scholarly journals An Electric Vehicle Charge Scheduling Approach Suited to Local and Supplying Distribution Transformers

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3486
Author(s):  
Teguh Kurniawan ◽  
Craig A. Baguley ◽  
Udaya K. Madawala ◽  
Suwarno Suwarno ◽  
Nanang Hariyanto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Controller ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Centralized Control ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Distribution Transformers ◽  
Transformer Overloading ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Ev Charging

Distribution networks with high electric vehicle (EV) penetration levels can experience transformer overloading and voltage instability issues. A charge scheduling approach is proposed to mitigate against these issues that suits smart home settings in residential areas. It comprises measurement systems located at distribution transformers that communicate directly with fuzzy logic controller (FLC) systems embedded within EV supply equipment (EVSE). This realizes a reduction in data processing requirements compared to more centralized control approaches, which is advantageous for distribution networks with large numbers of transformers and EV scheduling requests. A case study employing the proposed approach is presented. Realistic driver behavior patterns, EV types, and multivariate probabilistic modeling were used to estimate EV charging demands, daily travel mileage, and plug-in times. A Monte Carlo simulation approach was developed to obtain EV charging loads. The effectiveness of mitigation in terms of reducing distribution transformer peak load levels and losses, as well as improving voltage stability is demonstrated for a distribution network in Jakarta, Indonesia.

scholarly journals The Coordinated Operation of Vertically Structured Power Systems for Electric Vehicle Charge Scheduling

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Yuana Adianto ◽  
Craig Baguley ◽  
Udaya Madawala ◽  
Nanang Hariyanto ◽  
Suwarno Suwarno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Scheduling Strategy ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Time Of Use Pricing ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Ev Charging

Charge scheduling can mitigate against issues arising from excessive electric vehicle (EV) charging loads and is commonly implemented using time-of-use pricing. A charge scheduling strategy to suit vertically structured power systems without relying on time-of-use pricing has not yet been reported, despite being needed by industry. Therefore, a novel charge scheduling strategy to meet this need is proposed in this paper. Key aspects include the provision of a decision-making framework that accommodates for the considerations of transmission and distribution network operators, and the allowance for dynamically changing charging loads through timely forecast updates with reduced communication requirements. A case study based on the Indonesian Java-Bali power system is undertaken to demonstrate the strategy’s effectiveness. Different and realistic EV uptake scenarios are considered, using probabilistic modeling, survey work, and a Monte Carlo modeling approach. Even under slow EV charging conditions case study results show assets are overloaded and high electricity production costs are incurred. These are alleviated through adopting the proposed strategy.

The Construction and the Management of Electric Vehicle Charging Network

2011 ◽  
Vol 128-129 ◽  
pp. 1093-1096
Author(s):  
Xiang Fu ◽  
Jia Yao
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Network Planning ◽  
Network Construction ◽  
Station Network ◽  
Charging System ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Ev Charging

Firstly, this paper proposed that charging network for Electric Vehicle (EV) should be consisted of the special motorcade charging system and general charging system mainly, and the emergency charging system auxiliary. This paper put forward the suggestions that EV charging network construction should carry on with EV development synchronization, give full play to advantages of dispersion charging, charging avoiding peak load and charge in valley load, instead of laying a large-scale charge-station network. Secondly, this paper discussed the construction and the management of charging network, focused on the network planning, charging standards, and the role of power enterprises. Finally, the pattern of charging operation and the management is chosen, three kinds of patterns are proposed to different periods and users, the centralism charging management pattern, the dispersion charging and centralism maintenance pattern, as well as the battery renting pattern.

