scholarly journals Gender, Intra-Household Discrimination and Cash Transfer Schemes: The Case of Indian Punjab

Economies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Singh

For many years, the Punjab province of India has had the dubious distinction of having the worst sex ratio among all other states of India. In recent years, both the child sex ratio and the overall sex ratio has shown a marked improvement in the state. This paper analyses whether the improvement in sex ratios has narrowed down gender discrimination against the girl child in Punjab. This paper examines the intra-household gender differences in indicators of nutrition and well-being by employing logistic regression analysis on the latest available data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) for the year 2015–2016. It also evaluates the cash transfer schemes currently being implemented in Punjab for the welfare of the girl child and analyses their relative efficacy. The key results from the study reveal that gender continues to have a significant impact on indicators of child well-being and nutrition such as the average duration of breastfeeding and intra-household food allocation. The paper also finds that cash transfer schemes do not have a statistically significant impact on indicators of child malnutrition in the state.

Author(s):  
Dr.V.Pugazhenthi

National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5) fieldwork for India was conducted in two phases, during the years between 2019 and 2021 by 17 Field Agencies and gathered information from 636,699 households, 724,115 women, and 101,839 men. Information was gathered from 27,929 households, 25,650 women, and 3,372 men from Tamil Nadu and in Thanjavur from 826 households, 687 women, and 83 men. This research paper points out the health indicators in which Thanjavur District improved over the earlier NFHS and over the State as well as Country level averages in the NFHS-5. As per The NFHS -4 the sex ratio has raised marginally to 1053 and in the NFHS-5, sharply raised to 1112. The sex ratio of the country is also remarkably high crossing 1000 mark, first time in the Indian statistical history in the NFHS-5. NFHS-5 reveals positive note that the child sex ratio restoration back to 934. It reflects the changing mindset proliferating in the district towards the female. Amidst the negative mindset towards upbringing girl children in the state of Tamil Nadu, revealed by the reduced child sex ratio of 878 in NFHS -5 from 954 in NFHS-4 in Tamil Nadu a sharp positive increase in the child sex ratio in Thanjavur is fair enough to the fair sex. On the other hand, the reason for the reduction in the child sex ratio in the rest of the state of Tamil Nadu needs an immediate attention comparing the previous NFHS. It is also to be noted here that even the country level child sex ratio also is in increasing trend as per the present NFHS comparing its earlier survey. KEYWORDS: National Family Health survey, Government sponsored health insurance schemes, health insurance, Sex ratio, child sex ratio, AB-PMJAY.


Inter ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-43
Author(s):  
Zhanna Chernova ◽  
Larisa Shpakovskaya

The article is devoted to the analysis of ideas of women belonging to three generations about their rights. Women’s rights are considered as part of the concept of gender citizenship, which includes ideologically and institutionalized ideas about normative gender contract for women, as well as their own meanings and values that they attribute to their status as recipients of social policy. The empirical basis of this study is composed of 45 biographical interviews with women of three generations (1950s, 1970s and 1990s years of birth). The interview guide also contained questions about parental family, education, professional activity, family and parenting, housing, organization of recreation and medical services, and retirement benefits. Based on the analysis of biographical narratives, the authors identify three modes of gender citizenship that are typical for women of three generations. 1) The mode of receiving support and benefits from the state is built through receiving support from the state as workers and mothers within the framework of social policy and is built on the subjective assessment by women of the ratio of their labor and reproductive contribution and the amount of assistance received from the state. 2) The regime of self-sufficiency and market consumption of goods relevant for women of the middle generation with experience of socialization and the beginning of working life in the period of post-Soviet transformations. In a broad sense, they see the market as the main source of well-being, which determines their solidarity with the values of the neoliberal economy and forms in them the skills of competent consumers of a wide variety of goods and services. 3) The regime of demanding support and active consumption of social goods and services is built on the basis of a proactive and individualized position of women in relation to such sources of well-being as the state and the market. Representatives of the younger generation not only have their own experience of gender discrimination, but also actively use feminist optics to define and interpret various life situations in terms of gender inequality as structurally determined differences in the life strategies of men and women.


1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
Saria Tasnim

Objectives: To determine status of the adolescents in the context of education, nutrition, gender role, employment and reproductive rights in selected member countries of SAFOG.Materials and methods: An analysis has been made through review of printed and electronic resources on selected parameters of adolescent health.Results: The opportunity of primary education is not universal and gross disparity in youth literacy rate between male and female exist in most countries except a few. Malnutrition is quite prevalent in some countries reflected by a high proportion of low birth weight newborn and stunted adolescents. Employment opportunities for adolescent girls are less than the boys and many are engaged in non productive and domestic work. Gender discrimination is quite pronounced in how girls and boys are socialized, in household food allocation, opportunity for education, employment and in wage for work. In the traditional culture of this region talking about sex is a taboo and adolescents are poorly informed with regard to their own sexuality, physical well being, health and rights.Conclusion: The sheer number of adolescents and their great potential of physical, mental and social development have made them a special group to be dealt with priority. Professional bodies like SAFOG can take a leading role in this respect. DOI: 10.3329/bjog.v24i1.6323 Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2009; Vol. 24(1) : 22-26   


2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 746-750
Author(s):  
Bijayalaxmi Nanda ◽  
Nupur Ray

The article strives to engage with the notion of gender discrimination at birth. It critically examines the various trends in the Sex Ratio at Birth in order to explore the intensification of its masculinization. Gender- biased sex selection or the practice of sex determination followed by sex-selective abortion in India is considered to be the main reason for this masculinization. Decennial Census since 1991 has shed light on this through its child sex ratio data. Other survey data which capture this include the National Family Health Survey. Scholars, policy-makers, demographers and health practitioners have closely examined this form of discrimination by delving into both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The government of India has unfurled many policies, programmes and laws to counter this imbalance. However, the ratios continue to reveal severe imbalances with passage of time. Apart from the Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection Act) 1994 we have the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme which was initiated in 2014. The scheme is a holistic one bringing about a tri ministerial convergence of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Women and Child Development to work on the issue. The approach of the scheme is a community approach falling largely within the rubric of enabling community health practices and participation. The paper draws on both the trends in the Sex Ratio at Birth and other data enriching it by voices from the field from districts of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh where the decline is one of the worst. It contextualizes the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme in this regard in order to arrive at a conclusion of what has improved in terms of numbers as well as attitudes or mindsets. It finally makes suggestions for the way forward in terms of countering gender discrimination at birth and bringing about an egalitarian society by emphasizing on the value of girl-child and women. 


