scholarly journals Microwave Assisted Biodiesel Production Using Heterogeneous Catalysts

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 8135
Author(s):  
Haris Mahmood Khan ◽  
Tanveer Iqbal ◽  
M. A. Mujtaba ◽  
Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar ◽  
Ibham Veza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Plasma Heating ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Ecological Constraints ◽  
Solid Catalysts ◽  
Speed Up

As a promising renewable fuel, biodiesel has gained worldwide attention to replace fossil-derived mineral diesel due to the threats concerning the depletion of fossil reserves and ecological constraints. Biodiesel production via transesterification involves using homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzymatic catalysts to speed up the reaction. The usage of heterogeneous catalysts over homogeneous catalysts are considered more advantageous and cost-effective. Therefore, several heterogeneous catalysts have been developed from variable sources to make the overall production process economical. After achieving optimum performance of these catalysts and chemical processes, the research has been directed in other perspectives, such as the application of non-conventional methods such as microwave, ultrasonic, plasma heating etc, aiming to enhance the efficiency of the overall process. This mini review is targeted to focus on the research carried out up to this date on microwave-supported heterogeneously catalysed biodiesel production. It discusses the phenomenon of microwave heating, synthesis techniques for heterogeneous catalysts, microwave mediated transesterification reaction using solid catalysts, special thermal effects of microwaves and parametric optimisation under microwave heating. The review shows that using microwave technology on the heterogeneously catalysed transesterification process greatly decreases reaction times (5–60 min) while maintaining or improving catalytic activity (>90%) when compared to traditional heating.

scholarly journals Application of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production from Microalgal Oil—A Review

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1025
Author(s):  
Mohammed O. Faruque ◽  
Shaikh A. Razzak ◽  
Mohammad M. Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Homogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Microalgal Oil ◽  
Solid Catalysts

The depletion of fossil fuel reserves and increased environmental concerns related to fossil fuel production and combustion has forced the global communities to search for renewable fuels. In this regard, microalgae-based biodiesel has been considered as one of the interesting alternatives. Biodiesel production from the cultivation of microalgae is eco-friendly and sustainable. Moreover, microalgae have several advantages over other bioenergy sources, including their good photosynthetic capacity and faster growth rates. The productivity of microalgae per unit land area is also significantly higher than that of terrestrial plants. The produced microalgae biomass is rich with high quality lipids, which can be converted into biodiesel by transesterification reactions. Generally, the transesterification reactions are carried out in the presence of a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst. The homogeneous catalysts have many disadvantages, including their single use, slow reaction rate and saponification issues due to the presence of fatty acids in the feedstock. The acidic nature of the homogeneous catalysts also causes equipment corrosion. On the other hand, the heterogeneous catalysts offer several advantages, including their reusability, higher reaction rate and selectivity, easy product/catalyst separation and low cost. Due to these facts, the development of solid phase transesterification catalysts have been receiving growing interest. The present review is focused on the use of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from microalgal oil as a reliable feedstock with a comparison to other available feedstocks. It also highlights optimal reaction conditions for maximum biodiesel yields, reusability of the solid catalysts, cost, and environmental impact. The superior lipid content of microalgae and the efficient concurrent esterification and transesterification of the solid acid−base catalysts can offer new advancements in biodiesel production.

Biodiesel Production Using Mixed Solid Catalysts

2013 ◽  
Vol 824 ◽  
pp. 451-458
Author(s):  
A.K. Temu
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Continuous Processes ◽  
Solid Catalysts ◽  
Base Catalysts ◽  
Astm D6751

One of the disadvantages of homogeneous base catalysts in biodiesel production is that they cannot be reused or regenerated because they are consumed in the reaction. Besides, homogeneous catalysed process is not environmentally friendly because a lot of waste water is produced in the separation step. Unlike homogeneous, heterogeneous catalysts are environmentally benign, can be reused and regenerated, and could be operated in continuous processes, thus providing a promising option for biodiesel production. This paper presents catalytic activity of single and mixed solid catalysts in production of biodiesel from palm oil using methanol as well as ethanol at atmospheric pressure. The catalysts used are CaO, K2CO3, Al2O3, and CaO/K2CO3, CaO/Al2O3, K2CO3/Al2O3 mixtures. Results show that methanol is a better reactant with biodiesel yield ranging from 48 to 96.5% while ethanol gives yields ranging from 20 to 95.2%. The yield data for single catalysts range from 20 to 89.2% while that for mixed catalysts range from 52 to 96.5% indicating improvement in the activity by mixing the catalysts. The study also shows that biodiesel yield increases with catalyst loading which emphasizes the need for sufficient number of active sites. The properties of biodiesel produced compares well with ASTM D6751 and EN 14124 biodiesel standards.

scholarly journals Otimização da produção de biodiesel a partir de óleo de coco babaçu com aquecimento por microondas

