scholarly journals Legal Aspects of Cybersecurity in the Energy Sector—Current State and Latest Proposals of Legislative Changes by the EU

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 7836
Author(s):  
Michał Krzykowski
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Case ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
Energy Infrastructure ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
The Eu

Due to the strategic nature of the energy sector, legal solutions to protect cross-border electricity and gas connections will be of particular importance. The author realizes that at the present stage of development, the cross-border impact may also be manifested by generating units (e.g., wind farms) or even end users themselves. The lack of harmonized regulations in this area may not only lead to limitations in the physical supply of electricity and gas, but also affect future investment decisions regarding, for example, new generation capacities. In a broader aspect, it will delay, and in the extreme case prevent, the achievement of the objectives resulting from the EU energy policy, in particular integration within the single energy market. In this article, the author identifies devices and entities responsible for energy infrastructure that should be classified as necessary for the functioning of the single energy market. The research includes the analysis and evaluation of regulations governing cybersecurity in the energy sector, taking into account the interdependencies within, intersectoral and cross-border. In addition, the author refers to the need to introduce individual legal solutions regarding the protection of energy infrastructure.

Environmental policy is shaping the EU’s energy market

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
National Level ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Single Market ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Trading Scheme ◽  
The Eu

Subject The EU's single market for energy. Significance Climate change targets, the EU's Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) and direct emissions controls increasingly define the end-destination of the EU’s energy transition towards a single market, while the precise path of travel is determined largely by national-level policies. Differences in national approaches create distortions that hamper the increase in cross-border trade required to make the EU single energy market a reality. Impacts The EU will continue to resist capacity markets and strategic-reserve mechanisms, which create significant market distortions. Cross-border electricity trade requires significant new investment, but it is not clear that the financial incentives exist to support it. The long-term future of gas-fired generation is in doubt owing to increasing competition from low-carbon technologies.

scholarly journals European Energy Law and its impact on Serbia progress, perspectives and possibilities

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietmar Reich
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Southeast Europe ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Energy Community ◽  
Energy Law ◽  
The Eu

The European Energy Law will have great impact on Serbia and its renewable energy sector. The Energy Community is extending the European Union ("EU") internal energy market to Southeast Europe and beyond on the ground of legally binding treaty. Thus, Serbia, as a member of the Energy Community, has been committed to implement the relevant EU regulations concerning the energy sector step-by-step. Furthermore, the ability of Serbia to assume the obligations of membership is evaluated on the basis of the implementation of the EU Acquis. The energy sector? has been outlined by the European Commission as one of the fields where Serbia will have to undertake additional efforts to align with the acquis in the medium term. As the European Council granted Serbia the candidate status in March 2012, the EU will monitor the adoption of the EU Energy Acquis closely.

scholarly journals Legal Aspects of Telemedicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
Ekaterina P. Tretyakova
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
Universal Mechanism ◽  
Remote Medicine

Although distance medicine has been actively developing worldwide over the past 20 years, no universal mechanism of legislation has been developed across foreign countries to achieve main goals of tele-health services: convenience, effectiveness, and accessibility.The need to improve states’ healthcare systems has increased after dealing with the challenges that the world faced in 2020. While organizing the fight against the spread of the coronavirus infection, a number of countries invoked telemedicine technologies. The experience of using e-health in difficult epidemiological situations should be perceived by states as positive and thus incorporated when preparing legislative changes aimed at improving the regulation of telemedicine.States should act jointly in relation to the development of remote medical care technologies. This will help to build up experience and knowledge that can be used in the future when transforming telemedical assistance into cross-border practice, including the adoption of international acts.Telemedicine should be regulated comprehensively, instigating legal regulations for such issues as medical care provision, digital technologies, medical insurance aspects, licensing, and the protection of personal data. As for theRussian Federation, the remote medicine care model implemented in the country is incomplete due to the inability to diagnose diseases remotely. Such a restriction entails the appearance of a number of questions in other areas: the responsibility of the doctor, the possibilities of cross-border medicine, or insurance compensation issues.The purpose of the article is to describe the legal regulation of telemedicine technologies in theRussian Federation, comparing Russian regulation with American experiences, and analyzing the main approaches taken by foreign researchers.

