scholarly journals Cost Optimization of Wastewater and Septage Treatment Process

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6406
Author(s):  
Beata Karolinczak ◽  
Rafał Miłaszewski ◽  
Wojciech Dąbrowski
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cost Optimization ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Decision Variable ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
The Cost

Analysis of the current knowledge has revealed the lack of a method for increasing the cost-effectiveness of wastewater and septage treatment in plants overloaded by contamination. This was the premise for undertaking research on the process of septage pre-treatment in a subsurface vertical flow constructed wetland (SS-VF) prior to its input into the biological section of a municipal treatment plant. In previous research the authors have indicated that this allows for a significant reduction in the value of pollution indicators. The objective of this paper is to assess the cost-effectiveness of this process by means of an optimization model. The decision variable was the coefficient of septage stream distribution into the quantity directed to the SS-VF bed in relation to its total quantity. The optimization criterion was the minimization of the expected annual cost of wastewater and septage treatment. Verification of the model has shown that it is reasonable to subject all septage to the pre-treatment in a SS-VF bed for small wastewater treatment plant (WWTPs) located in rural areas. The bigger the septage pollution load is, the greater the reduction in the treatment costs. The proposed solution is less cost-effective in urban areas, where the construction of a SS-VF bed requires land purchase and additional costs of its adjustment. Optimization results largely depend on the cost function, so it is important to build it on reliable local data.

scholarly journals Development of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks delivering early defibrillation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) in areas lacking timely access to emergency medical services (EMS) in Germany: a comparative economic study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e043791
Author(s):  
Jan Bauer ◽  
Dieter Moormann ◽  
Reinhard Strametz ◽  
David A Groneberg
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Emergency Medical Services ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Emergency Medical ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Timely Access ◽  
The Cost

ObjectivesThis study wants to assess the cost-effectiveness of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) equipped with automated external defibrillators (AED) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA). Especially in rural areas with longer response times of emergency medical services (EMS) early lay defibrillation could lead to a significant higher survival in OHCA.Participants3296 emergency medical stations in Germany.SettingRural areas in Germany.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThree UAV networks providing 80%, 90% or 100% coverage for rural areas lacking timely access to EMS (ie, time-to-defibrillation: >10 min) were developed using a location allocation analysis. For each UAV network, primary outcome was the cost-effectiveness using the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) calculated by the ratio of financial costs to additional life years gained compared with current EMS.ResultsCurrent EMS with 3926 emergency stations was able to gain 1224 life years on annual average in the study area. The UAV network providing 100% coverage consisted of 1933 UAV with average annual costs of €43.5 million and 1845 additional life years gained on annual average (ICER: €23 568). The UAV network providing 90% coverage consisted of 1074 UAV with average annual costs of €24.2 million and 1661 additional life years gained on annual average (ICER: €14 548). The UAV network providing 80% coverage consisted of 798 UAV with average annual costs of €18.0 million and 1477 additional life years gained on annual average (ICER: €12 158).ConclusionThese results reveal the relevant life-saving potential of all modelled UAV networks. Furthermore, all analysed UAV networks could be deemed cost-effective. However, real-life applications are needed to validate the findings.

scholarly journals Experimental Measurement of Rice Husk Effectiveness as an Alternative Adsorbent for Turbidity Reduction in Synthetic Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-334
Author(s):  
Noora Saad Faraj Al-Dulaimi ◽  
Samara Saad Faraj Al-Dulaimi
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Cheap Alternative ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Ph Level ◽  
The Cost

Providing a clean and high quality drinking water to both rural as well as urban areas is a great challenge by itself, adding to it the large volume requirements of such water at high population areas means a very high cost for such industry because mainly of the cost of expensive commercially available adsorbent used in this process. This led inhabitants of the remote and/or rural areas to use less quality water with all its risks and health challenges. In this study, a locally collected rice husk is tested to be used as an alternative adsorbent to the expensive common commercial ones. Parameters like adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of turbidity, and pH level were tested to investigate their effects on the process. Treatment of synthetic turbid water was done after changing these parameters to measure the effect of each parameter alone and the results showed a set of parameters that can be used to achieve high efficiency of turbidity removal. The study concluded that rice husk can be used as a well cheap alternative adsorbent to reduce the river water turbidity due to its availability and low cost with a decent removal efficiency approaching 95%.

