scholarly journals The Design of a 2D Graphics Accelerator for Embedded Systems

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 469
Author(s):  
Hyun Woo Oh ◽  
Ji Kwang Kim ◽  
Gwan Beom Hwang ◽  
Seung Eun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Embedded Systems ◽  
Embedded System ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Line Drawing ◽  
Cmos Process ◽  
Embedded Processor ◽  
Processor Core ◽  
Field Programmable ◽  
The Embedded System ◽  
Graphics Processing

Recently, advances in technology have enabled embedded systems to be adopted for a variety of applications. Some of these applications require real-time 2D graphics processing running on limited design specifications such as low power consumption and a small area. In order to satisfy such conditions, including a specific 2D graphics accelerator in the embedded system is an effective method. This method reduces the workload of the processor in the embedded system by exploiting the accelerator. The accelerator assists the system to perform 2D graphics processing in real-time. Therefore, a variety of applications that require 2D graphics processing can be implemented with an embedded processor. In this paper, we present a 2D graphics accelerator for tiny embedded systems. The accelerator includes an optimized line-drawing operation based on Bresenham’s algorithm. The optimized operation enables the accelerator to deal with various kinds of 2D graphics processing and to perform the line-drawing instead of the system processor. Moreover, the accelerator also distributes the workload of the processor core by removing the need for the core to access the frame buffer memory. We measure the performance of the accelerator by implementing the processor, including the accelerator, on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and ascertaining the possibility of realization by synthesizing using the 180 nm CMOS process.

scholarly journals Lossless Decompression Accelerator for Embedded Processor with GUI

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Gwan Beom Hwang ◽  
Kwon Neung Cho ◽  
Chang Yeop Han ◽  
Hyun Woo Oh ◽  
Young Hyun Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embedded System ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Cmos Process ◽  
Clock Frequency ◽  
Embedded Processor ◽  
Mobile Industry ◽  
Field Programmable ◽  
The Embedded System

The development of the mobile industry brings about the demand for high-performance embedded systems in order to meet the requirement of user-centered application. Because of the limitation of memory resource, employing compressed data is efficient for an embedded system. However, the workload for data decompression causes an extreme bottleneck to the embedded processor. One of the ways to alleviate the bottleneck is to integrate a hardware accelerator along with the processor, constructing a system-on-chip (SoC) for the embedded system. In this paper, we propose a lossless decompression accelerator for an embedded processor, which supports LZ77 decompression and static Huffman decoding for an inflate algorithm. The accelerator is implemented on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) to verify the functional suitability and fabricated in a Samsung 65 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. The performance of the accelerator is evaluated by the Canterbury corpus benchmark and achieved throughput up to 20.7 MB/s at 50 MHz system clock frequency.

scholarly journals Open-Source FPGA Coprocessor for the Doppler Emulation of Moving Fluids

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1549
Author(s):  
Stefano Ricci
Keyword(s):  
Embedded Systems ◽  
Embedded System ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Field Programmable Gate Array ◽  
Synthetic Signal ◽  
Doppler System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Field Programmable ◽  
Moving Fluid

Embedded systems are nowadays employed in a wide range of application, and their capability to implement calculation-intensive algorithms is growing quickly and constantly. This result is obtained by the exploitation of powerful embedded processors that are often connected to coprocessors optimized for a particular application. This work presents an open-source coprocessor dedicated to the real-time generation of a synthetic signal that mimics the echoes produced by a moving fluid when investigated by ultrasounds. The coprocessor is implemented in a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) device and integrated in an embedded system. The system can replace the complex and inaccurate flow-rigs employed in laboratorial tests of Doppler ultrasound systems and methods. This paper details the coprocessor and its standard interfaces, and shows how it can be integrated in the wider architecture of an embedded system. Experiments showed its capability to emulate a fluid flowing in a pipe when investigated by an echographic Doppler system.

scholarly journals A METHOD OF PREDICTING THE MAINTENANCE PERIOD OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS FOR PREVENTING BREACH OF THEIR TIME REQUIREMENTS

