scholarly journals Techno-Economic Mapping for the Improvement of Shallow Geothermal Management in Southern Switzerland

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Perego ◽  
Sebastian Pera ◽  
Antonio Galgaro
Keyword(s):  
Closed Loop ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Closed Loop Systems ◽  
Geothermal Potential

Cantone Ticino, a mountainous region located in the southern part of Switzerland, is greatly affected by the continuous growth of subsurface exploitation through the use of both closed-loop and open-loop geothermal systems. In this study, techno-economic maps for shallow geothermal potential of Cantone Ticino are produced, considering closed-loop systems. The work starts with the identification of the main parameters affecting the techno-economic potential such as GST and thermal conductivity. Maps for different indicators of techno-economic feasibility are created and compared against real data/measurements. An empirical method is tailored to derive a map of the techno-economic geothermal potential, expressed as meters required to provide 1 kW of installed power. The produced map shows an overall discrepancy from real installed length data of approximately ±23%. Moreover, compared with current regulation, the produced maps show an unoptimized management of the shallow geothermal resource, since high potential zones are commonly located where the installation of BHE is not permitted and often closed-loop systems are installed where the estimated potential is lower, mainly in alluvial fans. In light of these considerations, the authorization process in Cantone Ticino for BHE should be revised taking into account the real techno-economic potential.

scholarly journals Parallel Point Clouds: Hybrid Point Cloud Generation and 3D Model Enhancement via Virtual–Real Integration

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2868
Author(s):  
Yonglin Tian ◽  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Yu Shen ◽  
Zhongzheng Guo ◽  
Zilei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Cloud ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
Training Model ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Data Annotation

Three-dimensional information perception from point clouds is of vital importance for improving the ability of machines to understand the world, especially for autonomous driving and unmanned aerial vehicles. Data annotation for point clouds is one of the most challenging and costly tasks. In this paper, we propose a closed-loop and virtual–real interactive point cloud generation and model-upgrading framework called Parallel Point Clouds (PPCs). To our best knowledge, this is the first time that the training model has been changed from an open-loop to a closed-loop mechanism. The feedback from the evaluation results is used to update the training dataset, benefiting from the flexibility of artificial scenes. Under the framework, a point-based LiDAR simulation model is proposed, which greatly simplifies the scanning operation. Besides, a group-based placing method is put forward to integrate hybrid point clouds, via locating candidate positions for virtual objects in real scenes. Taking advantage of the CAD models and mobile LiDAR devices, two hybrid point cloud datasets, i.e., ShapeKITTI and MobilePointClouds, are built for 3D detection tasks. With almost zero labor cost on data annotation for newly added objects, the models (PointPillars) trained with ShapeKITTI and MobilePointClouds achieved 78.6% and 60.0% of the average precision of the model trained with real data on 3D detection, respectively.

Impedance Reduction Controller Design for Mechanical Systems

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanseung Woo ◽  
Kyoungchul Kong
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Controller Design ◽  
Mechanical Impedance ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Mechatronic Systems ◽  
Closed Loop Systems ◽  
Guaranteed Stability ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Definition Of

Safety is one of important factors in control of mechatronic systems interacting with humans. In order to evaluate the safety of such systems, mechanical impedance is often utilized as it indicates the magnitude of reaction forces when the systems are subjected to motions. Namely, the mechatronic systems should have low mechanical impedance for improved safety. In this paper, a methodology to design controllers for reduction of mechanical impedance is proposed. For the proposed controller design, the mathematical definition of the mechanical impedance for open-loop and closed-loop systems is introduced. Then the controllers are designed for stable and unstable systems such that they effectively lower the magnitude of mechanical impedance with guaranteed stability. The proposed method is verified through case studies including simulations.

scholarly journals Equivalence of Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Operation of SAW Resonators and Delay Lines

