Bergamot Oil: Botany, Production, Pharmacology

Encyclopedia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-176
Author(s):  
Marco Valussi ◽  
Davide Donelli ◽  
Fabio Firenzuoli ◽  
Michele Antonelli
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Heterocyclic Compounds ◽  
Linalyl Acetate ◽  
Cold Pressing ◽  
Oxygenated Monoterpenes ◽  
Monoterpene Hydrocarbons ◽  
Mechanical Manipulation ◽  
Bergamot Oil ◽  
Citrus Bergamia

Bergamot essential oil (BEO) is the result of the mechanical manipulation (cold pressing) of the exocarp (flavedo) of the hesperidium of Citruslimon (L.) Osbeck Bergamot Group (synonym Citrus × bergamia Risso & Poit.), resulting in the bursting of the oil cavities embedded in the flavedo and the release of their contents. It is chemically dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (i.e., limonene), but with significant percentages of oxygenated monoterpenes (i.e., linalyl acetate) and of non-volatile oxygen heterocyclic compounds (i.e., bergapten).

scholarly journals Volatile Constituents of Two Rare Subspecies of Thymus praecox

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1000500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danijela Vidic ◽  
Sanja Ćavar ◽  
Marija Edita Šolić ◽  
Milka Maksimović
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Monoterpene Hydrocarbon ◽  
Oil Analysis ◽  
Capillary Gc ◽  
Headspace Volatiles ◽  
Linalyl Acetate ◽  
Volatile Constituents ◽  
First Report ◽  
Oxygenated Monoterpenes ◽  
Ms Analysis

Hydrodistilled essential oil and the corresponding headspace volatiles of Bosnian wild growing Thymus praecox ssp. polytrichus (A. Kern. Ex Borbàs) Jalas and Thymus praecox ssp. skorpilii (Velen.) Jalas were subjected to capillary GC-MS analysis. This work presents a detailed essential oil analysis of these two rare Thymus subspecies from Bosnia, as well as the very first report on their headspace composition. Eighty-seven volatile constituents were identified in four samples. Two alcohols were the major constituents in the essential oil of T. praecox ssp. polytrichus, a monoterpene, linalool (13.9%), and a sesquiterpene, ( E)-nerolidol (10.4%), while linalyl acetate (36.7%) and linalool (22.7%) were the most abundant volatiles in the corresponding headspace sample. Oxygenated monoterpenes (57.5%) predominate in the essential oil of T. praecox ssp. skorpilii with linalyl acetate (28.7%) and linalool (14.4%) as the main representatives. Headspace sample of this subspecies also showed richness in linalyl acetate (52.4%), while the second most abundant compound was α-pinene (14.5%), a monoterpene hydrocarbon.

scholarly journals Analysis of Chemical Constituents of Tithonia Rotundifolia Leaf Essential Oil Found in Nigeria

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 1934578X0800300
Author(s):  
Adebayo A. Gbolade ◽  
Vânia Tira-Picos ◽  
J.M.F. Nogueira
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Oxygenated Monoterpenes ◽  
Monoterpene Hydrocarbons ◽  
Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons ◽  
Germacrene D ◽  
Leaf Essential Oil ◽  
Total Oil ◽  
First Time

The essential oil from Tithonia rotundifolia leaf growing wild in Osun State, Nigeria obtained by hydro-distillation has been characterised for the first time by combined GC and GC-MS analyses. Forty-six components representing 93.8% of the total oil have been fully identified. The oil is characterised largely by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (78.1%), represented chiefly by germacrene D (33%) and β-caryophyllene (25.8%). The less important classes of components are monoterpene hydrocarbons (5.1%), oxygenated monoterpenes (0.3%), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (3.1%) and non-terpenes (7.2%).

scholarly journals Volatile organic compounds of Tilia cordata Mill. from Serbia, in terms of ecosystem services

Topola ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Martina Zorić ◽  
Saša Kostić ◽  
Marko Kebert ◽  
Nebojša Kladar ◽  
Biljana Božin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Tilia Cordata ◽  
Aliphatic Compounds ◽  
Oxygenated Monoterpenes ◽  
Monoterpene Hydrocarbons ◽  
Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons ◽  
Volatile Organic