2018 ◽  
pp. 94-101
Author(s):  
Dmytro Fedasyuk ◽  
Tetyana Marusenkova ◽  
Ratybor Chopey
Keyword(s):  
Embedded Systems ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Embedded System ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Execution Time ◽  
Significant Problem ◽  
Maintenance Period ◽  
Time Requirements ◽  
The Embedded System

The work deals with a significant problem of ensuring that the execution time of a firmware running inside a microcontroller-based real-time embedded system never goes out of its expected range, no matter for how long the embedded system has been used. Once having been tested before the first usage, a newly created embedded system is gradually getting slower in its response, due to the fact that its hardware components get worn-out with aging. A possible solution is a replacement of the hardware components that most contribute to such a change in the response time of the embedded system. If such a replacement takes place too far in advance, long before hardware components actually start showing any decline in their response time, the above-mentioned solution is cost-ineffective and impractical, as it leads to a waste of equipment and efforts. We introduce a method for predicting the appropriate maintenance period of a real-time embedded system on the basis of the characteristics of its hardware components.

Knowledge-Based Code Clone Approach in Embedded and Real-Time Systems

2013 ◽  
pp. 49-62
Author(s):  
Anupama Surendran ◽  
Philip Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Embedded Systems ◽  
Embedded System ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Embedded Software ◽  
Code Clones ◽  
Knowledge Repository ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Code Clone ◽  
The Embedded System ◽  
Time Systems

Even though human beings are using computers in their day-to-day activities, the terms embedded and real-time systems have received much attention only in the last few years, and they have become an inevitable part of our daily activities. The most evident and highlighted feature of embedded systems is the consideration of time. The significance of time constraints in designing each and every feature of embedded systems has made the software and hardware of embedded systems more complicated and entirely different from ordinary systems. Due to these reasons, several challenges exist in developing and maintaining embedded and real time software. Increase in complexity of the embedded system code increases the chance of occurrence of defects in the embedded software. Failure to deliver the software within the stipulated time, economic constraints faced during the development and the maintenance phase, inadequate testing, design of improper code and its reuse are some of the issues faced during the embedded system software development phase. In this chapter, the authors suggest a knowledge-based approach in managing the issues that arise during the coding and testing phase of embedded and real-time software. Program slicing is used to detect the code clones present in the embedded software, and a knowledge repository of code clones is created. This code clone knowledge repository is utilized during the coding and testing phase of real-time and embedded software, which in turn improves the whole software development process.

scholarly journals Research on Embedded Multi-task Balancing Scheduling Algorithm

2018 ◽  
Vol 176 ◽  
pp. 01025
Author(s):  
Han Zhuangzhi ◽  
Ma Tianlin
Keyword(s):  
Operating System ◽  
Embedded Systems ◽  
Embedded System ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Scheduling Algorithm ◽  
Task Decomposition ◽  
The Real ◽  
Time Performance ◽  
The Embedded System ◽  
And Task

For embedded systems, there are two cases of using an operating system and not using an operating system. When the real-time task is accomplished by the embedded system of the operating system, the task needs to meet certain conditions and occupy part of the processor's resources. Therefore, based on the method of event interruption, timed interruption and task decomposition, the real-time performance of the completion of the task of the embedded system is achieved. Finally, an embedded radar track compression scheduling algorithm is designed. It is proved through experiment that the track data can be compressed and transmitted in real time.

scholarly journals Timing Comparison of the Real-Time Operating Systems for Small Microcontrollers

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioan Ungurean
Keyword(s):  
Embedded Systems ◽  
Embedded System ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Operating Systems ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Time Requirements ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
The Embedded System ◽  
Embedded Operating Systems

