that experienced a moderate degree of burn damage than unburned control and severely burned sites. These findings suggest that the impacts of fires on bird communities may be minimal within 7 years post fire. Furthermore, our findings highlight the need for more rigorous efforts to understand the dynamics of tundra bird community fire recovery in a rapidly changing world.

Administrative restructuring and urban development in China: Effects of urban administrative level upgrading

Urban Studies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1201-1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiejing Wang ◽  
Anthony GO Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
County Level ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Fiscal Revenue ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban Population Growth ◽  
Administrative Structures

This study focuses on state-led urbanisation in the Chinese context by examining the effects of urban administrative level upgrading on urbanisation and urban development. We argue that urban administrative level upgrading is an important policy instrument in China that empowers cities to play a leading role in driving national and regional economic development. However, there is a lack of systematic empirical investigation to determine whether the objectives of urban administrative level upgrading have been achieved. Using a quasi-experimental method that combines propensity score matching with the difference-in-difference approach, we thoroughly examine the effects of county- to prefecture-level city upgrading and county to county-level city upgrading on the development performance of cities. The results confirm that county- to prefecture-level city upgrading can positively lead to a significant increase in urban population growth and fiscal revenue in a few years after upgrading, although this may not necessarily lead to rapid industrialisation. However, the same is not true for county to county-level city upgrading. This difference may be because counties and county-level cities are at the same administrative level, whilst prefecture-level cities are at a higher administrative level compared with county-level cities and counties. The results indicate that China’s administrative division system, although restructured, retains hierarchical and level-based structure in the post-reform period. We highlight the continuing strategic role of the Chinese state by establishing new scales and arenas and adjusting administrative structures to promote urban development.

scholarly journals Estimating population abundance with a mixture of physical capture and PIT tag antenna detection data

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (7) ◽  
pp. 1163-1171
Author(s):  
Mary M. Conner ◽  
Phaedra E. Budy ◽  
Richard A. Wilkison ◽  
Michael Mills ◽  
David Speas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Population Abundance ◽  
Dramatic Reduction ◽  
Pit Tag ◽  
Abundance Estimates ◽  
Detection Probabilities ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
The Difference

The inclusion of passive interrogation antenna (PIA) detection data has promise to increase precision of population abundance estimates ([Formula: see text]). However, encounter probabilities are often higher for PIAs than for physical capture. If the difference is not accounted for, [Formula: see text] may be biased. Using simulations, we estimated the magnitude of bias resulting from mixed capture and detection probabilities and evaluated potential solutions for removing the bias for closed capture models. Mixing physical capture and PIA detections (pdet) resulted in negative biases in [Formula: see text]. However, using an individual covariate to model differences removed bias and improved precision. From a case study of fish making spawning migrations across a stream-wide PIA (pdet ≤ 0.9), the coefficient of variation (CV) of [Formula: see text] declined 39%–82% when PIA data were included, and there was a dramatic reduction in time to detect a significant change in [Formula: see text]. For a second case study, with modest pdet (≤0.2) using smaller PIAs, CV ([Formula: see text]) declined 4%–18%. Our method is applicable for estimating abundance for any situation where data are collected with methods having different capture–detection probabilities.

scholarly journals A method for establishing bird conservation value at a landscape level

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Fornasari ◽  
Elisabetta de Carli ◽  
Luciana Bottoni ◽  
Renato Massa
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Bird Conservation ◽  
Habitat Features ◽  
Community Types ◽  
Community Data ◽  
Conservation Concern ◽  
Regional Conservation

SummaryTo produce conservation indices from bird community data, with the aim of identifying and comparing areas of regional conservation concern, we selected bird community samples randomly over a large study area, without including habitat features a priori in the sampling procedure. Subsequently, we subjected the samples to a cluster analysis to identify a posteriori bird communities to be indexed together with their associated habitat and distribution/abundance on a regional scale. We identified 15 bird community types and were able to characterize each of them by a community conservation index (CCI) taking into account three different components of rarity: habitat selectivity, geographical distribution, and abundance. A cluster of four communities was associated with lowland farmland and woodland; another cluster of five was found at higher average altitudes and degree of urbanization; a third one of six showed a montane distribution. This third cluster showed much higher CCI values in comparison with the first two suggesting that the index here proposed is very sensitive to a high community selectivity and a restricted distribution/abundance.

scholarly journals Evaluatıon of Basal Metabolıc Panels in Drug Poısonıng Who Applıed Wıth Actıvated Charcoal

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Active Charcoal ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Chronic Medication ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Gastrointestinal Decontamination

Introduction: Poisoning is the hindering of the bodily functions of the organism after it encounters a toxic factor. Poisoning may be the result of suicide attempts, overdose, or adverse effects. Some of these patients require gastrointestinal decontamination. The most commonly used material for this is activated charcoal. Activated charcoal may cause side-effects in the human body. Purpose: This study examines the effects of active charcoal on the basic metabolic panel when used on patients for any reason. Material and Method: This is a retrospective, single-center, and observational study. The subjects of the study are patients that were admitted to the emergency room between 01.01.2012 and 30.07.2017 with various cases of poisoning, and who underwent activated charcoal treatment. The ingested drugs were classified according to their active substances. The patients were evaluated with regard to their age, gender, vital findings, chronic diseases, chronic medication, whether they were referred from external centres, and whether or not they received active charcoal. Results: The changes in patients' levels of pCO2, Na, Ca, BUN, creatinine and blood glucose were found to be statistically significant. However, since all the obtained values were within reference ranges, the difference was not considered to be clinically significant. No significant change was observed in blood pH, K and Mg concentrations. Conclusion: This study is a first in the literature to indicate that there is no clinically significant change in the basic metabolic panels of patients who received active charcoal treatment. This study has shown that active charcoal treatment can be applied to patients with chronic diseases.

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