It is considered that different plant organic compounds, known as phytoncides are creditable for positive effects of Forest therapy on human health. Ongoing pandemic has also put these compounds in research focus considering potential use for novel corona virus treatment. This research was conducted in order to examine the potential of Tilia cordata Mill. considering volatile organic compounds (VOCs) content for the use in Forest therapy. In order to determine qualitative and quantitative content of phytoncides, as well the variability among genotypes growing in the same environmental conditions, leaf samples from genotypes of T. cordata were collected from the Fruška gora (Serbia) during 2019. VOCs determined in fresh herbal material were analyzed by HeadspaceGC/MS and VOCs determined in essential oil were obtained by GC/MS. The results showed the presence of 17 different phytoncides (monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, aliphatic compounds and diterpenes) in all tested genotypes. According to the mean values of the obtained results, the most abundant classes of phytoncides among the examined genotypes were monoterpene hydrocarbons (87.05), followed by aliphatic compounds (36.59) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (34.60). The highest coefficient of variation (CV) among phytoncide content in tested T. cordata genotypes has been observed within oxygenated monoterpenes (43.12%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (28.18%), and diterpenes (27.04%). Some individual monoterpene hydrocarbons, such as o-cymene (19.92%) and a-pinene (17.40%) had the highest CV in terms of its presence in analyzed genotypes. In addition, the principal component analysis (PCA) showed more notable clustering within the VOCs determined in essential oil in comparison to VOCs determined in fresh herbal material. Considering the phytoncide content detected in T. cordata leaves, this species has high potential for the use in human health improvement within Forest therapy.

scholarly journals Bergamot Essential Oil (Citrus bergamia) sebagai Terapi Alternatif Lanjutan untuk Komplikasi Kesehatan yang disebabkan oleh Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 011-016
Author(s):  
Intan Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Internet Gaming Disorder ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Gaming Disorder ◽  
Linalyl Acetate ◽  
Internet Gaming ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Citrus Bergamia

Kegiatan yang disukai oleh semua orang untuk mengisi waktu luang, terkhusumya disukai oleh laki-laki, adalah bermain game online atau video-game. Meningkatnya durasi bermain game dapat menimbulkan kecanduan bermain game dan rasa resah jika tidak bermain game. Jika hal ini terus berlanjut dapat berkembang menjadi Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) atau gaming disorder. Pada tahun 2018, International Classification of Diseases (ICD) mengeluarkan revisi ke-11 dan menyatakan bahwa “gaming disorder” resmi dinyatakan sebagai penyakit.  IGD juga dapat berpotensi menyebabkan depresi, kesulitan sosial, ADHD, dan penyalahgunaan zat. Buah dari tanaman bergamot (Citrus bergamia) dapat digunakan untuk minyak esensial bergamot (BEO) dengan cara memerut dan cold pressing kulit buah. Minyak esensial bergamot banyak digunakan sebagai aromaterapi untuk meningkatkan suasana hati dan gejala-gejala gangguan stres. Bahan - bahan aromatik yang digunakan pada aromaterapi akan merangsang sistem saraf otonom sehingga saat reseptor akan menerima BEO dengan kandungan linalyl acetate dan linalool. Bau akan dihantarkan ke sistem limbik sehingga dapat memperbaiki suasana hati dan memicu pengeluaran hormon serotonin dan endorfin

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activity and Volatile Constituents of the Essential Oil of Pulsatilla Albana from Iran

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1000500
Author(s):  
Ali Shafaghat
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Moderate Activity ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Volatile Constituents ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Oxygenated Monoterpenes ◽  
Antibacterial Screening ◽  
Monoterpene Hydrocarbons

The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial flowering parts of Pulsatilla albana (Stev.) Bercht. & Presl. was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-five compounds representing 97.5% of oil were identified, among them pulegone (39.1%), piperitenone (17.2%), menthone (16.1%), 1, 8-cineole (8.9%) and p-mentha-3,8-diene (4.2%). In this essential oil oxygenated monoterpenes (87.9%) predominated over monoterpene hydrocarbons (8.3%) and sesquiterpenes (1.3%). Nonterpene hydrocarbons were not found among the identified components. Antibacterial screening of the oil showed moderate activity against certain strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Chemical characterization and in vitro anthelmintic activity of Citrus bergamia Risso and Citrus X paradisii Macfad essential oil against Haemonchus contortus Kirby isolate