Nanomaterials under REACH: Legal Aspects

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Philippe Montfort ◽  
Giovanni Indirli ◽  
Daniela Georgieva ◽  
Claire-Marie Carrega
Keyword(s):  
Market Access ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Chemical Substance ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
Reach Regulation ◽  
The Eu

At the time that REACH was being drawn up, the issue of nanomaterials was only in its infancy, so no specific provisions were adopted in the REACH Regulation to address them. While everyone recognises the important industrial and competitiveness potential of nanomaterials, the uncertainties over their potential impact on human health and the environment are also highlighted, triggering calls for a review and possible adaptations to the regulatory system in place. With respect to REACH, the Commission has started to consider possible legislative changes; however, these are likely to take several years to materialise. In the meantime, some Member States are considering initiatives to impose national rules, including reporting schemes and labelling requirements. The legality of these measures is questionable, however, considering that REACH today applies to nanomaterials, as also to any other chemical substance and that the REACH Regulation is regarded as totally harmonising the market access conditions for chemical substances in the EU.Our article summarises the current regulatory status of nanomaterials under REACH and specifies the legal framework under which the legality of national initiatives contemplated by the Member States to regulate nanomaterials must be reviewed. It is the view of the authors that Member States cannot rely on the argument that REACH does not contain specific provisions on nanomaterials, nor require registration of substances manufactured or imported below 1 tonne, to consider that the matter is not totally harmonised under EU law and thus justify the adoption of national measures to regulate nanomaterials. However, Member States can use the REACH processes, including the evaluation, authorisation and restriction processes to propose conditions for or restrictions of the marketing and use of nanomaterials at the EU level, in the conditions specified in the Regulation. They can also trigger the application of the safeguard clauses of REACH and of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. It is only within that strict framework that reference to the precautionary principle can be made to justify the introduction of national measures.

scholarly journals Perspectives of the convergence of domestic and european energy markets in the context of Ukraine-European integration

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Energy Markets ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Trade Turnover ◽  
The Eu

The article examines the prospects of cooperation between the European Union and Ukraine in the context of the globalization of energy markets. The issues of the most beneficial ways of forming long-term partnerships in the energy sector, which can lead to a strong economic and political partnership, are described in detail. The Ukrainian attempts to borrow the positive features of the European energy sector are analized here. The aim of the work is to study theoretical aspects, generalization of methodological approaches to substantiate ways to improve the functioning of the Ukrainian energy market in the way of its convergence with the EU energy market. The tasks that stemming from this goal, which were decided during the study, are to examine the process of convergence of the Ukrainian and European energy markets and to find and suggest ways to accelerate this process. The object of the study is the process of convergence of Ukrainian and the EU energy markets. In analyzing the tendencies of integration of Ukrainian energy market into the energy market of the European Union, the methods of statistical grouping and logical analysis were used. The results of the study are as follows. Convergence of the European and domestic energy markets will contribute to expanding Ukraine's fuel self-sufficiency, as the introduction of new technologies borrowed from European partners will intensify. It will also create a legal basis for expanding trade turnover and investment flows in the field of energy resources for each of the players within international relations, will form the basis for creating a common economic space between the partners. Conclusions. The first opportunity for Ukraine is to use the EU experience in creating a stable energy market, as well as its system of regulation; modernizing the economy and using the European experience of institutional development.

scholarly journals Foreign Experience in Reforming Regional Energy Markets

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (46) ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
R. V. Romaniuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Energy Markets ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
Foreign Experience ◽  
Regional Energy ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
The Eu

Innovation and investment development is an important pre-requisite, to form competitive environment, improve the efficiency of economic entities and the liberalization process, in general. Foreign experience convincingly shows that liberalization processes in terms of radical adaptation of legislation, as well as stability, reliability and continuity of power supply (provided that the energy sector is demonopolized) are considered efficient if causing synergistic effect, making the performance of power supply business entities by times better than it used to be. The article studies the features of the transformation processes in the energy markets in the advanced countries and in Europe. A review of the criteria that formed the basis for the study has been carried out. The author identifies some consequences of the abovementioned reform of the regional energy sector markets, carried out by integrating the country’s industrial sector development. It is also mentioned that the specificity of territorial and climatic conditions should promote the search for and implementation of a model that would ensure the continuity and multi-functionality of national and regional energy markets. The stages of the reform have been monitored. The analysis of the implementation of the regulatory framework was focused on the following points: the differentiation of certain activities related to the transportation, production, purchase and sale of energy; unification of the single tariff for using energy resources on all the EU territories. It has been found out that the process of reforming the energy markets has no universal scenario that could accelerate these processes, as the transformation is only carried out under special conditions specific to a particular country. The experience of the advanced countries has shown that the consequences of the reform differ despite the application of the same models. It is noted that during the liberalization of energy markets, the EU countries primarily aimed at implementing regulatory instruments, and structurally divided them into 3 stages for the entire reformation period. The future scenario of reforming Ukraine’s energy market is outlined, taking into account the experience of the advanced countries with an emphasis on the following sectors: «the market of direct bilateral agreements», «futures market», «balancing market», «related market». The industry reform and its structural support have been monitored. The measures to be taken to reform the energy market are systematized in 4 groups: regulatory and legal, organizational and structural, financial and investment, technical and innovative measures.