Influence of electric vehicle charging rates on transformer derating in harmonic-rich battery charger applications

2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hessamoddin Jouybari-Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Test System ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Battery Charger ◽  
Battery Charging ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Distribution Transformers ◽  
Ev Charging

Abstract A study on plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging load and its impacts on distribution transformers loss-of-life, is presented in this paper. The assessment is based on residential PEV battery charging. As the exact forecasting of the charging load is not possible, the method for predicting the electric vehicle (EV) charging load is stochastically formulated. With the help of the stochastic model, the effect of fixed, time of use, and real-time charging rates on the charging load and the resultant impact on transformer derating is investigated. A 38-bus test system is adopted as the test system including industrial harmonic sources. Test results demonstrate that uncontrolled EV charging might causes a noticeable change in the K-factor of the transformer, emerging the need for derating, while applying real-time rates for battery charging loads conquers this problem even in case of harmonic-rich chargers.

scholarly journals Optimal Integration of Photovoltaic Sources in Distribution Networks for Daily Energy Losses Minimization Using the Vortex Search Algorithm

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4418
Author(s):  
Alejandra Paz-Rodríguez ◽  
Juan Felipe Castro-Ordoñez ◽  
Oscar Danilo Montoya ◽  
Diego Armando Giral-Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Objective Function ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Continuous Version ◽  
Continuous Section ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Discrete Part

This paper deals with the optimal siting and sizing problem of photovoltaic (PV) generators in electrical distribution networks considering daily load and generation profiles. It proposes the discrete-continuous version of the vortex search algorithm (DCVSA) to locate and size the PV sources where the discrete part of the codification defines the nodes. Renewable generators are installed in these nodes, and the continuous section determines their optimal sizes. In addition, through the successive approximation power flow method, the objective function of the optimization model is obtained. This objective function is related to the minimization of the daily energy losses. This method allows determining the power losses in each period for each renewable generation input provided by the DCVSA (i.e., location and sizing of the PV sources). Numerical validations in the IEEE 33- and IEEE 69-bus systems demonstrate that: (i) the proposed DCVSA finds the optimal global solution for both test feeders when the location and size of the PV generators are explored, considering the peak load scenario. (ii) In the case of the daily operative scenario, the total reduction of energy losses for both test feeders are 23.3643% and 24.3863%, respectively; and (iii) the DCVSA presents a better numerical performance regarding the objective function value when compared with the BONMIN solver in the GAMS software, which demonstrates the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed master-slave optimization algorithm.

scholarly journals A Novel Power Market Mechanism Based on Blockchain for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 307
Author(s):  
Zhaoxiong Huang ◽  
Zhenhao Li ◽  
Chun Sing Lai ◽  
Zhuoli Zhao ◽  
Xiaomei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Double Auction ◽  
Energy Trading ◽  
Charging System ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
System Operator

This work presents a novel blockchain-based energy trading mechanism for electric vehicles consisting of day-ahead and real-time markets. In the day-ahead market, electric vehicle users submit their bidding price to participate in the double auction mechanism. Subsequently, the smart match mechanism will be conducted by the charging system operator, to meet both personal interests and social benefits. After clearing the trading result, the charging system operator uploads the trading contract made in the day-ahead market to the blockchain. In the real-time market, the charging system operator checks the trading status and submits the updated trading results to the blockchain. This mechanism encourages participants in the double auction to pursue higher interests, in addition to rationally utilize the energy unmatched in the auction and to achieve the improvement of social welfare. Case studies are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. For buyers and sellers who successfully participate in the day-ahead market, the total profit increase for buyer and seller are 22.79% and 53.54%, respectively, as compared to without energy trading. With consideration of social welfare in the smart match mechanism, the peak load reduces from 182 to 146.5 kW, which is a 19.5% improvement.

scholarly journals Uncontrolled Electric Vehicle Charging Impacts on Distribution Electric Power Systems with Primarily Residential, Commercial or Industrial Loads

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1688 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Birk Jones ◽  
Matthew Lave ◽  
William Vining ◽  
Brooke Marshall Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Electric Power Systems ◽  
Primary System ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Actual Distribution ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ev Charging

