scholarly journals Hygrothermal Risk in Museum Buildings Located in Moderate Climate

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Ferdyn-Grygierek ◽  
Jan Kaczmarczyk ◽  
Monika Blaszczok ◽  
Piotr Lubina ◽  
Piotr Koper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Museum Collections ◽  
Indoor Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
One Year ◽  
Air Conditioning Systems ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moderate Climate

Works of art are sensitive to environmental factors—mainly temperature and relative humidity—which, when stable, are generally recommended as ideal protection conditions, but in historical museum buildings, the required conditions are difficult to maintain, due to a lack of adequate heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems. The paper presents the analysis of one-year measurements of temperature and relative humidity in three different museums in Poland. The aim of the research was to identify the risk to museum collections, due to unbalanced moisture loads and unstable indoor air temperatures, as well as to identify possible causes of fluctuations in these parameters. This article focuses on assessing the impact of variable external and internal loads on the hygrothermal parameters of indoor air. The profile of internal hygrothermal loads in exhibition halls varied over time, which resulted in a temporary variation of the indoor environmental parameters. The lack of appropriate systems, shaping the microclimate in the analyzed museums, and the lack of automatic control in existing devices did not allow to maintain the temperature and relative humidity within appropriate limits. In the museums, the maximum indoor temperature values were higher than those recommended in the requirements. Relative humidity values in all museums exceeded the recommended range both above and below.

scholarly journals The Impact of Infiltration on Heating Systems Dimensioning in Estonian Climate

2020 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 05004
Author(s):  
Raimo Simson ◽  
Taaniel Rebane ◽  
Martin Kiil ◽  
Martin Thalfeldt ◽  
Jarek Kurnitski
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Heat Losses ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Calculation Models

In this study we analysed the climatic conditions for infiltration estimation, different calculation methods and infiltration impact on heat load for heating systems dimensioning. To determine the wind conditions at low air temperatures of the coastal- and inland climatic zones in Estonia, 42 years of climatic data for Tallinn and Tartu were investigated. Calculation models with detailed air leakages were constructed of a single and two-storey detached house using dynamic simulation software IDA ICE. Simulations were carried out with the constructed calculation models, simulating various wind and sheltering conditions to determine the heating load of the buildings under measured wind conditions at the design external air temperatures. The simulation results were compared with results calculated with European Standard EN 12831:2017, methodology given in the Estonian regulation for calculating energy performance of buildings and with simulations using the default settings in IDA ICE based on the ASHRAE design day conditions. The percentage of heat losses caused by infiltration was found as 13-16% of all heat losses for the studied buildings. Simulations with historical climate periods showed that even in windy weather conditions the heating system dimensioned by the methods analysed may not be able to provide the required indoor air temperature. Analysis using the coldest and windiest periods showed that when systems are dimensioned by the studied methods, the highest decline in indoor air temperature occurs on the windiest day and not on the coldest day. The impact of high wind speeds and low sheltering conditions resulted up to 50% of all heat losses.

scholarly journals Proposition of a simplified method for predicting hourly indoor temperatures in test cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Leite Krüger ◽  
Leandro Fernandes ◽  
Grace Tibério Cardoso ◽  
Emilio Eiji Kavamura
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Indoor Temperature ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Test Cells

Abstract Test cells can be used for testing the thermal performance of different passive systems and building components. Predictive methods for estimating indoor air temperatures can further enhance the number of configurations tested without increasing the amount of test cells to be built. Thus, direct comparisons can be drawn for identical background climatic conditions. In its most basic form, formulas are generated by linear regression from relatively short data sets, which provide daily indoor temperature conditions. However, for more detailed analyses, daily indoor temperature predictions may not suffice. In this paper, a method for obtaining hourly indoor air temperature predictions is proposed. It is based on rising and decreasing rates of the indoor temperature fluctuation relative to outdoors, which translates to warming or cooling trends of indoor thermal conditions. The applicability of the method is for test cells. It is a simple method yet capable of predicting the thermal behavior of complex physical processes. The method was tested using measured data from experiments in a test cell, built with conventional building materials in Brazil. Results showed high performance with mean bias of 0.27 °C to measured data and Pearson's r 0.99. When compared to traditional regression-based models, the method proposed showed better results.

scholarly journals Impact of climatic variables on the population of Trichoderma sp. in the rhizosphere of black pepper

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1&2) ◽  
pp. 45-48
Author(s):  
Manju Mohan ◽  
Surendra Gopal
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Climatic Variables ◽  
Monthly Interval ◽  
Trichoderma Sp ◽  
Weather Parameters ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact

The present study was undertaken with an objective to determine the impact of climatic variables on the population of Trichoderma sp. in the rhizosphere of black pepper. Rhizosphere soil samples were obtained from pepper plantation at a monthly interval for one year. Trichoderma sp. population were assessed at monthly interval along with weather parameters from  July, 2015  to June,2016. The number of Trichoderma sp. were maximum in July and lowest in June. The correlation between weather parameters on the population of Trichoderma sp. revealed that the population increased with an increase in rainfall and relative humidity, whereas it decreased by an increase in temperature. The results of the present studies showed that climatic variables affect the population of Trichoderma sp. in the rhizosphere of black pepper. However, further studies are needed to confirm it.

