scholarly journals City-Level Features of Energy Footprints and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Sichuan Province of China

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junbo Wang ◽  
Liu Chen ◽  
Lu Chen ◽  
Xiaohui Zhao ◽  
Minxi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Sichuan Province ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
Western China ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
Low Carbon Development ◽  
The Western Region

The sustainable development of the western region of China has always been essential to the national development strategy. The Western region has undertaken an industrial transfer from the Eastern and Central regions. Therefore, the CO2 emission intensity in the western region is higher than those of the Eastern and Central regions of China, and consequently its low-carbon development pathway has an important impact for China as a whole. Sichuan Province is not only the province with the highest CO2 emissions, but also the most economically developed province in Western China in 2018. In order to promote low carbon development in the western region, it is important to understand the features of emissions in Sichuan Province and to formulate effective energy strategies accordingly. This paper uses the IPCC regional emission accounting method to calculate the carbon emissions of 15 cities in Sichuan province, and to comply with the city-level emission accounts. The results show that the total carbon emissions of Sichuan province over the past 10 years was 3258.32 mt and reached a peak in 2012. The smelting and pressing of ferrous metals, coal mining and dressing were the leading sectors that contributed to the emissions, accounting for 17.86% and 15.82%, respectively. Raw coal, cleaned coal, and coke were the most significant contributors to CO2 emissions, accounting for 43.73%, 9.55%, and 6.60%, respectively. Following the above results, the Sichuan provincial government can formulate differentiated energy structure policies according to different energy consumption structures and carbon emission levels in the 15 cities. By controlling the level of total emissions and regulating larger industrial emitters in Sichuan province, some useful information could be provided as an essential reference for low-carbon development in Western China, and contribute to the promotion of emissions mitigation from a more holistic perspective.

scholarly journals Low-carbon development via greening global value chains: a case study of Belarus

2020 ◽  
Vol 476 (2239) ◽  
pp. 20200024
Author(s):  
Huiqing Wang ◽  
Yixin Hu ◽  
Heran Zheng ◽  
Yuli Shan ◽  
Song Qing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Development ◽  
Plastic Products

The rise of global value chains (GCVs) has seen the transfer of carbon emissions embodied in every step of international trade. Building a coordinated, inclusive and green GCV can be an effective and efficient way to achieve carbon emissions mitigation targets for countries that participate highly in GCVs. In this paper, we first describe the energy consumption as well as the territorial and consumption-based carbon emissions of Belarus and its regions from 2010 to 2017. The results show that Belarus has a relatively clean energy structure with 75% of Belarus' energy consumption coming from imported natural gas. The ‘chemical, rubber and plastic products' sector has expanded significantly over the past few years; its territorial-based emissions increased 10-fold from 2011 to 2014, with the ‘food processing' sector displaying the largest increase in consumption-based emissions. An analysis of regional emissions accounts shows that there is significant regional heterogeneity in Belarus with Mogilev, Gomel and Vitebsk having more energy-intensive manufacturing industries. We then analysed the changes in Belarus' international trade as well as its emission impacts. The results show that Belarus has changed from a net carbon exporter in 2011 to a net carbon importer in 2014. Countries along the Belt and Road Initiative, such as Russia, China, Ukraine, Poland and Kazakhstan, are the main trading partners and carbon emission importers/exporters for Belarus. ‘Construction’ and ‘chemical, rubber and plastic products' are two major emission-importing sectors in Belarus, while ‘electricity' and ‘ferrous metals' are the primary emission-exporting sectors. Possible low-carbon development pathways are discussed for Belarus through the perspectives of global supply and the value chain.

scholarly journals Carbon Emissions Constrained Energy Planning for Aluminum Products

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2753
Author(s):  
Rok Gomilšek ◽  
Lidija Čuček ◽  
Marko Homšak ◽  
Raymond R. Tan ◽  
Zdravko Kravanja
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Primary Aluminum ◽  
Energy Planning ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Gas Emissions

The production of primary aluminum is an energy-intensive industry which produces large amounts of direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions, especially from electricity consumption. Carbon Emissions Constrained Energy Planning proved to be an efficient tool for reducing energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. This study focuses on energy planning constrained by CO2 emissions and determines the required amount of CO2 emissions from electricity sources in order to meet specified CO2 emission benchmark. The study is demonstrated on and applied to specific aluminum products, aluminum slugs and aluminum evaporator panels. Three different approaches of energy planning are considered: (i) an insight-based, graphical targeting approach, (ii) an algebraic targeting approach of cascade analysis, and (iii) an optimization-based approach, using a transportation model. The results of the three approaches show that approximately 2.15 MWh of fossil energy source should be replaced with a zero-carbon or 2.22 MWh with a low-carbon energy source to satisfy the benchmark of CO2 emissions to produce 1 t of aluminum slug; however, this substitution results in higher costs. This study is the first of its kind demonstrated on and applied to specific aluminum products, and represents a step forward in the development of more sustainable practices in this field.

