scholarly journals Incorporating Location Aspects in Process Integration Methodology

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 3338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hür Bütün ◽  
Ivan Kantor ◽  
François Maréchal
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Process Integration ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
Pressure Steam ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Business As Usual ◽  
The Impact

The large potential for waste resource and heat recovery in industry has been motivating research toward increasing efficiency. Process integration methods have proven to be effective tools in improving industrial sites while decreasing their resource and energy consumption; however, location aspects and their impact are generally overlooked. This paper presents a method based on process integration, which considers the location of plants. The impact of the locations is included within the mixed integer linear programming framework in the form of heat losses, temperature and pressure drop, and piping cost. The objective function is selected as minimisation of the total cost of the system excluding piping cost and ϵ -constraints are applied on the piping cost to systematically generate multiple solutions. The method is applied to a case study with industrial plants from different sectors. First, the interaction between two plants and their utility integration are illustrated, depending on the piping cost limit which results in the heat pump and boiler on one site being gradually replaced by excess heat recovered from the other plant. Then, the optimisation of the whole system is carried out, as a large-scale application. At low piping cost allowances, heat is shared through high pressure steam in above-ground pipes, while at higher piping cost limits the system switches toward lower pressure steam sharing in underground pipes. Compared to the business-as-usual operation of the sites, the optimal solution obtained with the proposed method leads to 20% reduction in the overall cost of the system, including the piping cost. Further reduction in the cost is possible using a state of the art method but the technical and economic feasibility is not guaranteed. Thus, the present work provides a tool to find optimal industrial symbiosis solutions under different investment limits on the infrastructure between plants.

scholarly journals Modelling key market impacts and land allocation for biofuel production and forestry

2006 ◽  
Vol 2006 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
A. Korobeinikov ◽  
P. Read ◽  
A. Parshotam ◽  
J. Lermit
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Levels ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

It has been suggested that the large scale use of biofuel, that is, fuel derived from biological materials, especially in combination with reforestation of large areas, can lead to a low-cost reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. In this paper, a model of three markets: fuel, wood products, and land are considered with the aim of evaluating the impact of large scale biofuel production and forestry on these markets, and to estimate the cost of a policy aimed at the reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It is shown that the costs are lower than had been previously expected.

scholarly journals Estimates for the impact of ultraviolet background fluctuations on galaxy clustering measurements

2019 ◽  
Vol 485 (4) ◽  
pp. 5059-5072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phoebe Upton Sanderbeck ◽  
Vid Iršič ◽  
Matthew McQuinn ◽  
Avery Meiksin
Keyword(s):  
Power Spectrum ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Large Scale Structure ◽  
Scale Structure ◽  
Galaxy Surveys ◽  
Intensity Mapping ◽  
Redshift Galaxy ◽  
Halo Gas ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Spatial fluctuations in ultraviolet backgrounds can subtly modulate the distribution of extragalactic sources, a potential signal and systematic for large-scale structure surveys. While this modulation has been shown to be significant for 3D Ly α forest surveys, its relevance for other large-scale structure probes has been hardly explored, despite being the only astrophysical process that likely can affect clustering measurements on the scales of ≳Mpc. We estimate that the background fluctuations, modulating the amount of H i, have a fractional effect of (0.03–0.3) × (k/[10−2 Mpc−1])−1 on the power spectrum of 21 cm intensity maps at z = 1–3. We find a smaller effect for H α and Ly α intensity mapping surveys of (0.001–0.1) × (k/[10−2 Mpc−1])−1 and even smaller effect for more traditional surveys that correlate the positions of individual H α or Ly α emitters. We also estimate the effect of backgrounds on low-redshift galaxy surveys in general based on a simple model in which background fluctuations modulate the rate halo gas cools, modulating star formation: We estimate a maximum fractional effect on the power of ∼0.01 (k/[10−2 Mpc−1])−1 at z = 1. We compare sizes of these imprints to cosmological parameter benchmarks for the next generation of redshift surveys: We find that ionizing backgrounds could result in a bias on the squeezed triangle non-Gaussianity parameter fNL that can be larger than unity for power spectrum measurements with a SPHEREx-like galaxy survey, and typical values of intensity bias. Marginalizing over a shape of the form k−1PL, where PL is the linear matter power spectrum, removes much of this bias at the cost of ${\approx } 40{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ larger statistical errors.