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Ulisses Magalhães Nascimento ◽  
Antonio Carlos Sales Vasconcelos ◽  
Eduardo Bessa Azevedo ◽  
Fernando Carvalho Silva
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Irradiation Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Microwave Oven ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Domestic Microwave Oven ◽  
Central Composite

Reactions under microwave heating present reduced reaction times and larger yields. Therefore, this work is aimed at adapting a domestic microwave oven and optimizing the transesterification reaction used in biodiesel production with microwave heating, using babaçu coconut oil as raw material. It was used a central composite design for varying irradiation time, KOH concentration, and oil:methanol ratio. Statistical analyses were performed in orderto assess the significance of the model used. The optimized experimental conditions were: oil:methanol ratio, 8.59; KOH concentration, 2.19 %; and irradiation time, 70 seconds, givingan yield of approximately 100% regarding esters formation.

scholarly journals Biodiesel (Methyl Esters)

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-43
Author(s):  
Nurul Aina Nasriqah Binti Ma’arof ◽  
Noor Hindryawati ◽  
Siti Norhafiza Mohd Khazaai ◽  
Prakash Bhuyar ◽  
Mohd Hasbi Ab. Rahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Solid Acid ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Homogeneous System ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Solid Acid Catalysts ◽  
Acid Catalysts ◽  
Esterification Reactions

Biodiesel, an environmentally friendly biomass-based fuel, is gaining popularity globally as a cost-effective way to meet rising fuel demand. However, the high cost of raw materials and catalysts continues to drive up biodiesel production. An alternative feedstock with a heterogeneously catalyzed reaction could be the most cost-effective way to stabilize industrial biodiesel growth. Understanding these issues led to the idea of using waste palm oil as a feedstock for biodiesel production. While using waste materials as feedstock for biodiesel is an elegant solution, converting high free fatty acids (FFA) directly into methyl esters has some drawbacks. High FFA processes (acid esterification, then base transesterification) are costly. The commercial processes currently use a homogeneous system with sulfuric acid to catalyze both esterification and transesterification. However, heterogeneous solid acid catalysts are preferred over hazardous mineral acids for high FFA esterification because they are less corrosive, produce less waste, and are easier to separate from reactants and products by filtration, recovery, and reusability. Heterogeneous acid catalysts can also simultaneously catalyze transesterification and esterification reactions. Thus, new waste-based support for heterogeneous catalysts (solid acid catalysts) is required to convert waste oils into biodiesel.

scholarly journals Recent Progresses in the Multicomponent Synthesis of Dihydropyridines by Applying Sustainable Catalysts Under Green Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Immandhi Sai Sonali Anantha ◽  
Nagaraju Kerru ◽  
Suresh Maddila ◽  
Sreekantha B. Jonnalagadda
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Multicomponent Synthesis ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Catalytic Systems ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalytic ◽  
Significant Efficacy ◽  
Magnetic Silica ◽  
Active Methylene

The synthesis of dihydropyridines, valuable molecules with diverse therapeutic properties, using eco-friendly heterogeneous catalysts as a green alternative received significant consideration. By selecting appropriate precursors, these compounds can be readily modified to induce the desired properties in the target product. This review focused on synthesising diverse dihydropyridine derivatives in single-pot reactions using magnetic, silica, and zirconium-based heterogeneous catalytic systems. The monograph describes preparation techniques for various catalyst materials in detail. It covers facile and benign magnetic, silica, zirconium-based, and ionic liquid catalysts, exhibiting significant efficacy and consistently facilitating excellent yields in short reaction times and in a cost-effective way. Most of the designated protocols employ Hantzsch reactions involving substituted aldehydes, active methylene compounds, and ammonium acetate. These reactions presumably follow Knoevenagel condensation followed by Michael addition and intra-molecular cyclisation. The multicomponent one-pot protocols using green catalysts and solvents have admirably increased the product selectivity and yields while minimising the reaction time. These sustainable catalyst materials retain their viability for several cycles reducing the expenditure are eco-friendly.

Mesoporous Silicas as Basic Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Formation of Biodiesel

2018 ◽  
pp. 119-155
Author(s):  
Dilson Cardoso ◽  
Laura Lorena da Silva ◽  
Iago W. Zapelini
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysis ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Model Reaction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Mesoporous Silicas ◽  
Organic Cations ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Solid Catalysts ◽  
Basic Properties

The principal aspects of the production of biodiesel using heterogeneous catalysis are presented, comparing this alternative process to conventional (homogeneous) processes and evaluating the main operational parameters. The most important techniques for the preparation and characterization of silicas with basic properties are mentioned, dividing these materials into two groups with distinct properties: as-synthesized silicas, especially the M41S family, with their pores occluded with organic cations, and functionalized silicas, with accessible pores. The catalytic properties of these silicas were evaluated in transesterifications using a model reaction and vegetable oil. Finally, a brief presentation is made of other solid catalysts with basic properties that can be used in the biodiesel production reaction.

