scholarly journals Development and Application of Schema Based Occupant-Centric Building Performance Metrics

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3513
Author(s):  
Cory Mosiman ◽  
Gregor Henze ◽  
Herbert Els
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Building Performance ◽  
Occupant Behavior ◽  
Space Utilization ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Operational Data ◽  
Different Levels

Occupant behavior can significantly influence the operation and performance of buildings. Many occupant-centric key performance indicators (KPIs) rely on having accurate counts of the number of occupants in a building, which is very different to how occupancy information is currently collected in the majority of buildings today. To address this gap, the authors develop a standardized methodology for the calculation of percent space utilization for buildings, which is formulated with respect to two prevalent operational data schemas: the Brick Schema and Project Haystack. The methodology is scalable across different levels of spatial granularity and irrespective of sensor placement. Moreover, the methods are intended to make use of typical occupancy sensors that capture presence level occupancy and not counts of people. Since occupant-hours is a preferable metric to use in KPI calculations, a method to convert between percent space utilization and occupant-hours using the design occupancy for a space is also developed. The methodology is demonstrated on a small commercial office space in Boulder, Colorado using data collected between June 2018 and February 2019. A multiple linear regression is performed that shows strong evidence for a relationship between building energy consumption and percent space utilization.

scholarly journals A framework for coordination center responsibilities and performance in a multi-site, transdisciplinary public health research initiative

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-289
Author(s):  
Sarah D Hohl ◽  
Sarah Knerr ◽  
Beti Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Transdisciplinary Research ◽  
Funding Agency ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Coordination Center ◽  
The Usa ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Funding bodies in the USA and abroad are increasingly investing in transdisciplinary research, i.e. research conducted by investigators from different disciplines who work to create novel theoretical, methodological, and translational innovations to address a common problem. Transdisciplinary research presents additional logistical and administrative burdens, yet few models of successful coordination have been proposed or substantiated, nor have performance outcomes or indicators been established for transdisciplinary coordination. This work uses the NIH-funded Transdisciplinary Research on Energetics and Cancer (TREC) Centers Initiative as a case study to put forward a working framework of transdisciplinary research coordination center (CC) responsibilities and performance indicators. We developed the framework using a sequential mixed methods study design. TREC CC functions and performance indicators were identified through key-informant interviews with CC personnel and then refined through a survey of TREC research center and funding agency investigators and staff. The framework included 23 TREC CC responsibilities that comprised five functional areas: leadership and administration, data and bioinformatics, developmental projects, education and training, and integration and self-evaluation, 10 performance outcomes and 26 corresponding performance indicators for transdisciplinary CCs. Findings revealed high levels of agreement about CC responsibilities and performance metrics across CC members and constituents. The success of multi-site, transdisciplinary research depends on effective research coordination. The functions identified in this study help clarify essential responsibilities of transdisciplinary research CCs and indicators of success of those transdisciplinary CCs. Our framework adds new dimensions to the notion of identifying and assessing CC activities that may foster transdisciplinarity.

scholarly journals Building Performance Evaluation Using Coupled Simulation of EnergyPlus™ and an Occupant Behavior Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 4086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengda Jia ◽  
Ravi Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Energy Simulation ◽  
Building Energy Simulation ◽  
Building Performance ◽  
Occupant Behavior ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Simulation Engine

Building energy simulation programs are used for optimal sizing of building systems to reduce excessive energy wastage. Such programs employ thermo-dynamic algorithms to estimate every aspect of the target building with a certain level of accuracy. Currently, almost all building simulation tools capture static features of a building including the envelope, geometry, and Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, etc. However, building performance also relies on dynamic features such as occupants’ interactions with the building. Such interactions have not been fully implemented in building energy simulation tools, which potentially influences the comprehensiveness and accuracy of estimations. This paper discusses an information exchange mechanism via coupling of EnergyPlus™, a building energy simulation engine and PMFServ, an occupant behavior modeling tool, to alleviate this issue. The simulation process is conducted in Building Controls Virtual Testbed (BCVTB), a virtual simulation coupling tool that connects the two separate simulation engines on a time-step basis. This approach adds a critical dimension to the traditional building energy simulation programs to seamlessly integrate occupants’ interactions with building components to improve the modeling capability, thereby improving building performance evaluation. The results analysis of this paper reveals a need to consider metrics that measure different types of comfort for building occupants.