The Food and Growth of the Maskinonge (Esox masquinongy Mitchill) in Canadian Waters

1952 ◽  
Vol 8c (5) ◽  
pp. 347-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan S. Hourston
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Weight Relationship ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
The Western Region ◽  
St Lawrence River

Maskinonge from three regions were studied: the Lake of the Woods district in Ontario (called Western); the Kawartha Lakes and Georgian Bay district in Ontario (Central) and the St. Lawrence River district in Quebec (Eastern). Examination of 202 stomachs, 81 containing food, showed the maskinonge to be a general carnivore, preying mainly on fish over 150 mm. in length. The families Percidae, Catostomidae, Ameiuridae, Centrarchidae, Hiodontidae, Esocidae and Cyprinidae were represented, along with at least one Cambarus. The yellow perch, Perca flavescens, was the species eaten most frequently in all three regions. A common white sucker (Catostomus commersonnii) was found in a stomach of the hybrid E. masquinongy × E. lucius. Examination of the teeth of each specimen showed that they were being continuously replaced throughout the summer season.Rate of growth varied with sex and locality. Females had a significantly faster rate of growth, both in length and in weight, than did males. Maskinonge from the Western Region were shorter and weighed less than fish of the same age from the other two regions. Maskinonge of the Eastern and Central Regions reached the legal size of 30 inches fork length during their fifth summer, but in the Western Region they did not attain this size until their seventh summer. The length-weight relationship appears to be the same in the Eastern and Central Regions, whereas maskinonge from the Western Region tended to be heavier than those of comparable lengths from the other two regions. In all regions the length-weight relationship was a straight line when plotted logarithmically, its slope being estimated as 3.26 in the Eastern Region. Sexual maturity occurs first between the ages of three and six years, or about 575 to 800 mm. fork length. Specimens of a E. masquinongy × E. lucius hybrid appeared to be infertile. They did not differ from the maskinonge specimens in their length-weight relationships but made faster growth than did the maskinonge from the same region.

scholarly journals Analysis of China’s Carbon Emissions Base on Carbon Flow in Four Main Sectors: 2000–2013

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Li ◽  
Xiandan Cui ◽  
Minxi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Flow ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Coal Consumption ◽  
Co2 Intensity ◽  
Secondary Industry ◽  
The Government

Reducing carbon emissions is a major ways to achieving green development and sustainability for China’s future. This paper elaborates the detailed feature of China's carbon flow for 2013 with the carbon flow chart and gives changing characteristics of China's CO2 flow from the viewpoint of sector and energy during 2000 and 2013. The results show that (1) during 2000 to 2013, China's CO2 emissions with the approximately growth portion of 9% annually, while the CO2 intensity of China diminishes at different rates. (2) The CO2 emissions from secondary industry are prominent from the perspective of four main sectors accounting for 83.5%. The manufacturing play an important part in the secondary industry with 45%. In which the "smelting and pressing of metal" takes up a large percentage as about 50% in manufacturing. (3) The CO2 emissions produced by coal consumption is keep dominant in energy-related emissions with a contribution of 65%, while it will decrease in the future. (4) From the aspect of sector, the CO2 emissions mainly come from the "electricity and heating" sector and the "smelting and pressing of metals" sub-sector. While it is essential and urgent to propose concrete recommendations for CO2 emissions mitigation. Firstly, the progression of creative technology is inevitable and undeniable. Secondly, the government should make different CO2 emissions reduction policies among different sectors. For example, the process emission plays an important role in "non-metallic mineral" while in "smelting and manufacturing of metals" it is energy. Thirdly, the country can change the energy structure and promote renewable energy for powering by wind or other low-carbon energy. Besides it, the coke oven gas can be a feasible substitution. Finally, policy maker should be aware of the emissions from residents have been growing in a fast rate. It is effective to involve the public in the activity of energy conservation and carbon emissions reduction such as reducing the times of personal transportation.

scholarly journals How to improve the satisfaction levels of new rural cooperative medical system in underdeveloped areas of China?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pin Yao ◽  
Yifan Wu ◽  
Xiaodong Chen ◽  
Jing Ouyang ◽  
Chunping Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Service ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Medical System ◽  
Western China ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Willingness To Participate ◽  
Government Investment ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
The Western Region ◽  
The Government