scholarly journals Heterogeneous Catalysts Using Strontium Oxide Agglomerates Depositing upon Titanium Plate for Enhancing Biodiesel Production

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Han Lee ◽  
Wen-Hao Wu ◽  
Bing-Hung Chen ◽  
Jiunn-Der Liao
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Dip Coating ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Strontium Oxide ◽  
Titanium Plate ◽  
Combustion Heat ◽  
Chemical Structures

Strontium oxide (SrO) is an effective catalyst for transesterification. SrO powder that is firmly deposited onto a light titanium plate (TiO2_P), denoted as SrO/TiO2_P, can be reinforced by forming strontium titanate (SrTiO3) at the interface. Exposed SrO agglomerates can promote subsequent continuous transesterification process. In this work, conversion efficiency and production of biodiesel from olive oil on SrO/TiO2_P is investigated. The as-designed SrO/TiO2_P was followed by dip-coating and heat treatment. The physical properties of SrO/TiO2_P were verified through ASTM D3359; the chemical structures before and after transesterification, were respectively identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. A focused microwave heating system was utilized for transesterification. In the optimized sample SrO/TiO2_P (x) (x = 0.5 M), SrO firmly bonds with TiO2_P and forms the SrTiO3 structure. With the support of TiO2_P, the tested oil with SrO agglomerates subsequently reacts with SrO under microwave heating. The biodiesel conversion rate reaches 87.7% after a reaction time of 4 min, while the biodiesel product has an average of 39.37 MJ/kg of combustion heat and less than 1 vol% of water content. The as-designed SrO/TiO2_P (0.5) thus has great potential for biodiesel production and is promising with high stability in particular for a continuous fluid flow system.

scholarly journals Production of Oxygenated Fuel Additives from Residual Glycerine Using Biocatalysts Obtained from Heavy-Metal-Contaminated Jatropha curcas L. Roots

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan García-Martín ◽  
Francisco Alés-Álvarez ◽  
Miguel Torres-García ◽  
Chao-Hui Feng ◽  
Paloma Álvarez-Mateos
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Amberlyst 15 ◽  
Jatropha Curcas L ◽  
Heterogeneous Biocatalysts ◽  
Oxygenated Fuel

This work aims to shed light on the use of two biochars, obtained from the pyrolysis at 550 °C of heavy-metal-contaminated Jatropha curcas L. roots, as heterogeneous catalysts for glycerol esterification using residual glycerine. To do this, glycerine from biodiesel production was purified. In a first step, H3PO4 or H2SO4 was used to remove non-glycerol organic matter. The glycerol-rich phase was then extracted with ethanol or propanol, which increased the glycerol content from 43.2% to up to 100%. Subsequently, the esterification of both purified glycerine and commercial USP glycerine was assayed with acetic acid (AA) or with acetic anhydride (AH) at 9:1 molar ratio to glycerol using Amberlyst-15 as catalyst. Different reaction times (from 1.5 to 3 h) and temperatures (100–115 °C when using AA and 80–135 °C when using AH) were assessed. Results revealed that the most suitable conditions were 80 °C and 1.5 h reaction time using AH, achieving 100% yield and selectivity towards triacetylglycerol (TAG) almost with both glycerines. Finally, the performance and reuse of the two heterogeneous biocatalysts was assessed. Under these conditions, one of the biocatalysts also achieved 100% TAG yield.

scholarly journals A Review on Application of Heterogeneous Catalyst in the Production of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. Yusuff ◽  
O.D. Adeniyi ◽  
M.A. Olutoye ◽  
U.G. Akpan
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Solid Catalysts ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalytic ◽  
Catalytic Materials ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Catalyzed Reactions

Biodiesel has been considered as one of the interesting alternative and environmentally benign fuels. The development of environmental friendly heterogeneous catalyst for the esterification/transesterification process seems to be promising route and the reason why it is more preferred to conventional homogeneous and enzymatic catalyzed reactions is discussed. However, investigation on heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production is extensively carried out based on previous research studies. In order to reduce cost of biodiesel production, evaluation and characterization of heterogeneous catalytic materials before and after its preparation provide facts on the process that have significant impact on the desired activity and selectivity properties. This review study provides a comprehensive overview of common process techniques usually employ in producing biodiesel. Different materials that serve as sources of heterogeneous catalysts to transesterify oils or fats for production of biodiesel with emphasis on selection criteria of solid catalytic materials are also highlighted. The potential heterogeneous catalyst that could be derived from anthill, various methods of preparing solid catalysts, as well as reusability and leaching analysis are discussed in details

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document