Performance Measurement of Local Welfare Programmes: Evidence from Madrid's Regional Government

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 906-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Ayala ◽  
Francisco Pedraja ◽  
Javier Salinas-Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Local Agencies ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

Interest in how social assistance programmes are organized has recently heightened, fed by concerns about the limits on achieving greater efficiency. Most available evidence considers performance indicators that are too general, there being few studies relating the use of inputs to outcomes. We compare different performance indicators of Madrid's programme with resource endowments in a group of local agencies of social services. In addition to constructing a detailed system of input and performance indicators, an empirical analysis of efficiency for each of the social services agencies is carried out using data envelopment analysis. Results confirm that there is a wide margin for obtaining efficiency gains. The empirical analysis shows that some detected inefficiencies arise from an excessive number of staff in relation to the work to be performed. Agencies with a higher incidence of social problems present higher efficiency scores.

scholarly journals Specification and Performance Indicators of AeroRing—A Multiple-Ring Ethernet Network for Avionics Embedded Systems

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 3871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Amari ◽  
Ahlem Mifdaoui
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Full Duplex ◽  
Communication Architecture ◽  
Data Communication Network ◽  
Ethernet Network ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Aircraft Data ◽  
Multiple Ring

The complexity and costs of the avionics communication architecture are increasing exponentially with the increasing number of embedded computers over the last few decades. To limit the cabling complexity and the deployment costs of such a communication architecture, we specify a new Gigabit multiple-ring Ethernet network, called AeroRing, while meeting the avionics requirements. First, we describe the current Aircraft Data Communication Network (ADCN) to highlight the main characteristics and requirements that have to be fulfilled by our solution. Then, we give an overview of the most relevant solutions to improve ADCN performance and relate them to AeroRing. Afterwards, we detail the specifications and the main Performance Indicators (PIs) of AeroRing. Finally, sensitivity and validation analyses of AeroRing are conducted through a realistic avionics application, regarding the various PIs, in comparison to the backbone network of the ADCN, the Avionics Full DupleX Switched Ethernet (AFDX). The computed AeroRing performance metrics show its ability to guarantee the avionics requirements.

scholarly journals Investigating the Impact of Actual and Modeled Occupant Behavior Information Input to Building Performance Simulation

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Mengda Jia ◽  
Ravi Srinivasan ◽  
Robert J. Ries ◽  
Gnana Bharathy ◽  
Nathan Weyer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Building Design ◽  
System Optimization ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Building Performance ◽  
Occupant Behavior ◽  
Commercial Building ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
Human In The Loop ◽  
The Impact

Occupant behaviors are one of the most dominant factors that influence building energy use. Understanding the influences from building occupants can promote the development of energy–efficient buildings. This paper quantifies the impact of different occupant behavior information on building energy model (BEM) from multiple perspectives. For this purpose, an occupant behavior model that uses agent–based modeling (ABM) approach is implemented via co-simulation with a BEM of an existing commercial building. Then, actual occupant behavior data in correspondence to ABM output, including operations on window, door, and blinds in selected thermal zones of the building are recorded using survey logs. A simulation experiment is conducted by creating three BEMs with constant, actual, and modeled occupant behavioral inputs. The analysis of the simulation results among these scenarios helps us gain an in–depth understanding of how occupant behaviors influence building performance. This study aims to facilitate robust building design and operation with human–in–the–loop system optimization.

scholarly journals Utility Benchmarking And Potential Savings of Multi-Unit Residential Buildings (MURBs) In Toronto

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahssa Ghajarkhosravi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Performance Ranking

Building energy, water and solid waste benchmarking and developing meaningful performance indicators can help government and building owners to make effective decisions on improving their buildings' efficiency. For this study, information on 120 Multi-Unit Residential Buildings (MURBs) has been provided. The study entails the following steps: performing energy (weather normalized using the Princeton Scorekeeping Method (PRISM)), water, and solid waste benchmarking for the 120 MURBs, developing meaningful performance indicators; determining performance ranking; and estimating different levels of savings (energy, water, solid waste, cost, and GHG emissions). The most appropriate performance indicator and the benchmarking range for energy, water, and solid waste are as follows, energy consumption normalized by square metre, 141-580 kWh/m

scholarly journals Utility Benchmarking And Potential Savings of Multi-Unit Residential Buildings (MURBs) In Toronto

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahssa Ghajarkhosravi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Performance Ranking

