scholarly journals Grid Parity Analysis of China’s Centralized Photovoltaic Generation under Multiple Uncertainties

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1814
Author(s):  
Libo Zhang ◽  
Qian Du ◽  
Dequn Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Electricity Price ◽  
Grid Parity ◽  
Industry Environment ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Generation Costs ◽  
Time Price ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Installed Capacity

The cost of centralized photovoltaic (CPV) power generation has been decreasing rapidly in China. However, the achievement of grid parity is full of uncertainties due to changes in policies and the industry environment. In order to explore the time, price, and external conditions in which grid parity can be achieved, we create the improved grey GM (1, 1) model to estimate the installed capacity over the next 10 years, and apply a learning curve to predict the cost of CPV generation. In the analysis of grid parity, we compare the benchmark price of coal power and the price under the market-oriented mechanism with CPV. The results show that China’s CPV industry will enter the early stage of maturity from 2020 onwards; with the help of benchmark investment, the grid parity of CPV may be achieved in 2022 at the earliest and 2025 at the latest. After 2025, the photovoltaic electricity price will be generally lower than the coal electricity price under marketization. By 2030, CPV power generation costs will reach US $0.05/kWh, the accumulative installed capacity will exceed 370 GW, and the uncertainties will lead to a cumulative installed gap of nearly 100 GW.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of the Spanish Electricity: Past, Present and Future Projections

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo San Miguel ◽  
María Cerrato
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Sustainability Assessment ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Levelized Cost Of Electricity ◽  
Employment Generation ◽  
Reduced Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Installed Capacity

This paper provides an investigation into the sustainability of the electrical system in Spain. The analysis covers historic inventories of power generation, installed capacity and technology mix since 1990 and also contemplates four alternative projections for 2030 and 2050. The sustainability is evaluated using eight indicators that provide objective information about the environmental (climate change, fossil depletion, ozone layer depletion, terrestrial acidification, human toxicity and photochemical smog), economic (levelized cost of electricity) and socio-economic (direct employment) performance of the system. The results show an increase in the magnitude of the environmental impacts between 1990 and 2008, due to a growing power demand triggered by economic expansion. After 2008, the environmental performance improves due to the economic recession and the penetration of renewable energies. Overall, the cost of power generation remains rather stable as rising expenses generated by renewables are compensated by a progressive reduction in the cost of fossil technologies. Direct employment generation has been strongly stimulated by the upsurge in renewables that has taken place in Spain after 2008. Regarding future scenarios, the results evidence that the most ambitious projections in terms of renewable penetration perform best in terms of environmental performance, employment generation and reduced costs (€/MWh). The significance of these benefits was particularly clear in the 2050 scenario. In the long term, the scenario considering higher fossil fuel contributions (ST) performed worst in all sustainability indicators.

scholarly journals Optimization of Power Generation Grids: A Case of Study in Eastern Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Esmeralda López ◽  
René F. Domínguez-Cruz ◽  
Iván Salgado-Tránsito
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Implementation Model ◽  
Power Generation Technology ◽  
Simple Implementation ◽  
Electrical Distribution Network ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Installed Capacity

Optimization of energy resources is a priority issue for our society. An improper imbalance between demand and power generation can lead to inefficient use of installed capacity, waste of fuels, worse effects on the environment, and higher costs. This paper presents the preliminary results of a study of seventeen interconnected power generation plants situated in eastern Mexico. The aim of the research is to apply a linear programming model to find the system-optimal solution by minimizing operating costs for this grid of power plants. The calculations were made taking into account the actual parameters of each plant; the demand and production of energy were analyzed in four time periods of 6 h during a day. The results show the cost-optimal configuration of the current power infrastructure obtained from a simple implementation model in MATLAB® software. The contribution of this paper is to adapt a lineal progamming model for an electrical distribution network formed with different types of power generation technology. The study shows that fossil fuel plants, besides emitting greenhouse gases that affect human health and the environment, incur maintenance expenses even without operation. The results are a helpful instrument for decision-making regarding the rational use of available installed capacity.

An Analysis on the Model of Wind Power Generation Cost per Kilowatt-Hour in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 694 ◽  
pp. 142-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Shen ◽  
Li Juan Yan ◽  
Yuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Wind Power Generation ◽  
Calculation Formula ◽  
Tax Cost ◽  
Generation Cost ◽  
Generation Costs ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

In this paper, a model of wind power generation cost per Kilowatt-hour is proposed. Firstly, we analyzed the factors which influence the wind power generation cost, and then highlighted the interest cost and tax cost which had been neglected in previous research works. Finally, we gave the calculation formula of the wind power generation cost per Kilowatt-hour. A case had also been studied to to verify the effectiveness of the model. We find that the wind power generation costs per kilowatt-hour is still much higher than regular energy generation costs if we ignore the government allowance. Although there's limited room for further declines in the cost of wind power generation, we still gave some some valuable advice in the end.

