scholarly journals Phenotypic Correlations among Growth and Selected Wood Properties in White Spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) †

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyriac S. Mvolo ◽  
Ahmed Koubaa ◽  
Jean Beaulieu ◽  
Alain Cloutier ◽  
Maurice Defo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Ring Density ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Latewood Density ◽  
Anatomical Properties

We examined phenotypic relationships among radial growth-related, physical (i.e., related to wood density), and anatomical (i.e., related to tracheid dimensions) wood properties in white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), in order to determine the strength and significance of their correlations. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to establish if all of the properties must be measured and to determine the key properties that can be used as proxies for the other variables. Radial growth-related and physical properties were measured with an X-ray densitometer, while anatomical properties were measured with a Fiber Quality Analyzer. Fifteen wood properties (tracheid length (TL) and diameter (TD), earlywood tracheid length (ETL) and diameter (ETD), latewood tracheid length (LTL) and diameter (LTD), ring width (RW), ring area (RA), earlywood width (EWW), latewood width (LWW), latewood proportion (LWP), ring density (RD), intra-ring density variation, earlywood density (EWD), and latewood density (LWD)) were assessed. Relationships were evaluated at intra-ring and inter-ring levels in the juvenile wood (JW) and mature wood (MW) zones. Except for a few cases when mature tracheid diameter (TD) was involved, all intra-ring anatomical properties were highly and significantly correlated. Radial growth properties were correlated, with stronger relationships in MW compared to JW. Physical properties were often positively and significantly correlated in both JW and MW. A higher earlywood density coupled with a lower latewood density favored wood uniformity, i.e., the homogeneity of ring density within a growth ring. Managing plantations to suppress trees growth during JW formation, and enhancing radial growth when MW formation starts will favor overall wood quality. In order, RW-EWW-RA, TL-ETL-LTL, and RD-EWD-LWP are the three clusters that appeared in the three wood zones, the whole pith-to-bark radial section, the juvenile wood zone, and the mature wood zone.

Climate, location, and growth relationships with wood stiffness at the site, tree, and ring levels in white spruce (Picea glauca) in the Boreal Plains ecozone

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1235-1245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek F. Sattler ◽  
James D. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Radial Profile ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Boreal Plains

We examined modulus of elasticity (MoE) derived from SilviScan in white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) at the site, tree, and ring levels across the Boreal Plains ecozone in Canada. Area-weighted averages of MoE were calculated for juvenile and mature wood and were examined in relation to radial growth, climate, and location. Correlations indicated that there was a negative relationship between radial growth and MoE in the juvenile wood that was detectable at the site and tree levels; however, the relationship weakened in the mature wood, particularly at the site level. Few climate variables were correlated with MoE in juvenile wood, whereas multiple summer and fall climate variables showed a significant correlation with MOE in mature wood. A model describing the radial profile of MoE explained 58% of the variability in MoE, with 10% of the random variability attributed to between-tree differences. Elevation and summer water balance accounted for nearly all of the between-site variability. A decrease in MoE with increasing elevation was noted and has been previously linked to a decrease in cell wall thickness due to a shorter growing season at higher elevations. Integration of the MoE profile model into an individual-tree growth and yield simulator is the next logical step.

Maturation Rate of Tracheid Lengthening in Slow-Grown Young Sugi (Cryptomeria Japonica) Trees

IAWA Journal ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takafumi Kubo ◽  
Miwako Koyama
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Cryptomeria Japonica ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Maturation Rate

Maturation rate, the rate of increase in tracheid length in juvenile wood, was examined in sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) saplings grown for five years under different shading conditions: 10%, 20% 40% and 100 % of relative illumination intensity. The lowest photointensity dramatically suppressed radial growth and slowed tracheid lengthening. Radial variation of tracheid length within the stem was associated with distance from the pith, rather than the number of annual rings from the pith. Furthermore, maturation rate was closely related to the rate of the radial growth, which changed proportionally with growth rate below a 2-3 mm ring width. A lower maturation rate of tracheid length is associated with a delay in the transition from juvenile to mature wood.