scholarly journals The Efficacy of Ethnic Stacking: Military Defection during Uprisings in Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Morency-Laflamme ◽  
Theodore McLauchlin
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Group Loyalty ◽  
Limited Support ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Does ethnic stacking in the armed forces help prevent military defection? Recent research, particularly in Africa and the Middle East, suggests so; by favoring in-groups, regimes can keep in-group soldiers loyal. In-group loyalty comes at the cost of antagonizing members of out-groups, but many regimes gladly run that risk. In this research note, we provide the first large-scale evidence on the impact of ethnic stacking on the incidence of military defection during uprisings from below, using data on fifty-seven popular uprisings in Africa since formal independence. We find clear evidence for the downside: ethnic stacking is associated with more frequent defection if out-group members are still dominant in the armed forces. We find more limited support for the hypothesized payoff. Ethnic stacking may reduce the risk of defection, but only in regimes without a recent history of coup attempts. Future research should therefore trace the solidification of ethnic stacking over time.

scholarly journals Supply Chain Optimization by Mixed Integer Program for Manufacturer and Retailer System of Poultry firm in Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 75-87
Author(s):  
Mohammad Khairul Islam ◽  
Mohammed Forhad Uddin ◽  
Md M Alam
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Integer Program ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Mixed Integer Program ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Supply Chain Optimization ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
The Cost

In this study, we formulate mixed integer program for manufacturer and retailer system of poultry firm in Bangladesh that is one of the most promising sectors to increase Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate plus equitable distribution through arranging food security as well as ensuring self-employment, creating purchasing power and reducing poverty at a large scale. From the survey, it has observed that the selling price of eggs and chicken fluctuate depending on the natural calamities. We have made a question survey on some poultry firm in the district of Mymensingh and Gazipur. This paper maximized the profit and minimizes the cost. The formulated mixed integer program has solved by branch and bound algorithm using A Mathematical Programming Language (AMPL). It has observed that the profit and selling price have very good relationship with production cost and raw materials cost but no significant relation with fixed cost.GANIT J. Bangladesh Math. Soc.Vol. 34 (2014) 75-87

Key drivers influencing the commercialization of ethanol-based biorefineries

1969 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuj K Chandel ◽  
Om V Singh ◽  
Gajula Chandrasekhar ◽  
Linga Venkateswar Rao ◽  
Mangamoori Lakshmi Narasu
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Process Integration ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cellulase Production ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
The Cost

The imposition of ethanol derived from biomass for blending in gasoline would make countries less dependent on current petroleum sources, which would save foreign exchange reserves, improve rural economies and provide job opportunities in a clean and safe environment. The key drivers for successful commercial ethanol production are cheap raw materials, economic pretreatment technologies, in-house cellulase production with high and efficient titers, high ethanol fermentation rates, downstream recovery of ethanol and maximum by-products utilization. Furthermore, recent developments in engineering of biomass for increased biomass, down-regulation of lignin synthesis, improved cellulase titers and re-engineering of cellulases, and process integration of the steps involved have increased the possibility of cheap bioethanol production that competes with the price of petroleum. Recently, many companies have come forward globally for bioethanol production on a large scale. It is very clear now that bioethanol will be available at the price of fossil fuels by 2010. This article intends to provide insight and perspectives on the important recent developments in bioethanol research, the commercialization status of bioethanol production, the step-wise cost incurred in the process involved, and the possible innovations that can be utilized to reduce the cost of ethanol production.

Communicating Public Health Advice After a Chemical Spill: Results From National Surveys in the United Kingdom and Poland

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia M. Pearce ◽  
G. James Rubin ◽  
Richard Amlôt ◽  
Simon Wessely ◽  
M. Brooke Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hazardous Substance ◽  
Crisis Communications ◽  
Public Health Preparedness ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Coping ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to enhance public health preparedness for incidents that involve the large-scale release of a hazardous substance by examining factors likely to influence public responses to official guidance on how to limit their exposure.MethodsAn online demographically representative survey was conducted in the United Kingdom (n = 601) and Poland (n = 602) to test the strength of association of trust in authorities, anxiety, threat, and coping appraisals with the intention to comply with advice to shelter in place following a hypothetical chemical spill. The impact of ease of compliance and style of message presentation were also examined.ResultsParticipants were more likely to comply if at home when the incident happened, but message presentation had little impact. Coping appraisals and trust were key predictors of compliance, but threat appraisals were associated with noncompliance. Anxiety was seen to promote behavioral change. UK participants were more likely to comply than Polish participants.ConclusionsSuccessful crisis communications during an emergency should aim to influence perceptions regarding the efficacy of recommended behaviors, the difficulties people may have in following advice, and perceptions about the cost of following recommended behaviors. Generic principles of crisis communication may need adaptation for national contexts. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;7:65-74)

scholarly journals Reducing the Cost of Energy From Parabolic Trough Solar Power Plants