Abstract Background: Over the years, China has designed a new rural cooperative medical system for large rural population, which enables them to obtain adequate medical services and prevents poverty caused by medical treatments. However, the rapid economic growth makes the allocation of health resources and the efficient utilization of health services face severe challenges. The study aims to reveal the medical inequality of eight underdeveloped provinces from the perspectives of medical institutions, insurance policies, the government and farmers, in order to puts forward relevant recommendations.Methods: The relevant statistics about assessing the characteristics and equity of demographics, socio-economic and geographical dimensions were from the China Statistical Yearbook and the China Health Statistics Yearbook. A face-to-face sampling survey of farmers in 24 counties of eight less developed provinces (Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Shanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang) was carried out by multi-stage stratified random sampling. The protection effect of New Rural Cooperative Medical System（NRCMS）, satisfaction of medical service and willingness to participate in NRCMS were analyzed.Results: Since the implementation of the new rural cooperative medical system, there has been an inequality in medical service and insurance policy among poor residents in western China. The uneven distribution of medical resources, the inadequacy of local government investment, the complexity of the reimbursement process, and the low amount of compensation resulted in only 26.6% of the population believing that the economic burden of the disease had been reduced, and 57.3% that the relief effect was not obvious. The remaining 16.1% thought the system was ineffective and farmers' satisfaction was not enough. Conclusion: Compared with the eastern and central regions, there was a certain degree of unfairness in government investment in the resources of medical institutions of the western region with new rural cooperative medical care. This study suggested that policy makers can attract high-quality medical staff to the western region by providing economic security and improving policies. In addition, the increase of the government regional health expenditure and supervision propaganda was one of the important ways to improve the farmers' satisfaction with the policy.

scholarly journals An Approach to the Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Vegetation in the Growing Season in Western China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junfang Yuan ◽  
Zhengfu Bian ◽  
Qingwu Yan ◽  
Zhiyun Gu ◽  
Haochen Yu
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Western China ◽  
Vegetation Coverage ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Spatial Characteristics ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
The Western Region ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Characteristics

Since the implementation of the great western development strategy in 2000, the ecological environment in the western region of China has been significantly improved. In order to explore the temporal and spatial characteristics of vegetation coverage in the western region, this paper adopted the method of Maximum Value Composite (MVC) to obtain the mean Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of vegetation on the basis of the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spector audiometer (MODIS) data of 2000/2005/2010/2015/2018. Thereafter, the spatio-temporal differentiation characteristics of vegetation in western China were analyzed. The results show that: (1) According to the time characteristics of vegetation coverage in the western region, the average annual NDVI value of vegetation coverage in the growing season in the western region fluctuated between 0.12 and 0.15, among which that of 2000 to 2010 fluctuated more greatly but did not show obvious change trend. (2) Based on Sen trend and Mann-Kendall test analysis, the area of vegetation coverage improvement in the western region from 2000 to 2018 was larger than that of significant vegetation degradation. (3) From the perspective of global autocorrelation coefficient, Moran’s I values were all positive from 2000 to 2018, which indicates that the vegetation coverage in the west showed strong positive autocorrelation in each period. According to the average value and coefficient of variation of vegetation coverage, the vegetation coverage was lower in 2000, its internal variation was smaller, and the vegetation coverage increased with time. According to the local spatial autocorrelation analysis, the vegetation coverage levels in different regions varied greatly. (4) The standard deviation ellipse method was used to study the spatial distribution and directional transformation of vegetation. It makes the result more intuitive, and the three levels of gravity center shift, direction shift, and angle shift were considered: the vegetation growth condition in the spatial aggregation area improved in 2015; the standard deviation ellipses in 2000 and 2018 overlapped and shifted eastward, which indicates that the vegetation coverage conditions in the two years were similar and got ameliorated.

scholarly journals Regional Inequality of Firms’ Export Opportunity in China: Geographical Location and Economic Openness

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Peixin Li ◽  
Lixia Li ◽  
Xueliang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Eastern China ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Western China ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Economic Openness ◽  
Productivity Level ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
Obvious Inequality

China has a large land area and uneven regional development. There are significant disparities between the three belts (eastern, central, and western China), with the eastern region being the most developed and the western region the least developed. Considering that export is regarded as one of the troikas for China’s economic growth and firms are the basic entities engaged in trade activities, we examine whether there exists inequality of firms’ export opportunity between the three regions. We find that the critical productivity level of firms’ export in developed eastern China is significantly lower than that of western and central regions. Our results indicate that firms in eastern China are more likely to export and there is an obvious inequality of firms’ exporting opportunities.