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Durdaut ◽  
Michael Höft ◽  
Jean-Michel Friedt ◽  
Enrico Rubiola
Keyword(s):  
Closed Loop ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Noise Analysis ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Sensor System ◽  
Electronic Systems ◽  
Delay Lines ◽  
Resonant Sensors ◽  
Closed Loop Systems

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors in the form of two-port resonators or delay lines are widely used in various fields of application. The readout of such sensors is achieved by electronic systems operating either in an open-loop or in a closed-loop configuration. The mode of operation of the sensor system is usually chosen based on requirements like, e.g., bandwidth, dynamic range, linearity, costs, and immunity against environmental influences. Because the limit of detection (LOD) at the output of a sensor system is often one of the most important figures of merit, both readout structures, i.e., open-loop and closed-loop systems, are analyzed in terms of the minimum achievable LOD. Based on a comprehensive phase noise analysis of these structures for both resonant sensors and delay line sensors, expressions for the various limits of detection are derived. Under generally valid conditions, the equivalence of open-loop and closed-loop operation is shown for both types of sensors. These results are not only valid for SAW devices, but are also applicable to all kinds of phase-sensitive sensors.

scholarly journals Formulation and Simulations of the Conserving Algorithm for Feedback Stabilization on Rigid Body Rotations

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Yong-Ren Pu ◽  
Thomas A. Posbergh
Keyword(s):  
Rigid Body ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Numerical Algorithms ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Rigid Bodies ◽  
Feedback Stabilization ◽  
Conserved Quantities ◽  
Control Laws ◽  
Loop Control ◽  
Closed Loop Systems

The problem of stabilization of rigid bodies has received a great deal of attention for many years. People have developed a variety of feedback control laws to meet their design requirements and have formulated various but mostly open loop numerical algorithms for the dynamics of the corresponding closed loop systems. Since the conserved quantities such as energy, momentum, and symmetry play an important role in the dynamics, we investigate the conserved quantities for the closed loop control systems which formally or asymptotically stabilize rigid body rotation and modify the open loop numerical algorithms so that they preserve these important properties. Using several examples, the authors first use the open loop algorithm to simulate the tumbling rigid body actions and then use the resulting closed loop one to stabilize them.

Modeling and Simulation of Closed Loop Controlled Parallel Cascaded Buck Boost Converter Inverter Based Solar System

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 648 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sundar ◽  
S. Sankar
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Modeling And Simulation ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Boost Converter ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Boost Converters ◽  
Closed Loop Systems ◽  
Simulink Model ◽  
Simulation Results

<p>This Work deals with design, modeling and simulation of parallel cascaded buck boost converter inverter based closed loop controlled solar system. Two buck boost converters are cascaded in parallel to reduce the ripple in DC output. The DC from the solar cell is stepped up using boost converter. The output of the boost converter is converted to 50Hz AC using single phase full bridge inverter. The simulation results of open loop and closed loop systems are compared. This paper has presented a simulink model for closed loop controlled solar system.  Parallel cascaded buck boost converter is proposed for solar system.</p>

Water Hammer Pressure Transients in a Closed Loop System

Volume 3 ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Leishear ◽  
Jeffrey H. Morehouse
Keyword(s):  
Method Of Characteristics ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Water Hammer ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Loop System ◽  
Closed Loop System ◽  
Open Loop System ◽  
Trapped Air ◽  
Closed Loop Systems ◽  
Fluid Transients

The effects of fluid transients, or water hammer, in closed loop systems are somewhat different than those observed in open ended systems. The open loop system has received much attention in the literature, not so for the closed system. The generally accepted method of characteristics (MOC) technique was applied herein to investigate closed loop systems. The magnitudes of the pressures during fluid transients were investigated for examples of rapid valve closures, and the operations of parallel pumps. The effects of trapped air in the system were also considered for these examples. To reduce the pressures caused by the transients, the installation of slow closing valves were evaluated for different conditions.