Anatomical properties in Thuja occidentalis:Variation and relationship to biological processes

IAWA Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Besma Bouslimi ◽  
Ahmed Koubaa ◽  
Yves Bergeron
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Radial Variation ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Ring Density ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Cambial Age ◽  
Axial Variation ◽  
Anatomical Properties

The variability in wood properties of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) is relatively poorly known. Here we report the axial and the radial variation in selected anatomical properties, namely, ring width, wood density, and tracheid length and width. Forty-five trees were randomly sampled and felled from three selected sites in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region, Quebec, Canada. Disks were systematically sampled at 0.5, 1.3, and 3 m stem height and at every 2 meters thereafter up to the tree top. Average ring density at breast height was 355 kg/m3 with a small difference between earlywood and latewood. The latewood proportion was uniform and constant within the tree at about 32%. The tracheids were fine and long, averaging 25.3 μm in width and 2.07 mm in length. The variation in wood density components between trees was highly significant. The cambial age effect on all measured properties was highly significant. Ring density decreased from a maximum near the pith to a minimum in the juvenile–mature wood transition zone and remained constant or decreased slightly thereafter. Annual ring width decreased from a maximum near the pith to a minimum at the 10th ring and increased thereafter. Tracheid length and width showed typical radial variation characterized by a steady increase from pith to bark. Within-tree axial variation was highly significant, but ring width showed more substantial changes. Changes in wood properties with height depend on cambial age and thus are implied since the proportion of juvenile wood in the stem increases from the base to the top.

scholarly journals Improved dendroclimatic calibration using blue intensity in the southern Yukon

The Holocene ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1817-1830 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Wilson ◽  
K Anchukaitis ◽  
L Andreu-Hayles ◽  
E Cook ◽  
R D’Arrigo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Gulf Of Alaska ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Latewood Density ◽  
June July ◽  
Blue Intensity

In north-western North America, the so-called divergence problem (DP) is expressed in tree ring width (RW) as an unstable temperature signal in recent decades. Maximum latewood density (MXD), from the same region, shows minimal evidence of DP. While MXD is a superior proxy for summer temperatures, there are very few long MXD records from North America. Latewood blue intensity (LWB) measures similar wood properties as MXD, expresses a similar climate response, is much cheaper to generate and thereby could provide the means to profoundly expand the extant network of temperature sensitive tree-ring (TR) chronologies in North America. In this study, LWB is measured from 17 white spruce sites ( Picea glauca) in south-western Yukon to test whether LWB is immune to the temporal calibration instabilities observed in RW. A number of detrending methodologies are examined. The strongest calibration results for both RW and LWB are consistently returned using age-dependent spline (ADS) detrending within the signal-free (SF) framework. RW data calibrate best with June–July maximum temperatures (Tmax), explaining up to 28% variance, but all models fail validation and residual analysis. In comparison, LWB calibrates strongly (explaining 43–51% of May–August Tmax) and validates well. The reconstruction extends to 1337 CE, but uncertainties increase substantially before the early 17th century because of low replication. RW-, MXD- and LWB-based summer temperature reconstructions from the Gulf of Alaska, the Wrangell Mountains and Northern Alaska display good agreement at multi-decadal and higher frequencies, but the Yukon LWB reconstruction appears potentially limited in its expression of centennial-scale variation. While LWB improves dendroclimatic calibration, future work must focus on suitably preserved sub-fossil material to increase replication prior to 1650 CE.

scholarly journals Variation in Wood Quality in White Spruce (Picea Glauca (Moench) Voss). Part I. Defining the Juvenile–Mature Wood Transition Based on Tracheid Length

Forests ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 183-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyriac Mvolo ◽  
Ahmed Koubaa ◽  
Jean Beaulieu ◽  
Alain Cloutier ◽  
Marc Mazerolle
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Tracheid Length

PREDICTION OF TRACHEID LENGTH AND DIAMETER IN WHITE SPRUCE (PICEA GLAUCA)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyriac S. Mvolo ◽  
Ahmed Koubaa ◽  
Maurice Defo ◽  
Jean Beaulieu ◽  
Martin-Claude Yemele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Cambial Age ◽  
Longitudinal Variations ◽  
Whole Tree