Thematic Priorities For Sustainable Development of Ukraine-Romania Cross-Border Cooperation (The Case Study of Chernivtsi Region)

2020 ◽  
pp. 205-219
Author(s):  
Valentyna Bohatyrets ◽  
Liubov Melnychuk ◽  
Yaroslav Zoriy
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Strategic Orientations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Cross Border Cooperation ◽  
The Eu

This paper seeks to investigate sustainable cross-border cooperation (CBC) as a distinctive model of interstate collaboration, embedded in the neighboring borderland regions of two or more countries. The focus of the research revolves around the establishment and further development of geostrategic, economic, cultural and scientific capacity of the Ukrainian-Romanian partnership as a fundamental construct in ensuring and strengthening the stability, security and cooperation in Europe. This research highlights Ukraine’s aspirations to establish, develop and diversify bilateral good-neighborly relations with Romania both regionally and internationally. The main objective is to elucidate Ukraine-Romania cross-border cooperation initiatives, inasmuch Ukraine-Romania CBC has been stirring up considerable interest in terms of its inexhaustible historical, cultural and spiritual ties. Furthermore, the similarity of the neighboring states’ strategic orientations grounds the basis for development and enhancement of Ukraine-Romania cooperation. The authors used desk research and quantitative research to conclude that Ukraine-Romania CBC has the impact not only on the EU and on Ukraine multi-vector foreign policy, but it also has the longer-term global consequences. In the light of the current reality, the idea of introducing and reinforcing the importance of Cross-Border Cooperation (CBC) sounds quite topical and relevant. This research considers a number of explanations for Ukraine-Romania Cross-Border Cooperation as a key element of the EU policy towards its neighbors. Besides, the subject of the research is considered from different perspectives in order to show the diversity and complexity of the Ukraine-Romania relations in view of the fact that sharing common borders we are presumed to find common solutions. As the research has demonstrated, the Ukraine-Romania cross border cooperation is a pivotal factor of boosting geostrategic, economic, political and cultural development for each participant country, largely depending on the neighboring countries’ cohesion and convergence. Significantly, there is an even stronger emphasis on the fact that while sharing the same borders, the countries share common interests and aspirations for economic thriving, cultural exchange, diplomatic ties and security, guaranteed by a legal framework. The findings of this study have a number of important implications for further development and enhancement of Ukraine-Romania cooperation. Accordingly, the research shows how imperative are the benefits of Romania as a strategic partner for outlining top priorities of Ukraine’s foreign policy.

TERRITORIAL COHESION POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF EU REGIONAL SECURITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (Vol 18, No 4 (2019)) ◽  
pp. 439-453
Author(s):  
Ihor LISHCHYNSKYY
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cohesion Policy ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Territorial Cohesion ◽  
Interregional Cooperation ◽  
The Eu

The article is devoted to the study of the implementation of territorial cohesion policy in the European Union in order to achieve a secure regional coexistence. In particular, the regulatory and institutional origins of territorial cohesion policy in the EU are considered. The evolution of ontological models of cohesion policy has been outlined. Specifically, the emphasis is placed on the key objective of political geography – effectively combining the need for "territorialization" and the growing importance of networking. The role of urbanization processes in the context of cohesion policy is highlighted. Cross-border dimensions of cohesion policy in the context of interregional cooperation are explored. Particular emphasis is placed on the features of integrated sustainable development strategies.

BIOETHICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE USE OF ANIMALS FOR SCIENTIFIC PURPOSES

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
D. A. Lebedeva ◽  
Yu. A. Shcheglov
Keyword(s):  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Member States ◽  
Ethical Attitude ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Bioethics ◽  
The Eu

This work scrutinizes modern bioethical concepts of the use of animals for scientific purposes, as well as legal aspects of its use. Initially, the authors present a brief excursion into the history of bioethics and then focus on the modern concept of ethical attitude to the animals used for scientific purposes. The authors analyze the EU Directive on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, as well as the EAEU acts and by-laws of the EAEU member states, and conclude that it is necessary to adopt a supranational act within the EAEU that will regulate the use of animals for scientific purposes in accordance with the principles of reduction, replacement and refinement.

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