Dietary Whey Protein Supplementation Increases Immunoglobulin G Production by Affecting Helper T Cell Populations after Antigen Exposure

Whey protein is a by-product of cheese and casein manufacturing processes. It contains highly bioactive molecules, such as epidermal growth factor, colony-stimulating factor, transforming growth factor-α and -β, insulin-like growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor. Effects of whey protein on immune responses after antigen (hemagglutinin peptide) injection were evaluated in rats. Experimental diets were formulated based on NIH-31M and supplemented with 1% amino acids mixture (CON) or 1% whey protein concentrate (WPC) to generate isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets. Rats were fed the experimental diets for two weeks and then exposed to antigen two times (Days 0 and 14). Blood was collected on Days 0, 7, 14, and 21 for hematological analysis. The WPC group showed decreased IgA and cytotoxic T cells before the antigen injection (Day 0) but increased IgG, IL-2, and IL-4 after antigen injection due to increased B cells and T cells. Helper T cells were increased at Days 14 and 21, but cytotoxic T cells were not affected by WPC. WPC may activate adaptive immunity (IgG) against antigen by modulating helper T cells. Bioactive molecules might contribute to the immune-enhancing effects of whey protein concentrate.

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Development, Characterization, and Optimization of Protein Level in Date Bars Using Response Surface Methodology

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1100/2012/518702 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Muhammad Nadeem ◽

Salim-ur-Rehman ◽

Faqir Muhammad Anjum ◽

Mian Anjum Murtaza ◽

Ghulam Mueen-ud-Din

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Response Surface ◽

Whey Protein ◽

Protein Level ◽

Protein Supplementation ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Whey Protein Concentrate ◽

Protein Concentrate ◽

Protein Isolates ◽

Nutritional Profile

This project was designed to produce a nourishing date bar with commercial value especially for school going children to meet their body development requirements. Protein level of date bars was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Economical and underutilized sources, that is, whey protein concentrate and vetch protein isolates, were explored for protein supplementation. Fourteen date bar treatments were produced using a central composite design (CCD) with 2 variables and 3 levels for each variable. Date bars were then analyzed for nutritional profile. Proximate composition revealed that addition of whey protein concentrate and vetch protein isolates improved the nutritional profile of date bars. Protein level, texture, and taste were considerably improved by incorporating 6.05% whey protein concentrate and 4.35% vetch protein isolates in date bar without affecting any sensory characteristics during storage. Response surface methodology was observed as an economical and effective tool to optimize the ingredient level and to discriminate the interactive effects of independent variables.

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Bovine milk derived skimmed milk powder and whey protein concentrate modulates Citrobacter rodentium shedding in the mouse intestinal tract

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.5359 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. e5359

Author(s):

Julie Cakebread ◽

Alison Hodgkinson ◽

Olivia Wallace ◽

Megan Callaghan ◽

Daralyn Hurford ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Whey Protein ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Milk Powder ◽

Bioactive Molecules ◽

Whey Protein Concentrate ◽

Protein Concentrate ◽

Citrobacter Rodentium ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Skimmed Milk ◽

Skimmed Milk Powder

Skimmed milk powder (SMP) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) were manufactured from fresh milk collected from cows producing high or low Immunoglobulin (Ig) A levels in their milk. In addition commercial products were purchased for use as diluent or control treatments. A murine enteric disease model (Citrobacter rodentium) was used to assess whether delivery of selected bioactive molecules (IgA, IgG, Lactoferrin (Lf)) or formulation delivery matrix (SMP, WPC) affected faecal shedding of bacteria in C. rodentium infected mice. In trial one, faecal pellets collected from mice fed SMP containing IgA (0.007–0.35 mg/mL), IgG (0.28–0.58 mg/mL) and Lf (0.03–0.1 mg/mL) contained fewer C. rodentium (cfu) compared to control mice fed water (day 8, p < 0.04, analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Fisher’s unprotected least significant difference (ULSD)). In trial two, WPC containing IgA (0.35–1.66 mg/mL), IgG (0.58–2.36 mg/mL) and Lf (0.02–0.45 mg/mL) did not affect C. rodentium shedding, but SMP again reduced faecal C. rodentium levels (day 12, p < 0.04, ANOVA followed by Fisher’s ULSD). No C. rodentium was detected in sham phosphate-buffered saline inoculated mice. Mice fed a commercial WPC shed significantly greater numbers of C. rodentium over 4 consecutive days (Fishers ULSD test), compared to control mice fed water. These data indicate that SMP, but not WPC, modulates faecal shedding in C. rodentium-infected mice and may impact progression of C. rodentium infection independently of selected bioactive concentration. This suggests that food matrix can impact biological effects of foods.

