scholarly journals Characteristics of Plastic Waste Processing in the Modern Recycling Plant Operating in Poland

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Szostak ◽  
Piotr Duda ◽  
Andrzej Duda ◽  
Natalia Górska ◽  
Arkadiusz Fenicki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distillation Column ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Waste Processing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
Heat Demand ◽  
Fuel Components ◽  
The Eu

Although Poland is one of the leading recipients of the waste stream in the European Union (EU), it is at the same time below the average in terms of efficiency of their use/utilization. The adopted technological solutions cause waste processing rates to be relatively low in Poland. As a result, the report of the Early Warning and Response System (EWRS) of the EU indicated Poland as one of the 14 countries of the EU which are at risk in terms of possibility of achieving 50% recycling of waste. This article discusses the implemented technological solutions, and shows the profitability of the investment and the values of the process heat demand both for extractor and reactor. The experimental part analyzed the composition of the input and output of the process and compared it to the required fuel specifications. Attention was drawn to the need to improve the recycling process in order to increase the quality of manufactured fuel components. As potential ways of solving the problem of low fuel quality, cleaning the sorted reaction mass from solid particles and extending the technological line with a distillation column have been proposed. The recommended direction of improvement of the technology is also the optimization of the process of the reactor’s purification and removal of contaminants.

Knowledge-Intensive Entrepreneurship in the Economy of the European Union

2014 ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
G. Olevsky
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Quality Of Information ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Knowledge Intensive ◽  
Knowledge Intensive Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Eu

The article studies role of knowledge in business and analyzes tendencies of the formation of knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship (business) in the EU. It is shown that for small and medium-sized enterprises prospects of expansion of knowledge production and sales of products and services are associated with the internationalization of business. The author proposes the matrix of decision-making entrepreneurs, depending on the completeness and quality of information at their disposal on the market.

(Un)fit for 55! Ohne eine verschärfte Governance-Verordnung sind die Klimaziele 2030 nicht zu erreichen

IG ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-300
Author(s):  
Michèle Knodt ◽  
Rainer Müller ◽  
Sabine Schlacke ◽  
Marc Ringel
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Regulatory Action ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Soft Governance ◽  
Energy Efficiency Targets ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
The Eu

The European Commission's “Fit for 55” package of July 2021 provides for a significant increase in renewable energy and energy efficiency targets in the European Union (EU). However, the EU’s competences in the energy sector are severely limited and subject to sovereignty. Already in 2018, the EU adopted a Governance Regulation that provides for a hardening of the otherwise only soft governance in the areas of renewable energies and energy efficiency due to the lack of European competences. It is intended to ensure that the Commission's recommendations for improving national energy and climate plans are implemented by the member states. An analysis of the quality of implementation of these recommendations now shows that this has a positive effect in areas with harder soft governance but still needs improvement. Increasing the targets of regulatory action cannot be successful without revising the Governance Regulation and hardening soft governance along with it. Otherwise, the EU is not fit for its 55 percent target in 2030.

How to increase kidney transplant activity throughout Europe—an advocacy review by the European Kidney Health Alliance

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1254-1261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Vanholder ◽  
Vianda S Stel ◽  
Kitty J Jager ◽  
Norbert Lameire ◽  
Fiona Loud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Transplantation ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Previous Decade ◽  
Legal Consent ◽  
Kidney Health ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Health Alliance

Abstract Kidney transplantation offers better outcomes and quality of life at lower societal costs compared with other options of renal replacement therapy. In this review of the European Kidney Health Alliance, the current status of kidney transplantation throughout Europe and suggestions for improvement of transplantation rates are reported. Although the European Union (EU) has made considerable efforts in the previous decade to stimulate transplantation activity, the discrepancies among European countries suggest that there is still room for improvement. The EU efforts have partially been neutralized by external factors such as economic crises or legal issues, especially the illicit manipulation of waiting lists. Hence, growth in the application of transplantation throughout Europe virtually remained unchanged over the last few years. Continued efforts are warranted to further stimulate transplantation rates, along with the current registration and data analysis efforts supported by the EU in the Effect of Differing Kidney Disease Treatment Modalities and Organ Donation and Transplantation Practices on Health Expenditure and Patient Outcomes project. Future actions should concentrate on organization, harmonization and improvement of the legal consent framework, population education and financial stimuli.

scholarly journals Euro-Mediterranean relations and their heading. On the way to a differentiated multilateralism?