scholarly journals The Significance of the Adaptive Thermal Comfort Limits on the Air-Conditioning Loads in a Temperate Climate

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aiman Albatayneh ◽  
Dariusz Alterman ◽  
Adrian Page ◽  
Behdad Moghtaderi
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Adaptive Thermal Comfort ◽  
Save Energy ◽  
One Year ◽  
Air Conditioning Systems ◽  
Thermal Comfort Model

The building industry is regarded a major contributor to climate change as energy consumption from buildings accounts for 40% of the total energy. The types of thermal comfort models used to predict the heating and cooling loads are critical to save energy in operative buildings and reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). In this research, the internal air temperatures were recorded for over one year under the free floating mode with no heating or cooling, then the number of hours required for heating or cooling were calculated based on fixed sets of operative temperatures (18 °C–24 °C) and the adaptive thermal comfort model to estimate the number of hours per year required for cooling and heating to sustain the occupants’ thermal comfort for four full-scale housing test modules at the campus of the University of Newcastle, Australia. The adaptive thermal comfort model significantly reduced the time necessary for mechanical cooling and heating by more than half when compared with the constant thermostat setting used by the air-conditioning systems installed on the site. It was found that the air-conditioning system with operational temperature setups using the adaptive thermal comfort model at 80% acceptability limits required almost half the operating energy when compared with fixed sets of operating temperatures. This can be achieved by applying a broader range of acceptable temperature limits and using techniques that require minimal energy to sustain the occupants’ thermal comfort.

The Influence of Simulated Sunlight on the Inactivation of Influenza Virus in Aerosols

2019 ◽  
Vol 221 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Schuit ◽  
Sierra Gardner ◽  
Stewart Wood ◽  
Kristin Bower ◽  
Greg Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Decay Constant ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Simulated Sunlight ◽  
Aerosol Chamber ◽  
Full Intensity ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Environmental parameters, including sunlight levels, are known to affect the survival of many microorganisms in aerosols. However, the impact of sunlight on the survival of influenza virus in aerosols has not been previously quantified. Methods The present study examined the influence of simulated sunlight on the survival of influenza virus in aerosols at both 20% and 70% relative humidity using an environmentally controlled rotating drum aerosol chamber. Results Measured decay rates were dependent on the level of simulated sunlight, but they were not significantly different between the 2 relative humidity levels tested. In darkness, the average decay constant was 0.02 ± 0.06 min−1, equivalent to a half-life of 31.6 minutes. However, at full intensity simulated sunlight, the mean decay constant was 0.29 ± 0.09 min−1, equivalent to a half-life of approximately 2.4 minutes. Conclusions These results are consistent with epidemiological findings that sunlight levels are inversely correlated with influenza transmission, and they can be used to better understand the potential for the virus to spread under varied environmental conditions.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF METEOROLOGICAL VARIABLES ON Pinus caribaea GROWTH IN DIFFERENT AGES AT THE AMAZON REGION.

FLORESTA ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Gabriel Miranda Lima de Lima ◽  
Nei Sebastião Braga Gomes ◽  
Thiago Augusto da Cunha ◽  
Afonso Figueiredo Filho
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Meteorological Variables ◽  
Pinus Caribaea ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact

This study compares the impact of five meteorological variables on the diametric growth of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Barrett & Golfari in Vilhena, Rondônia. One thousand nine hundred sixty-eight trees were evaluated and classified at different ages: 600 trees were one year old; 600 trees were two years old; 768 trees were 13 years. The diameter measurement at the soil level (SL) was conducted in young stands between one and two years old. In the stand with 13 years old, the diameter was measured at 1.3 m (DCH). Using a Pressler borer, 50 increment cores were removed at DCH to measure the tree rings in LINTAB™ 6. The diametric growth was evaluated through the Periodic Increment (PI) for young stands and Current Annual Increment (CAI) for adult stands. The following variables were considered: average temperature (°C), precipitation (mm), solar radiation (Kj m-²), real evapotranspiration (mm), and maximum relative humidity (%). The Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r) proposed by Callegari-Jacques and the coefficient of variation (CV%) were used to establish the relationship between growth and meteorological variables. For young stands, the variables with higher positive correlation were real evapotranspiration and maximum relative humidity. However, the variable with a higher positive correlation in adult stands was average temperature, demonstrating a strong correlation until the sixth year of the species. 

scholarly journals A Research on Satisfaction during Friday Religious Services, Practices Associated with Health and Social Relationships, in Anadolchioi Mosque

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
Feiza Memet
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Indoor Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Muslim Minority ◽  
Religious Services