scholarly journals Investigating the Uncertainties Propagation Analysis of CO2 Emissions Gridded Maps at the Urban Scale: A Case Study of Jinjiang City, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 3932
Author(s):  
Shaoqing Dai ◽  
Yin Ren ◽  
Shudi Zuo ◽  
Chengyi Lai ◽  
Jiajia Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Uncertainty Propagation ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Propagation Analysis ◽  
Low Carbon Development ◽  
Fine Resolution ◽  
Aid Decision

Gridded CO2 emission maps at the urban scale can aid the design of low-carbon development strategies. However, the large uncertainties associated with such maps increase policy-related risks. Therefore, an investigation of the uncertainties in gridded maps at the urban scale is essential. This study proposed an analytic workflow to assess uncertainty propagation during the gridding process. Gridded CO2 emission maps were produced using two resolutions of geospatial datasets (e.g., remote sensing satellite-derived products) for Jinjiang City, China, and a workflow was applied to analyze uncertainties. The workflow involved four submodules that can be used to evaluate the uncertainties of CO2 emissions in gridded maps, caused by the gridded model and input. Fine-resolution (30 m) maps have a larger spatial variation in CO2 emissions, which gives the fine-resolution maps a higher degree of uncertainty propagation. Furthermore, the uncertainties of gridded CO2 emission maps, caused by inserting a random error into spatial proxies, were found to decrease after the gridding process. This can be explained by the “compensation of error” phenomenon, which may be attributed to the cancellation of the overestimated and underestimated values among the different sectors at the same grid. This indicates a nonlinear change between the sum of the uncertainties for different sectors and the actual uncertainties in the gridded maps. In conclusion, the present workflow determined uncertainties were caused by the gridded model and input. These results may aid decision-makers in establishing emission reduction targets, and in developing both low-carbon cities and community policies.

scholarly journals Spatial Characteristic of Coal Production-Based Carbon Emissions in Chinese Mining Cities

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Lin ◽  
Dong Jiang ◽  
Donglin Dong ◽  
Jingying Fu ◽  
Xiang Li
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Spatial Characteristic ◽  
Coal Production ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Emission Effect ◽  
Chinese Coal ◽  
Clustering Pattern ◽  
Strategic Pattern

The objective of this paper is to investigate CO2 emissions in the production of coal sources at the prefecture level and to analyze their spatial distribution and regional differences based on the spatial autocorrelation and standard deviational ellipse analysis. The results indicate that Chinese coal production from 2018 will most likely generate 485.23 million tons of CO2 emissions, and there still exists an obvious gap between the five coal development districts in terms of their CO2 emissions. A significant clustering pattern and positive spatial autocorrelation are revealed in the coal production-based carbon emissions in China. In addition, the spatial pattern of coal production-based CO2 emissions has an obvious central tendency and directional trend, and the ellipse direction is quite consistent with the Aihui–Tengchong Line. Our findings suggest that energy policy-makers should be concerned about the carbon emission effect when implementing regional coal development plans and actively guide the formation of a low-carbon spatial strategic pattern of coal production with a directional distribution of CO2 emissions perpendicular to the Aihui–Tengchong Line.

scholarly journals Regional CO2 Budget and Abatement Countermeasures for Forest Scenic Spots: A Case Study of the Shenyang National Forest Park

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 861
Author(s):  
Dan He ◽  
Ke Chen ◽  
Tingting Zhang ◽  
Mingfang Yin ◽  
Xiaoliang Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Universal Method ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Carbon Sinks ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Forest Park ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Inventories

We used the carbon carrying capacity as an indicator of environmental productivity, clarified the emission reduction thresholds and measures for achieving a carbon neutral tourism destination, and proposed a simple, objective, and universal method for estimating the carbon budget of forest tourism scenic spots with function of both carbon sinks and carbon emissions. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the Climate Friendly Parks tool, a carbon emissions list with a clear border and relatively complete content was established to characterize the negative impact of tourism activities on the environment. Forest resource inventory data and the CO2Fix method could be used to accurately calculate the carbon sinks of forest tourism scenic spots. In 2019, the total CO2 emissions in Shenyang National Forest Park were 1841.445 t. The amount of CO2 sequestered by the forest was 1336.787 t, accounting for 72.59% of the total CO2 emissions. Thus, tourism had a net CO2 deficit of 504.658 t. Electricity consumption, garbage disposal, raw coal consumption, infrastructure construction, and land-use changes of forestland were the top five sources of CO2 emissions. The augmentation of the carbon pool could be improved by 65.358% of the total budget through forest management. The reduction aims of 133.41%–150.32% could be easily reached through emissions-cutting measures. Based on these results, we suggest several measures for low-carbon sustainable tourism.

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