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Technology of processed cheeses using dry whey protein concentrate

Scientific Works of National University of Food Technologies ◽

10.24263/2225-2924-2020-26-5-17 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 130-137

Author(s):

O. Krasulya ◽

V. Olinchuk

Keyword(s):

Whey Protein ◽

Whey Protein Concentrate ◽

Protein Concentrate

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747 Evaluation of immune microenvironment of primary lung cancer and synchronous liver metastasis with multispectral imaging system

Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer ◽

10.1136/jitc-2020-sitc2020.0747 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (Suppl 3) ◽

pp. A795-A795

Author(s):

Hyeonbin Cho ◽

Jae-Hwan Kim ◽

Ji-Hyun Kim

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Liver Metastasis ◽

Multispectral Imaging ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Imaging System ◽

Cytotoxic T Cells ◽

Primary Lung Cancer ◽

Helper T Cells ◽

Synchronous Liver Metastasis ◽

Immune Microenvironment

BackgroundCancer immunotherapy (CIT) has substantially improved the survival of cancer patients. However, according to recent studies, liver metastasis was reported to predict worse outcomes for CIT. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the differences in the immune microenvironment (IME) between the primary lung cancer (PL) and synchronous liver metastasis (LM) using a multispectral imaging system.MethodsSix immune markers (CD4, CD8, CTLA-4, granzyme B (GZB), Foxp3 and PD-L1) were analyzed using a multiplex IHC system and inForm program (Akoya) on paired lung-liver samples of 10 patients. Cells were categorized into tumor nest and stroma, and cell counts per unit area were measured for comparison.ResultsThe number of tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T cells (TIL) in PL (262.5 cells/mm2) was higher than that of LM (113.3 cells/mm2). Additionally, the ratio between the number of TIL and non-TIL was greater in PL (0.31) compared to that of LM (0.26). A similar trend appeared for Helper T cells and regulatory T cells (Treg), as PL consisted of higher numbers of T cells (791.8 Helper T cells/mm2, 195.7 Treg/mm2) than LM (626.3 Helper T cells/mm2, 121.3 Treg/mm2). However, cytotoxic T cells exhibiting GZB+ and CTLA-4- were fewer in PL (140.2 cells/mm2) than in LM (203.3 cells/mm2), and the ratio is 0.69. The mean number of GZB+ TIL in PL (32.5 cells/mm2) was lower than in LM (35.3 cells/mm2), and their proportions among total TIL counts were 0.12 and 0.31, respectively. In PL, GZB+: GZB- ratio is 0.16 while the ratio is 1.91 for LM. A fewer number of TILs exhibiting GZB suggests that PL has lower efficiency in immune response than LM. Another crucial checkpoint receptor that inhibits immune response, CTLA-4, was more prevalent in PL, with CTLA-4+: CTLA-4- ratio in Treg being 0.36 in PL, compared to 0.11 in LM. The tumor proportion score (TPS) of PD-L1 was higher in PL than LM (40.0 vs. 6.6).ConclusionsIn our study, we showed the differences in the numbers of TIL or regulatory T cells and expressions of immune checkpoint receptors (PD-L1, CTLA-4), which significantly influence outcomes for CIT. The study is ongoing to confirm different IME between the PL and LM groups in a larger tumor cohort.ReferencesPeng, Jianhong, et al., Immune Cell Infiltration in the Microenvironment of Liver Oligometastasis from Colorectal Cancer: Intratumoural CD8/CD3 Ratio Is a Valuable Prognostic Index for Patients Undergoing Liver Metastasectomy. Cancers 2019 Dec; 11(12): 1922. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11121922Tumeh, Paul C., et al., Liver Metastasis and treatment outcome with Anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody in patients with melanoma and NSCLC. Cancer Immunol Res 2017 May; 5(5): 417–424. doi: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-16-0325Parra, E.R., Immune Cell Profiling in Cancer Using Multiplex Immunofluorescence and Digital Analysis Approaches; Streckfus, C.F., Ed.; IntechOpen: London, UK, 2018; pp. 1–13. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.80380Ribas, A., Hu-Lieskovan, S., What does PD-L1 positive or negative mean?. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2016;213(13):2835–2840. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20161462

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