Acta Tropica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 217 ◽  
pp. 105869
Author(s):  
Vivien Patricia Garbin ◽  
Beatriz Munguía ◽  
Jenny Carolina Saldaña ◽  
Cícero Deschamps ◽  
Roger Raupp Cipriano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Citrus Bergamia

scholarly journals Variation of essential oil composition of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (myrtaceae) from the Montengero coastline

2010 ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slavenko Grbovic ◽  
Dejan Orcic ◽  
Maria Couladis ◽  
Emilija Jovin ◽  
Dusan Bugarin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽  
Essential Oil Composition ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Oxygenated Monoterpenes ◽  
Sesquiterpene Alcohol ◽  
Major Class ◽  
Leaf Essential Oil

In the current study the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis plants collected from five localities of the Montenegro coastline was analyzed. The oil yield varied from 0.63 % (Kotor) up to 1.59% (Tivat). The chemical composition of the leaf essential oil was analyzed using GC-MS technique. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were a major class of compounds. Among them, dominant compounds were p-cymene (17.38-28.60%), ?-phellandrene (12.35-14.47%) and ?-pinene (0.94-11.48%). The second largest group was oxygenated monoterpenes with cryptone (4.97-7.25) and terpinene-4-ol (2.75-4.21%) as predominant. Besides high content of sesquiterpene alcohol spathulenol (7.83-14.15%) was found. According to the results obtained E. camaldulensis from Montenegro can be classified in the chemotype with low 1,8-cineole and high p-cymene and cryptone ratio.

scholarly journals Chemical composition of Aster albanicus Deg. (Asteraceae) essential oil: Taxonomical implications

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 1055-1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nemanja Rajcevic ◽  
Petar Marin ◽  
Ljubodrag Vujisic ◽  
Zoran Krivosej ◽  
Vlatka Vajs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Monoterpene Hydrocarbons ◽  
Germacrene D

The composition of essential oil isolated from the areal parts of Aster albanicus Deg, an endemic species of the central Balkans, was analyzed. In total, 111 compounds were identified, representing 98% of the essential oil. The essential oil was dominated by sesquiterpene (69.3%) and monoterpene hydrocarbons (15.9%), with germacrene D as the most abundant compound (34.7%). Several multivariant statistical methods (HCA, NJ, PCoA) were deployed to infer the relation between A. albanicus and other species belonging to this genus. Taxonomical implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Comparative evaluation of the essential oil terpenoids in the stem and leaf of Ziziphora clinopodioides in the regions of Almeh and Sojough of Golestan province, Iran

2012 ◽  
pp. 283-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pouneh Ebrahimi ◽  
Akram Mirarab-Razi ◽  
Abbas Biabani
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Oxygenated Monoterpenes ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Golestan Province

Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation was used to isolate essential oil from the leaf and stem of Ziziphora clinopodioides collected in the flowering stage on two locations, Almeh and Sojogh, of the Golestan Province (Iran), in June of 2009. The total contents of monoterpene and sesquiterpene fractions (52.45% and 1.08%, respectively) in the leaf oil of Almeh plants were higher than those of Sojogh (46.64% and 0.12%, respectively). The essential oil of the stem of the plants from Sojogh was characterized by the presence of eight oxygenated monoterpenes (22.17%), while four oxygenated monoterpenes (11.15%), one monterpene hydrocarbon (2.71%), and one oxygenated sesquiterpene (0.21%) were found in the plants from the region of Almeh. The analysis of the essential oil of dried aerial parts showed the presence of oxygenated monoterpenes pulegone and menthol (the region of Sojogh) and pulegone, 1,8-cineol, D-neoisomenthol and chrysanthenone (the region of Almeh), as the main constituents. Also, chrysanthenone (9.75%), found as the second major component of the leaf of Z. clinopodioides of Almeh, was not identified as the oil component of the other region. The results obtained on the chemical composition of Z. clinopodioides oil of two regions from the Golestan Province revealed that in general, that there are some differences in the major components and their relative concentrations. This may be probably due to the different environmental and genetic factors, different chemotypes and the nutritional status of the plants, as well as other factors that can influence the oil composition.

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