In automatic systems used in the control and monitoring of industrial processes, fieldbuses with specific real-time requirements are used. Often, the sensors are connected to these fieldbuses through embedded systems, which also have real-time features specific to the industrial environment in which it operates. The embedded operating systems are very important in the design and development of embedded systems. A distinct class of these operating systems is real-time operating systems (RTOSs) that can be used to develop embedded systems, which have hard and/or soft real-time requirements on small microcontrollers (MCUs). RTOSs offer the basic support for developing embedded systems with applicability in a wide range of fields such as data acquisition, internet of things, data compression, pattern recognition, diversity, similarity, symmetry, and so on. The RTOSs provide basic services for multitasking applications with deterministic behavior on MCUs. The services provided by the RTOSs are task management and inter-task synchronization and communication. The selection of the RTOS is very important in the development of the embedded system with real-time requirements and it must be based on the latency in the handling of the critical operations triggered by internal or external events, predictability/determinism in the execution of the RTOS primitives, license costs, and memory footprint. In this paper, we measured and compared the timing performance for synchronization throughout an event, semaphore, and mailbox for the following RTOSs: FreeRTOS 9.0.0, FreeRTOS 10.2.0, rt-thread, Keil RTX, uC/OS-II, and uC/OS-III. For the experimental tests, we developed test applications for two MCUs: ARM Cortex™-M4 and ARM Cortex™-M0+ based MCUs.

scholarly journals A Novel Rail-Network Hardware Simulator for Embedded System Programming

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Balaji M ◽  
Chandrasekaran M ◽  
Vaithiyanathan Dhandapani
Keyword(s):  
Embedded Systems ◽  
Embedded System ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Real World ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Rail Network ◽  
Knowledge Enhancement

A Novel Rail-Network Hardware with simulation facilities is presented in this paper. The hardware is designed to facilitate the learning of application-oriented, logical, real-time programming in an embedded system environment. The platform enables the creation of multiple unique programming scenarios with variability in complexity without any hardware changes. Prior experimental hardware comes with static programming facilities that focus the students’ learning on hardware features and programming basics, leaving them ill-equipped to take up practical applications with more real-time constraints. This hardware complements and completes their learning to help them program real-world embedded systems. The hardware uses LEDs to simulate the movement of trains in a network. The network has train stations, intersections and parking slots where the train movements can be controlled by using a 16-bit Renesas RL78/G13 microcontroller. Additionally, simulating facilities are provided to enable the students to navigate the trains by manual controls using switches and indicators. This helps them get an easy understanding of train navigation functions before taking up programming. The students start with simple tasks and gradually progress to more complicated ones with real-time constraints, on their own. During training, students’ learning outcomes are evaluated by obtaining their feedback and conducting a test at the end to measure their knowledge acquisition during the training. Students’ Knowledge Enhancement Index is originated to measure the knowledge acquired by the students. It is observed that 87% of students have successfully enhanced their knowledge undergoing training with this rail-network simulator.

Portable Wireless Yield Monitoring System on Conventional Rice Combine

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-203
Author(s):  
Renny Eka Purti ◽  
Azmi Yahya ◽  
Oh Yun Ju ◽  
Maryam Mohd Isa ◽  
Samsuzana Abdul Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Embedded System ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
The Embedded System ◽  
Yield Monitoring ◽  
Grain Elevator

Abstract. A simple, portable, and rugged instrumentation system has been successfully developed and field demonstrated to monitor, measure, and record the harvested crop yield and selected machine field performance parameters from the typical rice combines in Malaysia. The complete system comprises of two ultrasonic sensors located at the combine header to measure the cutting width, microwave solid flow, and microwave moisture sensors at the combine clean grain auger to measure the flow rate and moisture content of the cleaned grains going into the grain tank, electromagnetic detector on the combine grain elevator drive shaft to monitor the grain elevator rotational speed, and lastly a DGPS receiver on the combine console roof to indicate the travel speed and geo-position in the field. All these measured parameters were made to display in-real time on the touch panel screen of the embedded system on-board the combine for the interest of the combine operator and also made to display in-real time on the monitor of the toughbook at the on-ground base station for the interest of the system controller. Static calibrations on the individual sensors showed excellent measurement linearity having R2 values within 0.8760 to 1.000 ranges. The wireless communication between the embedded system on-board the combine and the toughbook at the on-ground base station could be sustained to a maximum distance of 185 m apart. Site specific variability maps of crop yield, harvested grain moisture content, combine cutting width, combine traveling speed, combine field capacity, and combine field efficiency within the harvested area could be produced from the data obtained with the instrumentation system using a GIS software. Keywords: Grain harvesting, Paddy mechanization, Precision farming, Wireless data transmission, Yield monitoring.

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