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 31-48
Author(s):  
E. Cihelková
Keyword(s):  
European Economic Community ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Conditioning Factors ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Eu

The European Union pays a primary attention to the development of neighbouring relations; it means the relations with countries in the immediate vicinity of its external borders. This is done for the sake of prosperity, stability and the spread of democratic values in the world. In this sense, a kind of the privileged region have always created the states of the Southern and Eastern or eventually Northern Mediterranean with which the European Economic Community began to develop cooperation immediately after its formation. Then since the mid-1990s, the EU set out a goal to create a Euro-Mediterranean free trade area and thus to move closer to the interlacing of the two entities in the form of integration. The outline of the process of development of Euro-Mediterranean relationships (including the changes of bilateral approaches and the conditioning factors) is the objective of this article. It is divided into three sections, which cover different stages of the development of these relationships over time and escalate in terms of two-way approaches to a new quality of cooperation (including the three stated research questions). The result of these relationships could become a Euro-Mediterranean Alliance that is outlined as a differentiated form of multilateralism in the conclusions of the paper.

Approximating Ukraine’s Laws to Those of the European Union Concerning Meat and Meat Products Cold Chain

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 978
Author(s):  
Kateryna O. RODIONOVA ◽  
Volodymyr M. STESHENKO ◽  
Ivan V. YATSENKO
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Meat Processing ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Eu Legislation ◽  
The Eu

The main objectives of the research were such: to define the concept of cold chain as an object of legal regulation; to find out the content and features of the EU legislation on the safety and quality of meat and meat products during cold chain and its use in Ukraine; to characterize the legal bases of the current legislation of Ukraine on ensuring the safety and quality of meat and meat products during cold chain, to formulate proposals and recommendations aimed at improving the national legislation of Ukraine by approximating it to the EU legislation, which sets requirements for the safety and quality of meat and meat products throughout cold chain. To achieve the abovementioned objectives, the following methods were used: comparative legal, analytical, systemic, dialectical, generalizing, specific-search, structural-functional, semantic, methods of deduction and induction, etc. The content and features of the legal regulation of the safety and quality of meat and meat products in the current legislation of the European Union and Ukraine have been clarified. For the first time, the definition of the term 'cold chain' has been proposed by reference to it in author's editorial, which should influence its clearer scientific and practical understanding. It is determined that the temperature regimes of cold processing, storage and transportation of meat and meat products in Ukraine are regulated by a large number of legal acts, in particular: national standards of Ukraine (DSTU), technical regulations, technological instructions, rules of transportation, etc. It is found that national legal acts do not provide a systematic understanding of the particularities of cold chain legal regulation in the meat processing industry in order to ensure the safety and quality of meat and meat products. As a result of departmental inconsistency, the existing storage temperature parameters for the same product type in different legal acts differ from each other, which does not allow to determine the actual storage periods at different stages of the cold chain. In addition, current legal acts in Ukraine do not provide for constant monitoring of the temperature of cold-processed meat and meat products throughout all cold chain units and the hygienic condition of refrigerators throughout the shelf life. As a result, the cold chain is very difficult to be controlled and requires a large number of factors to be taken into account in order to bring safe and high-quality meat and meat products to the end consumer. According to the results of the research, proposals and recommendations are formulated to improve the national legislation of Ukraine governing the cold chain in the meat processing industry.

scholarly journals THE MAIN SKILLS AND COMPETENCES OF MULTILINGUALISM IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Vankevič
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cultural Globalization ◽  
The World ◽  
Official Languages ◽  
Unity In Diversity ◽  
European Citizen ◽  
The Eu

The paper presents multilingualism and multiculturalism as one of the main aims of the European Union (EU) and deals with the issue of political and cultural globalization. More and more young people describe themselves as cosmopolites. Multiculturalism is especially noticeable in the sphere of languages. Languages are fundamental for Europeans wanting to work together. They go to the very heart of the unity in diversity of the EU. It is important to nurture and to promote our linguistic heritage in the Member States but we also need to understand each other, our neighbours, our partners in the EU. Speaking many languages makes businesses and citizens more competitive and more mobile. The EU policy of official multilingualism as a deliberate tool of government is unique in the world. The EU sees the use of its citizens’ languages as one of the factors which make it more transparent, more legitimate and more efficient. At the level of culture and of enhancing the quality of life, too, the EU works actively to promote the wider knowledge and use of all its official languages throughout the Union. The ability to speak foreign language and multiculturalism are inseparable parts of the EU integrations. There are certain skills and competences that a multilingual, multicultural European citizen must acquire in order to become a full‐fledged EU member. Pagrindiniai daugiakalbiškumo įgūdžiai ir kompetencijos Europos sąjungos kontekste Santrauka Straipsnyje parodomas daugiakalbiškumas ir daugiakultūriškumas kaip vienas iš pagrindinių Europos Sąjungos tikslų bei analizuojama politinės ir kultūrinės globalizacijos problema. Vis daugiau jaunų žmonių save apibūdina kosmopolitais. Daugiakultūriškumas ypač pastebimas kalbų srityje. Kalbos labai svarbios europiečiams, norintiems bendradarbiauti. Būtent kalbos sudaro Europos vientisumo ir skirtingumo ašį. Todėl visos Europos Sąjungos (ES) šalys narės privalo ne tik tausoti ir plėtoti savo kalbos paveldą, bet ir stengtis suprasti vienos kitas, savo kaimynes, ES partneres. Gebėjimas bendrauti keliomis kalbomis padeda plėtotis ne tik verslo sričiai, jis padeda ES piliečiams tapti konkurencingesniems ir mobilesniems. ES valdžios taikoma oficialaus daugiakultūriškumo politika – vienintelė pasaulyje. ES valstybinių kalbų vartojimą laiko vienu iš šalies skaidrumo, didesnio teisingumo ir produktyvumo veiksnių. Kultūros ir gyvenimo kokybės stiprinimo lygmeniu ES aktyviai dirba skatindama mokymąsi ir visų Sąjungos valstybinių kalbų vartojimą. Gebėjimas kalbėti keliomis kalbomis bei daugiakultūriškumas – neatsiejama eurointegracijos dalis. Yra tam tikrų gabumų ir kompetencijų, kurios privalomos daugiakultūriam, daugiakalbiam europiečiui, norinčiam tapti visaverčiu ES piliečiu.