An increase in Electric Vehicles (EV) will result in higher demands on the distribution electric power systems (EPS) which may result in thermal line overloading and low voltage violations. To understand the impact, this work simulates two EV charging scenarios (home- and work-dominant) under potential 2030 EV adoption levels on 10 actual distribution feeders that support residential, commercial, and industrial loads. The simulations include actual driving patterns of existing (non-EV) vehicles taken from global positioning system (GPS) data. The GPS driving behaviors, which explain the spatial and temporal EV charging demands, provide information on each vehicles travel distance, dwell locations, and dwell durations. Then, the EPS simulations incorporate the EV charging demands to calculate the power flow across the feeder. Simulation results show that voltage impacts are modest (less than 0.01 p.u.), likely due to robust feeder designs and the models only represent the high-voltage (“primary”) system components. Line loading impacts are more noticeable, with a maximum increase of about 15%. Additionally, the feeder peak load times experience a slight shift for residential and mixed feeders (≈1 h), not at all for the industrial, and 8 h for the commercial feeder.

scholarly journals Leveraging User Preferences to Develop Profitable Business Models for Electric Vehicle Charging

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Felix Röckle ◽  
Thimo Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Brand Image ◽  
User Preferences ◽  
Value Network ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Utility Companies ◽  
Physical Assets ◽  
Ev Charging

To design profitable business models for electric vehicle (EV) charging it is necessary to understand user preferences. For this purpose, prior literature is analyzed to develop a conceptual framework linking a company’s assets, the surrounding value network, and user preferences. Then, survey insights from two EV charging projects (ultra-E, SLAM) are summarized to illustrate user preferences in this area. Based on this data, the framework is eventually visualized by applying it to four case studies from the EV charging market. Based on the case studies, the following six key findings are derived: 1. Companies that have a very strong position in one of the three resource classes that define the quality-of-service provision (physical assets, digital assets, brand image) demand a higher price for fast charging. 2. Utility companies leverage their existing customer base. 3. New to the industry firms leverage their brand image to enter the market. 4. Selling below cost is not sustainable. 5. Sharp price distinctions reflect the power balance within the value network. 6. Power plays may result in a fragmented market.

Coping with Spatial Mismatch: Subsidy Design for Electric Vehicle and Charging Markets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Yifan Dou
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Problem Definition ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
Spatial Mismatch ◽  
The Government ◽  
Ev Charging

Problem definition: We study how the government should design the subsidy policy to promote electric vehicle (EV) adoptions effectively and efficiently when there might be a spatial mismatch between the supply and demand of charging piles. Academic/practical relevance: EV charging infrastructures are often built by third-party service providers (SPs). However, profit-maximizing SPs might prefer to locate the charging piles in the suburbs versus downtown because of lower costs although most EV drivers prefer to charge their EVs downtown given their commuting patterns and the convenience of charging in downtown areas. This conflict of spatial preferences between SPs and EV drivers results in high overall costs for EV charging and weak EV adoptions. Methodology: We use a stylized game-theoretic model and compare three types of subsidy policies: (i) subsidizing EV purchases, (ii) subsidizing SPs based on pile usage, and (iii) subsidizing SPs based on pile numbers. Results: Subsidizing EV purchases is effective in promoting EV adoptions but not in alleviating the spatial mismatch. In contrast, subsidizing SPs can be more effective in addressing the spatial mismatch and promoting EV adoptions, but uniformly subsidizing pile installation can exacerbate the spatial mismatch and backfire. In different situations, each policy can emerge as the best, and the rule to determine which side (SPs versus EV buyers) to subsidize largely depends on cost factors in the charging market rather than the EV price or the environmental benefits. Managerial implications: A “jigsaw-piece rule” is recommended to guide policy design: subsidizing SPs is preferred if charging is too costly or time consuming, and subsidizing EV purchases is preferred if charging is sufficiently fast and easy. Given charging costs that are neither too low nor too high, subsidizing SPs is preferred only if pile building downtown is moderately more expensive than pile building in the suburbs.

Expanding EV Charging Capacity in Distribution Networks: A Case Study for Charging EVs at Work

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Alatise ◽  
A. Karlsson ◽  
A. Deb ◽  
R. Wu ◽  
J. Ortiz-Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Ev Charging
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