Author(s):  
Vitaly Lobas ◽  
◽  
Elena Petryaeva ◽  

The article deals with modern mechanisms for managing social protection of the population by the state and the private sector. From the point of view of forms of state regulation of the sphere of social protection, system indicators usually include the state and dynamics of growth in the standard of living of the population, material goods, services and social guarantees for the poorly provided segments of the population. The main indicator among the above is the state of the consumer market, as one of the main factors in the development of the state. Priority areas of public administration with the use of various forms of social security have been identified. It should be emphasized that, despite the legislative conflicts that exist today in Ukraine, mandatory indexation of the cost of living is established, which is associated with inflation. Various scientists note that although the definition of the cost of living index has a well-established methodology, there are quite a lot of regional features in the structure of consumption. All this is due to restrictions that are included in the consumer basket of goods and different levels of socio-economic development of regions. The analysis of the establishment and periodic review of the minimum consumer budgets of the subsistence minimum and wages of the working population and the need to form state insurance funds for unforeseen circumstances is carried out. Considering in this context the levers of state management of social guarantees of the population, we drew attention to the crisis periods that are associated with the market transformation of the regional economy. In these conditions, there is a need to develop and implement new mechanisms and clusters in the system of socio-economic relations. The components of the mechanisms ofstate regulation ofsocial guarantees of the population are proposed. The deepening of market relations in the process of reforming the system of social protection of the population should be aimed at social well-being.


2018 ◽  
pp. 16-31
Author(s):  
Tatyana Denisova

For the first time in Russian African studies, the author examines the current state of agriculture, challenges and prospects for food security in Ghana, which belongs to the group of African countries that have made the most progress in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs are a collection of 17 global goals adopted by UN member states in 2015 with a view of achieving them by 2030. The SDGs include: ending poverty in all its forms everywhere (Goal 1); ending hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture (2); ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages (3), etc. These goals are considered fundamental because the achievement of a number of other SDGs – for example, ensuring quality education (4), achieving gender equality (5), ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns (12), etc. – largely depends on their implementation. Ghana was commended by the world community for the significant reduction in poverty, hunger and malnutrition between 2000 and 2014, i.e. for the relatively successful implementation of the first of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 2000–2015) – the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger. However, SDGs require more careful study and planning of implementation measures. In order to achieve the SDGs, the Government of Ghana has adopted a number of programs, plans and projects, the successful implementation of which often stumbles upon the lack of funding and lack of coordination between state bodies, private and public organizations, foreign partners – donors and creditors, etc., which are involved in the processes of socioeconomic development of Ghana. The author determines the reasons for the lack of food security in Ghana, gives an assessment of the state of the agricultural sector, the effective development of which is a prerequisite for the reduction of poverty and hunger, primarily due to the engagement of a significant share (45%) of the economically active population in this sector. The study shows that the limited growth in food production is largely due to the absence of domestic markets and necessary roads, means of transportation, irrigation and storage infrastructure, as well as insufficient investment in the agricultural sector, rather than to a shortage of fertile land or labor.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
G. T. PULATOVA ◽  
◽  
T. A. KADYROV ◽  

This article considers the direct connection of the state of living of the population with the structures of the economy. In this regard, it is noted that the territorial aspects of the structure of the economy are also factors in shaping the structure of people 's needs, despite the fact that the latter are poorly structured. The study showed that the extent of structural changes in the economy, apart from the needs of the population, is affected by such critical proportions as the ratio of production to consumption, the savings fund to consumption fund, industry and agriculture, growth of production and transport development, growth of cash incomes of the population and their commodity coverage. In total production theoretical analysis has also shown that structural changes in the economy depend on the level of change in the share of each sector of the economy At the same time, changes also affect economic growth and human well-being in different ways.


2020 ◽  
pp. 089011712098328
Author(s):  
Bruce W. Sherman ◽  
Rebecca K. Kelly ◽  
Pamela Payne-Foster

Our collective experience with COVID-19 and Black Lives Matter has heightened awareness of deeply embedded racial and socioeconomic disparities in American businesses. This time, perhaps, sustained change is within reach. As organizations advance diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) initiatives, an often overlooked focus of is the health status of employees and their families, where equitable access to high-value health benefits offerings should be available to all. This commentary provides guidance for employers to expand their DEI initiatives to include employee and family health and well-being as a central outcome measure. Employers should ensure that DEI efforts incorporate equitable benefits design, and objectively assess benefit design impact on healthcare utilization and cost. Additionally, employers must appreciate the workplace as a significant determinant of health—for lower income workers, in particular—with review of policies and practices to mitigate any discriminatory negative health or well-being impact. Further, race and ethnicity data should be incorporated in health benefits data analysis to understand more clearly the differential outcomes of health management offerings on these different sub-populations. Finally, social needs data should be incorporated into strategic benefits planning to better understand gaps and opportunities to foster greater benefits equity. The provided recommendations can support employer goals of achieving greater equity and value in workforce health, measurably contributing to business success.


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