scholarly journals Optimization of Urban Delivery Systems Based on Electric Assisted Cargo Bikes with Modular Battery Size, Taking into Account the Service Requirements and the Specific Operational Context

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4672
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Aiello ◽  
Salvatore Quaranta ◽  
Antonella Certa ◽  
Rosalinda Inguanta
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Numerical Application ◽  
Decision Method ◽  
Design Options ◽  
Selection Of

The implementation of new forms of urban mobility is a fundamental challenge for improving the performance of city logistic systems in terms of efficiency and sustainability. For such purposes, the exploitation of electric vehicles is currently being investigated as an alternative to traditional internal combustion engines. In particular, the employment of lightweight electric cargo bikes is seen as an attractive possibility for designing improved city distribution systems. Such vehicles, however, present substantial limitations related to their endurance, speed, power, and recharging times; therefore, their configuration must be optimized considering the actual operational context and the specific characteristics of the service operated. This paper proposes the employment of modular electric cargo bikes for urban parcel delivery, with the possibility of customizing some features of the vehicle in order to optimize the performance of the system. This research initially focuses on the design of the modular vehicle and subsequently on the selection of the best configuration through a multi criteria decision method. A numerical application demonstrates the effectiveness of the approach proposed by analysing different design options and determining the most efficient solution in a specific context.

Study and Investigation of Energy Management Techniques Used in Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-606
Author(s):  
Punyavathi Ramineni ◽  
Alagappan Pandian
Keyword(s):  
Energy Management ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
And Control ◽  
Intelligent Controllers

Many pollution-related issues are raising due to the usage of conventional internal combustion engines (ICEs) vehicles. Electric Vehicles/ Hybrid electric vehicles (EVs/HEVs) are the finest solutions to overcome those problems associated with ICE-based vehicles. The EVs are introduced with a signal energy source (SES), which is not a successful attempt, especially during transient vehicles, driving, etc. Multiple energy sources (MES) EVs are introduced to attain better performance than the SES vehicles, which is obtained by combining two sources like battery/fuel cells, ultracapacitor. In this contest, energy management (EMNG) plays a vital role in sharing the load to the sources as per the EVs requirement. In the case of MES-based EVs, the controller always plays a significant role in the related EMNG system because it is the key factor in improving vehicle efficiency. In this article, a study has mainly been done related to several conventional, intelligent controllers and control algorithms to do the proper EMNG between sources present in the EV.

Analysis of Current Hybrid-Electric Automobile Drivetrains and Proposal of an Alternative Powertrain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Ahn ◽  
Thomas S. Welles ◽  
Benjamin Akih-Kumgeh
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
Hybrid Configuration

Abstract Byproducts of fossil fuel combustion contribute to negative changes in the global climate. Specifically, emissions from automobiles are a major source of greenhouse gas pollution. Efforts to minimize these harmful emissions have led to the development and sustained improvement of hybrid drivetrains in automobiles. Despite many advancements, however, hybrid systems still face substantial challenges which bear on their practicality, performance, and competitive disadvantage in view of the low cost of today’s traditional internal combustion engines. These imperfections notwithstanding, hybrid electric vehicles have the potential to play significant roles in the future as cleaner transportation solutions. Actualization of this potential will depend on the ability of hybrid-electric vehicles to minimize their disadvantages while increasing their positive features relative to traditional combustion engines. This research investigates current hybrid electric architectures in automobiles with the aim of suggesting an alternative, more efficient hybrid configuration that utilizes current technology. This is completed by utilizing an iterative design process to compare how various components of existing hybrids can be combined and/or improved to develop a single, efficient and cohesive system that performs comparably to or surpasses existing ones in fuel efficiency and low emissions in all driving conditions. A critical and comparative analysis is provided based on current hybrid-electric vehicle architectures as well as a plausible alternative.

scholarly journals Impact on the environment and on human health of internal combustion, hybrid and battery electric powered vehicles in a life cycle perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 312 ◽  
pp. 07011
Author(s):  
Francesco Di Maria ◽  
Daniela Cesari ◽  
Federico Sisani
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Life Cycle Perspective ◽  
Italian Context

Different power trained passenger cars were compared in a life cycle perspective (LCA) considering the Italian context for the year 2019. Main findings shows that battery electric vehicles, based on the current Italian energy mix, have the lower global warming emissions about 0.1 kgCO2eq/km. Lower particulate emissions of about 5x10-4 kgPM2,5eq/km and impact on human health about 7x10-7/km DALY were detected for petrol hybrid electric vehicles. Lower photochemical emissions of about 5x10-4 kgNMVOCeq/km were found for gasoline internal combustion engines vehicles.

The selection of cooling fluids for internal combustion engines operating at low temperatures

Polar Record ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 7 (50) ◽  
pp. 370-379
Author(s):  
E. S. Sellers
Keyword(s):  
Heat Supply ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Heat Engines ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Selection Of

Internal combustion engines, in common with all heat engines, derive their capacity for work from a cycle of operations which comprises the supply of heat at a high temperature followed by the rejection of heat at a much lower temperature. The difference between the two quantities of heat represents the maximum amount of energy which can be converted into useful work. In the familiar piston-type internal combustion engine, the heat supply is maintained by burning a suitable fuel in air, and heat is rejected largely in the exhaust gases. With heat engines in general, it is true that the higher the temperature of the heat supply, the greater the efficiency of the engine. There are, however, limitations to the temperature at which an engine can operate. These are imposed by the properties of the materials used in its construction, and by the necessity of maintaining satisfactory lubrication in all circumstances.

scholarly journals A Review of Recent Research on the Use of R1234yf as an Environmentally Friendly Fluid in the Organic Rankine Cycle

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 5864
Author(s):  
Juan J. García-Pabón ◽  
Dario Méndez-Méndez ◽  
Juan M. Belman-Flores ◽  
Juan M. Barroso-Maldonado ◽  
Ali Khosravi
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Organic Rankine Cycle ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Rankine Cycle ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Medium Temperature ◽  
Working Fluids ◽  
Selection Of

ORC technology is one of the most promising technologies for the use of residual energy in the generation of electrical energy, offering simple and environmentally friendly alternatives. In this field, the selection of working fluids plays an important role in the operation of the cycle, whether in terms of the energy efficiency or the minimization of environmental impacts. Therefore, in this paper, a comprehensive review is presented on the use of R1234yf refrigerant and its mixtures as working fluids in ORC systems. These fluids are used in low- and medium-temperature applications for the use of residual energy generated from solar energy, geothermal energy, and internal combustion engines. It was concluded that R1234yf and its mixtures are competitive as compared with conventional refrigerants used in ORC.

scholarly journals Expected Impacts of the Massive Increase in Electric Vehicles in Slovakia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 8945
Author(s):  
Jozef Živčák ◽  
Jaroslava Kádárová ◽  
Michal Puškár ◽  
Michaela Kočišová ◽  
Laura Lachvajderová
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
Alternative Drive ◽  
The Government ◽  
Emission Limits

Society and the government perceive alternative propulsions as a way out of a world of high emissions. For several years now, European countries have been trying to enforce various strategic plans in which they give maximum support to electromobility. Subsidies and emission limits for car manufacturers or strategic plans for the development of electromobility in each European country are only a small part of the enormous support for the development of this new alternative drive. However, questions arise in the energy and ecology sectors: Is Slovakia ready to increase the number of electric vehicles? Will Slovakia have enough energy sources? Are electric cars really as clean as they are presented? The article focuses on these issues and, through detailed analysis, based on individual annual reports of each sector, refutes or confirms the fact that electromobility is a promising alternative and a replacement for internal combustion engines.

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