A reliable, straightforward technique for generating Bode and Nyquist diagrams

SIMULATION ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 255-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willard A. Gilly
Keyword(s):  
Input Signal ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Analog Computer ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Closed Loop System ◽  
Closed Loop Systems ◽  
Graphical Comparison ◽  
Analog Logic ◽  
Computer Operator ◽  
Chart Recording

Several methods have been devised for generating Bode diagrams on an analog computer. All of them, or at least all of them that we are familiar with, are either imprecise or they are excessively laborious. And the method most commonly used by analog pro grammers -graphical comparison of variables on a strip chart recording-combines both disadvantages. These can be largely avoided by a method we have found quite convenient, using analog logic and memory equipment. Our method yields phase and gain information directly and requires no manual adjustments by the computer operator other than to change the frequency of the input signal and to adjust the abscissa of the X-Y plotter. The method can be used for both open-loop and closed-loop systems and is especially useful for obtaining the open-loop response of a closed-loop system, as in figure 1. Here is how it works:

Not too Far from the Tree

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (02) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
John H. Tibbets
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Loop System ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Israel Institute ◽  
Closed Loop Systems ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Robotic Harvesting ◽  
Technion Israel Institute

This article explores the concept of robotic harvesting and use of computer, sensors, and artificial intelligence in the field of harvesting. More powerful computers, better sensors, and improved artificial intelligence promise to make machines competitive with human laborers for picking the apple harvest. Israel-based FFRobotics is one of the two companies racing to commercialize the world’s first mechanical apple picker. FFRobotics plan to test their apple-picking robot on Washington’s 2018 harvest, which runs from mid-August through mid-November. Modern orchard designs also allow engineers to build simpler apple-picking systems, according to Amir Degani, founder of the Civil, Environmental, and Agricultural Robotics Lab at Technion-Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa. Degani advised with FFRobotics on developing its robotic arm. FFRobotics is still struggling with whether to go with open- or closed-loop controller. The open-loop system recognizes a specific fruit and sends the gripper to that location. If a strong wind moves the apple left or right, the gripper does not follow. The closed-loop system tracks the movement of the fruit by distinctive points on the apple’s face as guides and adjusts the arm as it moves closer to the apple. While closed-loop systems are more effective, they are also too expensive.

Comparison of Closed-loop and Open-loop Models in the Assessment of Cardiopulmonary and Baroreflex Gains

2004 ◽  
Vol 43 (03) ◽  
pp. 296-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Takalo ◽  
J. P. Saul ◽  
I. Korhonen
Keyword(s):  
Closed Loop ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Loop Model ◽  
Random Interval ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Rr Interval ◽  
Methodological Errors ◽  
Theoretical Advantage

Summary Objectives: Both open- and closed-loop models of beat-to-beat cardiovascular control have been suggested. We tested whether the modelling yields different results with real data while assessing cardiopulmonary and baroreflex gains. Methods: Two autoregressive models are described to resolve causal relationships between systolic blood pressure (SBP), RR-interval (RRI) and instantaneous lung volume (ILV): a closed-loop model which takes into account both the RRI changes induced by changes in SBP and the SBP changes mediated by changes in RRI, and an open-loop model which does not have a link from RRI to SBP. The performance of the models was compared in 14 healthy men in supine and standing positions under control conditions and under conditions of β-sympathetic and parasympathetic pharmacological blockades. Transfer function gains were computed from ILV to RRI (cardiopulmonary gain) and from SBP to RRI (baroreflex gain). The measurements were done under controlled random-interval breathing. Results: The gains identified by the open-loop model tended to be higher than those from the closed-loop model, but the differences did not reach statistical significance. Importantly, the two models discriminated the changes in transfer gains between different interventions equally well. Conclusions: Because the interactions between SBP and RRI occur physiologically in a closed-loop condition, the closed-loop model provides a theoretical advantage over the open-loop model. However, in practise, it seems to be little reason to select one over the other due to methodological errors when estimating cardiopulmonary or baroreflex transfer gains.

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