Building energy, water and solid waste benchmarking and developing meaningful performance indicators can help government and building owners to make effective decisions on improving their buildings' efficiency. For this study, information on 120 Multi-Unit Residential Buildings (MURBs) has been provided. The study entails the following steps: performing energy (weather normalized using the Princeton Scorekeeping Method (PRISM)), water, and solid waste benchmarking for the 120 MURBs, developing meaningful performance indicators; determining performance ranking; and estimating different levels of savings (energy, water, solid waste, cost, and GHG emissions). The most appropriate performance indicator and the benchmarking range for energy, water, and solid waste are as follows, energy consumption normalized by square metre, 141-580 kWh/m

scholarly journals Considering Uncertainties of Key Performance Indicators in Wind Turbine Operation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 898
Author(s):  
Sebastian Pfaffel ◽  
Stefan Faulstich ◽  
Kurt Rohrig
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Key Performance Indicators ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Data Handling ◽  
Data Resolution ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Operational Data ◽  
Support Decision Making ◽  
Resolution Data

Key performance indicators (KPIs) are commonly used in the wind industry to support decision-making and to prioritize the work throughout a wind turbine portfolio. Still, there is little knowledge of the uncertainties of KPIs. This article intends to shed some light on the uncertainty and reliability of KPIs in general and performance KPIs in particular. For this purpose, different uncertainty causes are discussed, and three data handling related uncertainty causes are analyzed in detail for five KPIs. A local sensitivity analysis is followed by a more detailed analysis of the related uncertainties. The work bases on different sets of operational data, which are manipulated in a large number of experiments to carry out an empirical uncertainty analysis. The results show that changes in the data resolution, data availability, as well as missing inputs, can cause considerable uncertainties. These uncertainties can be reduced or even mitigated by simple measures in many cases. This article provides a comprehensive list of statements and recommendations to estimate the relevance of data handling related KPI uncertainties in the day-to-day work as well as approaches to correct KPIs for systematic deviations and simple steps to avoid pitfalls.

scholarly journals The role of the SwissCovid digital proximity tracing app during the pandemic response: results for the Canton of Zurich

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Menges ◽  
Hélène Aschmann ◽  
André Moser ◽  
Christian L. Althaus ◽  
Viktor von Wyl
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
National Level ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Key Performance Indicators ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Stochastic Simulations ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

AbstractImportanceDigital proximity tracing (DPT) apps were released in several countries to help interrupt SARS-CoV-2 transmission chains in the population. However, the impact of DPT on pandemic mitigation still remains to be demonstrated.ObjectiveTo estimate key populations and performance indicators along the DPT app notification cascade in a clearly defined regional (Canton of Zurich, using all of Switzerland as a comparison) and temporal context (September/October 2020).DesignPublicly available administrative and research data, including key DPT performance indicators, SARS-CoV-2 testing statistics, infoline call statistics, and observational study data, were compiled. A model of the DPT notification cascade was developed and key performance indicators for DPT processes were defined. Subpopulation sizes at each cascade step were estimated using data triangulation. Resulting estimates were systematically checked for internal consistency and consistency with other up- or downstream estimates in the cascade. Stochastic simulations were performed to explore robustness of results.ResultsFor the Canton of Zurich, we estimate that 537 app users received a positive SARS-CoV-2 test in September 2020, of whom 324 received and entered a CovidCode. This triggered an app notification for an estimated 1374 proximity contacts and led to 722 infoline calls. In total, 170 callers received a quarantine recommendation, and 30 app users tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 after an app notification, reflecting a performance above the national level.Based on this quantification, key performance indicators were evaluated. For September 2020, these analyses suggest that SwissCovid triggered quarantine recommendations in the equivalent of 5% of all exposed contacts placed in quarantine by manual contact tracing. Per 11 CovidCodes entered in the app, we estimate that almost 1 contact tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 upon app notification.However, longitudinal indicator analyses demonstrate bottlenecks in the notification cascade, as capacity limits were reached due to large increases in SARS-CoV-2 incidence in October 2020.ConclusionAlthough requiring confirmation, our estimations on the number of notified proximity contacts receiving quarantine recommendations or testing positive after notification suggest relevant contributions to mitigating the pandemic. Increasing SwissCovid app uptake and improving notification cascade performance may further enhance its impact.Key pointsQuestionWhat is the real-life impact of Digital proximity tracing (DPT) apps on interrupting SARS-CoV-2 transmission chains?FindingsThis data-informed simulation study found that, in the canton of Zurich, the number of app notified persons receiving a quarantine recommendation corresponds to the equivalent of up to 5% of all mandatory quarantined contacts identified by manual contact tracing. Furthermore, about 1 in 11 notification triggers led to SARS-CoV-2 testing of an exposed proximity contact who was consecutively tested positive.MeaningDPT apps exert a measurable impact that will further scale as more persons use the apps.

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