The establishment of patterns of radial and longitudinal variations and the development of models to predict the wood anatomical properties, especially from juvenile wood, are of interest for both wood industry and researchers. Linear regressions were used to predict whole-tree, breast height and mature tracheid length and diameter in white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and the WBE model was used to predict the variation of tracheid diameter. Tracheid length and diameter increased from pith to bark. Tracheid length decreased, while tracheid diameter increased from apex to lower heights. Cambial age was the most important predictor of tracheid length. The final tracheid length models with either a log transformation or a third-order polynomial of cambial age explained 82% of the variation in the whole-tree tracheid length. At breast height, 83% of the variation in the whole tracheid length was explained using the juvenile value at a cambial age of 3 years. Up to 87% of the variation was explained by the model, including the average value of juvenile wood. However, mature wood tracheid length at breast height could not be predicted from juvenile wood. Distance from the apex predicted the tracheid widening in outer rings but failed to predict tracheid expansion of samples collected at fixed cambial ages. The WBE explained 86% of conduit widening in the outer rings. The sampling strategy, i.e. collecting samples longitudinally at a fixed cambial age vs. at a fixed calendar year is important in predicting tracheid diameter.

Specific gravity and tracheid length variation of white spruce in Alberta

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred W. Taylor ◽  
Eugene I. C. Wang ◽  
Alvin Yanchuk ◽  
Michael M. Micko
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Length Variation ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Variation Patterns ◽  
Complex Variation ◽  
Unusual Finding

Specific gravity and tracheid lengths were measured for increment cores from 10 trees in each of four selected white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) stands in Alberta. The data show large specific gravity differences among sample stands and from tree to tree within stands. Longer tracheids were found in mature wood of trees grown in the more northern stands sampled. A few trees were intensively examined to determine the variation of properties within the stem. The complex variation patterns from pith to bark and stump to crown are reported with comments on the importance of these variation patterns to breeding programs for the improvement of the wood properties. A somewhat unusual finding was that white spruce produces wood in top logs that is of equal or greater specific gravity and tracheid length than wood produced in butt logs.

Variation of tracheid length within annual rings of Scots pine and Norway spruce

Holzforschung ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harri Mäkinen ◽  
Tuula Jyske ◽  
Pekka Saranpää
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Tracheid Length

Abstract Variation of tracheid length was studied within individual annual rings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) from the pith to the bark. The material consisted of six Scots pine and six Norway spruce trees growing on sites of both low and high fertility. Microtome sections of 0.25 mm thick were cut from annual rings 7, 20 and 50 counted from the pith outwards, i.e., juvenile, transition and mature wood, respectively. After maceration, tracheid lengths were separately measured in each sample. In juvenile wood of Scots pine, tracheids were on average 17% longer in the latewood than in earlywood. However, in juvenile wood, the first formed earlywood tracheids were slightly longer than those in the middle of the earlywood zone. In the transition and mature wood of Scots pine, the increase in tracheid length was more gradual from earlywood to latewood, and no significant differences were found between earlywood and latewood. In Norway spruce, tracheids were 2–4% longer in the latewood than in earlywood. In general, tracheid length is highly variable within annual rings and the variation can differ from ring-to-ring even within the same tree.

scholarly journals Ray Traits of Juvenile Wood and Mature Wood: Pinus massonia and Cunninghamia lanceolata

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1277
Author(s):  
Qiulu Meng ◽  
Feng Fu ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
Tuo He ◽  
Xiaomei Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Cunninghamia Lanceolata ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Tracheid

Ray traits affect secondary xylem development and wood properties. Pinus massonia and Cunninghamia lanceolata, commercially important timber species, were chosen to study the differences in wood ray traits of juvenile versus mature wood. Seven ray traits, i.e., percentage of rays, ray spacing, ray number, uniseriate ray height, fusiform ray height, ray parenchyma cell length and ray tracheid length, as well as eight wood axial tissue traits, were investigated quantitatively. Intraspecific variations in ray traits and axial tissue traits between juvenile wood and mature wood were displayed in violin plots. The results showed that anatomical differences between juvenile wood and mature wood were significant for both ray traits and axial tissue traits. Juvenile wood generally possessed the larger percentage of rays, higher ray spacing and ray number, smaller ray height and shorter ray cells than mature wood. A positive correlation was present between the ray parenchyma cell length and ray tracheid length. Negative correlations of the ray number and ray spacing with uniseriate ray height were found. Additionally, the axial tracheid cell wall thickness all had Pearson’s correlations with ray spacing, ray number and ray parenchyma cell length.

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