scholarly journals E-közigazgatás és agrár-szakigazgatás Magyarországon

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
Elemérné Nagy ◽  
György Hampel ◽  
Zoltán Fabulya
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Digital Literacy ◽  
Information Society ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Electronic Administration ◽  
The Eu

The aim of our paper is to give an overview of the electronic public administration and the agrarian administration in Hungary. The size of the administration affects economic growth: it consumes 35 to 49 percent of the GDP in the European countries. By introducing electronic services, more than 5 percent of the administration costs can be saved. The efforts to digitize are based on the e-Europe programme with the objective to create an information society for everyone. After creating the legislative background in the past years, administration offices could digitize their registry and could start to offer more and more electronic services to the citizens and organizations. Although the level of digital literacy should be raised among the citizens and the civil servants as well, Hungary can be proud of the quality of the electronic administration services which is above the EU-28 average. The agrarian administration needs a lot of data which is collected and processed by information systems obligatory in the European Union. The collected data is required to effectively operate the agriculture and to access European agricultural subsidies. In the past few years efforts were made to catch up with the European agrarian information systems and today these systems are able to provide the necessary information for the administration and the farmers as well.

scholarly journals Representation and the European Union

2020 ◽  
pp. 620-636
Author(s):  
Sara B. Hobolt
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Interests ◽  
National Elections ◽  
Policy Representation ◽  
Indirect Path ◽  
Citizens Attitudes ◽  
The Eu

This chapter considers the nature and quality of representation in the European Union by examining the dual paths of representation available to European citizens: the direct path of electing representatives to the European Parliament and the indirect path of electing national parliamentarians, and in turn governments, who represent national interests in the Council. Both paths matter if we want to understand representation in the European Union. The chapter examines the extent to which each of these channels facilitates substantive policy representation in the EU. It explores the quality of the selection and sanctioning processes in European Parliament and national elections, and examines citizens’ attitudes towards democracy at both levels of government. It concludes that, while representation in the EU is imperfect, it reflects the hybrid nature of the EU’s political system and is still undergoing significant change as the EU evolves and its policymaking is becoming more politicized domestically.

scholarly journals Implications of coal disappearance from the energy mix in Romania

2022 ◽  
Vol 354 ◽  
pp. 00057
Author(s):  
Izabela-Maria Apostu ◽  
Maria Lazar ◽  
Florin Faur
Keyword(s):  
Energy System ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Energy Strategy ◽  
Energy Mix ◽  
2030 Agenda ◽  
Firm Commitment ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The firm commitment of the European Union (EU) to fully implement the 2030 Agenda requires the Member States to find and implement solutions to meet global targets, including ensuring clean and affordable energy. The EU encourages the elimination of coal from the energy mix in order to quantitatively reduce emissions and the impact on the environment and human health. Romania attaches great importance to the 2030 Agenda and understands that developing the national economy, increasing the quality of life, and caring for the environment are inextricably linked to the development and modernization of the energy system, for which the National Energy Strategy 2019-2030 was developed. According to it, in the perspective of 2050, Romania will be based on a diversified, balanced, and modern energy mix through clean technologies. But what if coal would disappear from the energy mix? The causes of the disappearance of coal from the energy mix could be represented by global or national policies or the depletion of known exploitable reserves, the latter being a less probable variant. In this paper, we aim to highlight and analyze some scenarios related to the possibilities of replacing coal in the energy mix, which would change the perspectives.

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