Solar Energy ◽  
2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Price ◽  
David Kearney
Keyword(s):  
Mojave Desert ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Parabolic Trough ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Solar Power Plants ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fossil Fuel Power Plants

Parabolic trough solar technology is the most proven and lowest cost large-scale solar power technology available today, primarily because of the nine large commercial-scale solar power plants that are operating in the California Mojave Desert. However, no new plants have been built during the past ten years because the cost of power from these plants is more expensive than power from conventional fossil fuel power plants. This paper reviews the current cost of energy and the potential for reducing the cost of energy from parabolic trough solar power plant technology based on the latest technological advancements and projected improvements from industry and sponsored R&D. The paper also looks at the impact of project financing and incentives on the cost of energy.

scholarly journals Economic Cascades and the Costs of a Business-as-Usual Approach to COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Roopnarine ◽  
David Goodwin ◽  
Maricela Abarca ◽  
Joseph Russack
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Usual Approach ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Business As Usual ◽  
The Impact

Shelter-in-place policies and the closure of non-essential workplaces intended to disrupt transmission of the SARS-COV-2 virus are effective approaches to combating COVID-19. They have, however, caused record levels of unemployment in the United States, raising questions of whether mitigation is more societally damaging than the disease. Here we use a coupled epidemiological-economic model to estimate the impact on employment of an unmitigated, business-as-usual approach to the pandemic. We compared unemployment between March-August 2020 in ten Californian socio-economic systems (SESs) to unemployment forecast by a model of industrial sector inter-dependencies subjected to unmitigated outbreaks of COVID-19. We found that economic losses are unavoidable because disease-driven losses propagate economically through SESs, amplifying losses to the disease. While model forecasts are generally lower than actual unemployment, jobs savings would come at the cost of greatly increased worker mortality. The costs would also be disproportionately greater among smaller and inland SESs.

Study and Application on Real Time Optimum Operation for Plant Units

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanfen Liao ◽  
Jiejin Cai ◽  
Xiaoqian Ma
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Unit Commitment ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Target Function ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Coal Consumption ◽  
Allocation Model ◽  
Load Demand

The optimum unit commitment is to determine an optimal scheme which can minimize the system operating cost during a period while the load demand, operation constrains of the individual unit are simultaneously satisfied. Since it is characterized as a nonlinear, large scale, discrete, mixed-integer combinatorial optimization problem with constrains, it is always hard to find out the theoretical optimal solution. In this paper, a method combining the priority-order with dynamic comparison is brought out to obtain an engineering optimal solution, and is validated in a power plant composed of three 200MW and two 300MW units. Through simulating the on-line running datum from the DCS system in the power plant, the operating cost curves are obtained in different units, startup/shut-down mode and load demand. According to these curves, an optimum unit commitment model is established based on equal incremental rate principle principle. Make target function be minimum gross coal consumption, the results show that compared with the duty-chief-mode that allocates the load based on operators’ experience, the units’ mean gross coal consumption rate is reduced about 0.5g/(kW·h) when operating by this unit commitment model, and its economic profit is far more than the load economic allocation model that doesn’t considered the units’ start-up/shut-down.

scholarly journals Profitable Decarbonization through E-Mobility

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4042
Author(s):  
Gürkan Kumbaroğlu ◽  
Cansu Canaz ◽  
Jonathan Deason ◽  
Ekundayo Shittu
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electricity Sector ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact

This paper focuses on the interdependent relationship of power generation, transportation and CO2 emissions to evaluate the impact of electric vehicle deployment on power generation and CO2 emissions. The value of this evaluation is in the employment of a large-scale, bottom-up, national energy modeling system that encompasses the complex relationships of producing, transforming, transmitting and supplying energy to meet the useful demand characteristics with great technological detail. One of such models employed in this analysis is the BUEMS model. The BUEMS model provides evidence of win-win policy options that lead to profitable decarbonization using Turkey’s data in BUEMS. Specifically, the result shows that a ban on diesel fueled vehicles reduces lifetime emissions as well as lifetime costs. Furthermore, model results highlight the cost-effective emission reduction potential of e-buses in urban transportation. More insights from the results indicate that the marginal cost of emission reduction through e-bus transportation is much lower than that through other policy measures such as carbon taxation in transport. This paper highlights the crucial role the electricity sector plays in the sustainability of e-mobility and the value of related policy prescriptions.

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