scholarly journals Study on Feasibility of Photovoltaic Power to Grid Parity in China Based on LCOE

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12762
Author(s):  
Zheng Lu ◽  
Yunfei Chen ◽  
Qiaoqiao Fan
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Economic Indicator ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Photovoltaic Power ◽  
Grid Parity ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Power Generation Technology ◽  
The Cost

Today, photovoltaic (PV) power generation accounts for a relatively small proportion of total power generation in China. If photovoltaic power can achieve grid parity, it can replace the original traditional thermal power generation, which has positive significance on the environment. The Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) is the main general economic indicator for the evaluation of power generation technology in the world. Based on the traditional LCOE evaluation model and considering the shortcomings of the previous LCOE evaluation models, the cost of photovoltaic power generation is refined in this paper. The cost of the taxation with calculating the depreciation, the loss, and the income of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) are taken into consideration. Hence, a more accurate and more comprehensive LCOE model is presented. Moreover, combined with other investment indicators, a photovoltaic power generation benefit model corresponding to the current development status is proposed. Taking a 3-MW distributed photovoltaic power station project in Nanjing as a case study, the sensitivity analysis of factors that affect the benefit of photovoltaic power generation is carried out to further explore the feasibility of photovoltaic power to grid parity.

Insights into Transdermal Drug Delivery: Approaches for Redressal of a Burgeoning Issue of Osteoporosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1682-1695
Author(s):  
Foziyah Zakir ◽  
Kanchan Kohli ◽  
Farhan J. Ahmad ◽  
Zeenat Iqbal ◽  
Adil Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Calcium Absorption ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Osteoporotic Fractures ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Systemic Delivery ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
The Cost

Osteoporosis is a progressive bone disease that remains unnoticed until a fracture occurs. It is more predominant in the older age population, particularly in females due to reduced estrogen levels and ultimately limited calcium absorption. The cost burden of treating osteoporotic fractures is too high, therefore, primary focus should be treatment at an early stage. Most of the marketed drugs are available as oral delivery dosage forms. The complications, as well as patient non-compliance, limit the use of oral therapy for prolonged drug delivery. Transdermal delivery systems seem to be a promising approach for the delivery of anti-osteoporotic active moieties. One of the confronting barriers is the passage of drugs through the SC layers followed by penetration to deeper dermal layers. The review focuses on how anti-osteoporotic drugs can be molded through different approaches so that they can be exploited for the skin to systemic delivery. Insights into the various challenges in transdermal delivery and how the novel delivery system can be used to overcome these have also been detailed.

scholarly journals Methodology for the Concept Design of Locally Reinforced Composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7246
Author(s):  
Julius Moritz Berges ◽  
Georg Jacobs ◽  
Sebastian Stein ◽  
Jonathan Sprehe
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Parameter Study ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Concept Design ◽  
Cost Weight ◽  
Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Plastics ◽  
The Cost

Locally load-optimized fiber-based composites, the so-called tailored textiles (TT), offer the potential to reduce weight and cost compared to conventional fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP). However, the design of TT has a higher complexity compared to FRP. Current approaches, focusing on solving this complexity for multiple objectives (cost, weight, stiffness), require great effort and calculation time, which makes them unsuitable for serial applications. Therefore, in this paper, an approach for the efficient creation of simplified TT concept designs is presented. By combining simplified models for structural design and cost estimation, the most promising concepts, regarding the cost, weight, and stiffness of TT parts, can be identified. By performing a parameter study, the cost, weight, and stiffness optima of a sample part compared to a conventional FRP component can be determined. The cost and weight were reduced by 30% for the same stiffness. Applying this approach at an early stage of product development reduces the initial complexity of the subsequent detailed engineering design, e.g., by applying methods from the state of the art.

scholarly journals Can Financial Economics Cure Cancer?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew W. Lo
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Genome Project ◽  
Gene Therapies ◽  
Biomedical Innovation ◽  
New Business ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Human Genome Project

AbstractFunding for early-stage biomedical innovation has become more difficult to secure at the same time that medical breakthroughs seem to be occurring at ever increasing rates. One explanation for this counterintuitive trend is that increasing scientific knowledge can actually lead to greater economic risk for investors in the life sciences. While the Human Genome Project, high-throughput screening, genetic biomarkers, immunotherapies, and gene therapies have made a tremendously positive impact on biomedical research and, consequently, patient lives, they have also increased the cost and complexity of the drug development process, causing many investors to shift their assets to more attractive investment opportunities. This suggests that new business models and financing strategies can be used to reduce the risk and increase the attractiveness of biomedical innovation so as to bring new and better therapies to patients faster.

Analysis of Electrical Power Generation Costs

1977 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Hardie ◽  
J. H. Chamberlin
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Electrical Power Generation ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Generation Costs
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