DPD deficiency: Medicoeconomic evaluation of pretreatment screening of 5-FU toxicity.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 410-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sory Traoré ◽  
Michele Boisdron-Celle ◽  
Gilles Hunault ◽  
Thierry Andre ◽  
Alain Morel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Screening Strategy ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Severe Toxicity ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Society Perspective ◽  
The Cost

410 Background: Deficiency of DPD activity is associated with severe toxicity or even death after the first two cycles 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) based of chemotherapy. The objective of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of a screening test before treatment of the deficiency of DPD activity combining two approaches (genetic and phenotype (UH2 / U)). The main measure of effectiveness was the number of avoided severe toxicities (grade 3-4), but the number of quality adjusted life days was the secondary endpoint. Methods: The analysis was based on retrospective data from a population of patients treated for colorectal cancer. 856 patients were screened (5-FUODPM Tox, ODPM, France) before being treated with adjusted doses (5-FUODPM Protocol, ODPM, France) versus a population of 886 patients treated according to standard doses (2400 mg/m²). The main point of view was society perspective and the time horizon was 2 cycles of chemotherapy. A multi-state Markov-type was used to estimate the mean cost and results for each of the two strategies. The cost of the strategy with screening was composed of the cost of the screening test and the cost of remaining toxicities, the cost of the standard strategy was just the cost of toxicities. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated: (COSTStandard - COSTWithScreening)/(EffStandard - EffWithScreening) COSTA : Cost of the strategy A, EffA : Effectiveness of the strategy A. Results: In the screened and adapted arm, the prevalence of severe toxicities at 1 cycle of chemotherapy was 0.5%, at 2 cycles was 0.9%. In the arm with standard doses, they were 5.80% and 6.90%, respectively. Any toxicity associated death was observed in the screened arm versus 1 death in the standard arm. The screening strategy was dominant, it allowed avoiding toxicities and saving money. The avoided cost per patient screened was 313 € for two cycles of treatment and a saving of 2780 € per toxicity avoided. The incremental net benefit (INB) per patient screened is 426 €. Conclusions: Pre-treatment screening test combining genetic and phenotype reduced the incidence of toxicities associated with 5-FU, it avoided deaths due to 5-FU and its additional cost was less than the cost of care of toxicity that it avoided.

scholarly journals DIVERSIFICATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCES IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS IN POLAND

2020 ◽  
Vol XXII (1) ◽  
pp. 300-311
Author(s):  
Paweł Siemiński ◽  
Jakub Hadyński ◽  
Walenty Poczta
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Synthetic Index ◽  
Spatial Diversification ◽  
High Level

The aim of this paper is to estimate, as well as analyse and assess spatial diversification in human capital resources in rural and urban areas of Poland. Studies have static nature and relate to the state of the situation in 2018 year. A synthetic index of human capital resources (IHCR) was applied, based on which a hierarchy was developed for rural and urban areas, depending on the administrative division into provinces determining the degree of their diversification in terms of their human capital resources. Human capital resources were analysed in four categories, i.e. in terms of employment, education, entrepreneurship and unemployment, using data from the Local Data Bank CSO database. Research results indicate considerable regional (spatial) diversification of rural and urban areas. We may distinguish two homogeneous classes, including urban areas with a high level of human capital development, as well as rural areas with their low level. Moreover, there is a heterogeneous group of the so-called medium level of human capital, composed of both urban and rural areas. Particularly, observed polarization in human capital resources may in the future reduce the absorption of development impulses within both national and EU development policies.

scholarly journals Solar PV Tree: Shade-Free Design and Cost Analysis Considering Indian Scenario

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Varaprasad JANAMALA
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Lighting System ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Basketball Court ◽  
The Cost

In this paper, the performance and the cost-effectiveness of a solar PV tree for supplying the energy demand of a flood lighting system at a basketball court in the School of Engineering and Technology, Christ (Deemed to be University) at Bangalore, India, are analyzed. Also, the energy demand of a flood lighting system for year 2017 is estimated (16 kWh/day), and the design of 4 individual trees of 1 kWp each is proposed, which saves around 40 sq.m area of land near to the basketball court. The experimental data was collected from June 1st, 2018 to May 31st, 2019, using a data acquisition system and processed to calculate the monthly cost of energy produced by each tree. In order to reduce the complexity in design and allow it to be shade-free, all the panels of a tree were oriented at the same azimuth angle. Based on technical and economical assessments with respect to rooftop systems, the solar PV tree presented reasonable results and could be a future adoptable technology for high population density areas, as well as for remote applications. Later, the adoptability of the proposed solar PV tree was simulated for 2 kWp, considering the climatic conditions of 2020, for different rural and urban locations of India. From the techno-economic-environmental analysis, it is highlighted that the annual energy yield is more with the solar PV tree model than with a land-mounted SPV system. The cost savings and greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction are also higher with the proposed oak tree-based solar PV tree in urban areas than in rural areas recommending it for practical applications.

scholarly journals Modelling Snowmelt Induced Waste Water Inflows

1998 ◽  
Vol 29 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 285-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Semádeni-Davies
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Waste Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas

Impacts of urbanisation on hydrological processes are different for snowmelt and rainfall events. Furthermore, snowmelt and runoff generation differ between rural and urban areas. Within an urban area, melt intensities are increased at some sites; hence, the volume of water early in thaw can be greater than in rural areas. However, shading can reduce melt in other areas so that the melt period is extended. Many surfaces are at least seasonally impervious and generate overland flow - there is an apparent increase in the area contributing to quickflow as normally permeable surfaces become saturated or frozen or both. Water infiltrating permeable soil causes saturation and groundwater recharge so that water can seep into sewers. Regardless of whether water enters via inlets or sewer infiltration, drainage networks ensure swift delivery of melt water to outlets. Snowmelt induced runoff reaching the Uddebo Waste Water Treatment Plant in Luleå, Sweden, is investigated and a model of urban snowmelt and meltwater routing is proposed. The role of surface type (permeable and impervious) and snow cover characteristics (snow-free, undisturbed, compacted and piled) upon model output is studied. Results are encouraging and provide a good platform for further research.

Analysis of the Cost-Effectiveness of Mammography Promotion by Volunteers in Rural Communities

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 755-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Robyn Andersen ◽  
Michelle Hager ◽  
Celina Su ◽  
Nicole Urban
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Individual Counseling ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Community Activities ◽  
Community Volunteer ◽  
The Cost

The Community Trial of Breast Cancer Screening Promotion assessed the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of mammography promotion by community volunteer groups in rural areas using three different intervention approaches: individual counseling, community activities, and a combined intervention including both. Societal costs of the interventions were calculated and used in conjunction with measures of effectiveness to calculate cost-effectiveness in terms of cost per additional mammogram and cost per year of life saved. Methods of collecting and using cost information to assess the cost-effectiveness of community interventions are described. The Community Activities intervention was found to be the most cost-effective, at approximately $2,000 for each additional regular mammography user in the community. The cost per year of life saved associated with mammography promotion was approximately $56,000 per year of life saved. Exploratory analyses suggest that the most cost-effective method of promoting mammography use may vary with the target population.

Crane Supari

2005 ◽  
Vol 09 (02) ◽  
pp. 237-261
Author(s):  
Sanal Kumar Velayudhan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
South India ◽  
Cost Advantage ◽  
Betel Nut ◽  
Marketing Manager ◽  
Rural Markets ◽  
Rural Market ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Efficient Distribution

Crane Supari was a leading brand of betel nut pieces in South India. Crane Supari was perceived as a quality brand and was well accepted in urban areas, but this was not true in rural areas where the smaller brands dominated. The smaller brands had both effective and efficient distribution in rural markets. The servicing of the channel was superior in addition to the cost advantage for the small competitor. Betel nut pieces faced competition from other chewing products too. Faced with increasing category competition, the marketing manager of Crane Supari planned to tap the opportunity in the rural markets. This case explores the unique capabilities necessary to compete effectively in the rural market.

Evaluation of natural family planning programmes in Liberia and Zambia

1993 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald H. Gray ◽  
Robert T. Kambic ◽  
Claude A. Lanctot ◽  
Mary C. Martin ◽  
Roselind Wesley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Family Planning ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Unplanned Pregnancy ◽  
Natural Family Planning ◽  
Loss To Follow Up ◽  
Natural Family ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

SummaryStudies to evaluate use-effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of natural family planning (NFP) were conducted in Liberia and Zambia. The Liberian programme provided uni-purpose NFP services to 1055 clients mainly in rural areas; the Zambian programme provided NFP services integrated with MCH to 2709 clients predominantly in urban areas. The one-year life table continuation and unplanned pregnancy rates were 78·9 and 4·3 per 100 women-years in Liberia, compared to 71·2 and 8·9 in Zambia. However, high rates of loss to follow-up mandate caution in interpretation of these results, especially in Zambia. More women progressed to autonomous NFP use in Liberia (58%) than in Zambia (35·3%). However, programme costs per couple-year protection were lower in Zambia (US$25·7) than in Liberia (US$47·1). Costs per couple-year protection were higher during learning than autonomy, and declined over time. These studies suggest that NFP programmes can achieve acceptable use-and cost-effectiveness in Africa.

PURA for Connectivity

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhash Datta
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Network System ◽  
The Road ◽  
Urban Amenities ◽  
Test Region ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Over Time

The PURA (Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas) scheme has been designed to induce sustainable growth in underdeveloped areas. The test region is the Nuh Block, Haryana, a region severely lacking the amenities required for an area with a population of 201,816 which is increasing rapidly. The proposed development period of 2005 to 2020 is split into three equal phases to help distribute the expenditure evenly over time. Five ‘nodal’ villages are chosen to act as centres of development for the block. These are linked together through the road network system. Three alternative networks are discussed in terms of the cost-effectiveness of the design.

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