This paper evaluates the indoor temperature and thermal sensation inside the naturally ventilated small-medium size, historical Anadolchioi Mosque, built in Constanta, in 1870, for the Muslim minority living in Constanta. Are considered Friday prayers (Dhuhr). The methodology used for this assessment is related to the outdoor and indoor temperatures measurements, each Friday, in July, between 10 AM and 4 PM, due to the fact that in Constanta, Friday prayers (in July) starts between 1.20 PM and 1.23 PM (depending on the sun position). The measurements will indicate that, although indoor temperature is slightly higher than the outdoor one, the average indoor temperature, for the considered period, is in the recommended thermal comfort temperature range, according to ASHRAE 2010. Also, the measured indoor air temperatures and predicted temperature for comfortable indoors- given by Humphreys formula, have been compared, in order to have an idea if the building is able to provide pleasant indoor temperatures. On the other hand, the methodology is focusing on ASHRAE seven point scale, when assessing the thermal sensation. In this respect, a survey regarding the thermal sensation of the occupants indicated that a low percent (5.55%) felt uncomfortable during the religious services. The majority of occupants (77.77%) felt comfortable and do not need a cooler environment. The results are in concordance with the participants’ age profiles: older persons preferring higher indoor temperatures.

scholarly journals Study on the Cooling Effect of Window Gardens

2020 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 24009
Author(s):  
Jing Ren ◽  
Ming fang Tang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Air Conditioners ◽  
Interior Surface ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Physiological Benefits ◽  
The Impact

Window gardens are known to provide a window view with psychological and physiological benefits, whether they can be used for passive cooling of buildings remains to be investigated. This paper aims to supplement the impact of window gardens on the thermal performance of windows, walls, and even indoor air temperatures, which previous research has ignored. A field experiment was conducted for two classrooms with integrated planting troughs outside the windows, with and without living plants. The indoor air temperature and the interior surface temperature of the two classrooms were measured on a typical hot summer day, with windows closed and air conditioners switched off. The results show that: Window garden with living plants can not only reduce the average temperature of the indoor air by 1.1 ℃, but also reduce the average temperature of the interior surface of the building envelope by 2.8 ℃, the reduction of interior surface temperature is more obvious, which is due to the formation of a cold bridge. Therefore, Window garden can improve the summer indoor thermal environment in hot summer and warm winter area in China.

scholarly journals Hygrothermal conditions in Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) dwellings

2020 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 10009
Author(s):  
Merethe Solvang Tingstveit ◽  
Henrik Kofoed Nielsen ◽  
Birgit Risholt
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Small Variation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Indoor Climate ◽  
Apartment Building ◽  
Wood Moisture ◽  
One Year ◽  
House Standard

The use of CLT has been increasing the last decade, and a subsequently focus on documentation of the accompanying indoor climate and exposed wooden surfaces on human well-being. This study presents the results of a measurement campaign conducted over one year of a CLT apartment building in Grimstad, Norway. The apartment building consists of three floors with 35 apartments and comply with the Norwegian passive house standard and energy grade A. Measurements of the relative humidity (RH), indoor air temperature and wood moisture content (MC) were performed in the exposed CLT spruce panels in three apartments in two different floors. The results from the three apartments show a relatively small variation in the MC values regardless the residents behavior measured as RH variation through a complete year. Selected periods from a cold period (winter) and a warm period (summer) show the variation in relative humidity (RH) and moisture content in the CLT element. However, results from control measurements showed higher MC values. The gap between the measurements and methods are discussed.

Application of an Air-Air Energy Exchanger in a Building HVAC System in Xiamen

2012 ◽  
Vol 170-173 ◽  
pp. 2474-2477
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Qing Ling Zhang ◽  
Ya Ping Li
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Total Heat ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Hvac System ◽  
Indoor Temperature ◽  
Study Results

An air-air energy exchanger (AAEE) has been introduced in the literature as a novel energy recovery system that transfers heat and moisture between the ventilation and exhaust air. In this paper, the application of an AAEE in a HVAC system is investigated. The paper discusses the dependency of AAEE performance on ventilation air and indoor and outdoor air conditions, it describes how to control the AAEE in different operating conditions (summer and winter). The suited meteorological conditions of the AAEE in buildings are given. Based on the humidity and temperature data of the typical meteorological year in Xiamen, the temperature distribution statistics throughout the year is studied and the air enthalpy difference is calculated. Combining with the demand of the indoor air conditioning parameters, the applicable hours of different types of AAEE, such as total heat and sensible heat, in Xiamen are analyzed. It is shown that the lower we intend to get the temperature and relative humidity, the more space there will be for the AAEE to work in summer. In winter, for the sensible heat AAEE, the higher indoor temperature we design, the more hours it works, the greater space we will have for heat recovery. But for the total heat AAEE, it will be used longer as the indoor temperature and relative humidity are designed higher. The study results show that the AAEE can be energy-saving and reduce indoor air pollution of modern buildings, improve indoor work and living environment. The result can provide basic principle and referenced data for product improvement and air-conditioning system design.

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