Studies on Upgradation of Waste Fish Oil to Lipid-Rich Yeast Biomass in Yarrowia lipolytica Batch Cultures

The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility to utilize a fish waste oil issued from the industrial smoking process in nitrogen-limited Yarrowia lipolytica yeast batch cultures. The waste carbon source was utilized by the yeast and stimulated the single cell oil production via an ex novo pathway. The yeast biomass contained lipids up to 0.227 g/g d.m.. Independently from culture conditions, high contents of very long chain fatty acids were quantified in yeast biomass including docosahexaenoic (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), eicosenic and erucic acids. The pH regulation did not influence the cellular lipids yield (0.234 g/g d.m.). Meanwhile, the intensification of the oxygenation of medium by changing the mixing speed (maximum concentration of lipids produced 4.64 g/dm3) and decreasing the amount of inoculum had a positive effect on the culture parameters in waste fish oil medium. Further work on upgradation of the original waste is advisable, especially because the oil indicated high content of polyphenols and lower susceptibility to oxidation than microbial oil derived from control olive oil medium.

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Aeration and Stirring in Yarrowia lipolytica Lipase Biosynthesis during Batch Cultures with Waste Fish Oil as a Carbon Source

Fermentation ◽

10.3390/fermentation7020088 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 88

Author(s):

Paulina Snopek ◽

Dorota Nowak ◽

Bartłomiej Zieniuk ◽

Agata Fabiszewska

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽

Lipolytic Activity ◽

Culture Conditions ◽

Agitation Speed ◽

Oxygen Deficit ◽

Shear Stresses ◽

Process Selection ◽

Batch Cultures

Yarrowia lipolytica is one of the most studied non-conventional forms of yeast, exhibiting a high secretory capacity and producing many industrially important and valuable metabolites. The yeast conceals a great biotechnological potential to synthesize organic acids, sweeteners, microbial oil, or fragrances. The vast majority of bioprocesses are carried out in bioreactors, where suitable culture conditions are provided. In the current study, the effect of agitation speed (200–600 rpm) and air flow rate (0.0375–2.0 dm3/(dm3 × min)) on the biomass yield and lipase activity of Y. lipolytica KKP 379 is analyzed in a growth medium containing waste fish oil. The increase of aeration intensity limited the period of oxygen deficit in the medium. Simultaneously, an increase in lipolytic activity was observed from 2.09 U/cm3 to 14.21 U/cm3; however, an excessive agitation speed likely caused oxidative or shear stresses, and a reduction in lipolytic activity was observed. Moreover, it is confirmed that the synthesis of lipases is related to oxygen consumption, pH, and the yeast growth phase, and appropriate process selection may provide two advantages, namely, the maximum use of the waste carbon source and the production of lipolytic enzymes that are valuable in many industries.

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Comparative Analysis of L-Carnitine Production by Y. Lipolytica in Different Conditions in Biofuel Waste and Fat-Acid Free Medium for Commercial Purposes

10.21203/rs.3.rs-423648/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Monika Jach ◽

Konrad Kubiński ◽

Ewa Sajnaga ◽

Marek Juda ◽

Anna Malm

Keyword(s):

Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽

Culture Media ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Culture Conditions ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Yeast Biomass ◽

Wet Biomass ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Carnitine Concentration ◽

Biofuel Waste

Abstract Background Yarrowia lipolytica is an oleaginous yeast with the ability to grow in a variety of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates, including industrial wastes, in which it produces and accumulates various nutrients. Methods The aim of the present study was to examine the presence of free L-carnitine in the biomasses of two Yarrowia lipolytica strains (ATCC 9793 and A-101) growing in YPD medium and biofuel waste. The cultivations of Y. lipolytica were performed in aerobic conditions at different temperatures (20–30°C) and pH values (4.0–7.0) of the media with and without the addition of precursors for L-carnitine production, such us iron, trimethyllysine, and L-ascorbic acid in a laboratory scale or chromium chloride (III) in a pilot plant scale. Results Both tested Y. lipolytica strains grown in fatty acid-poor YPD medium at 20°C and pH 6.0 contained endogenous free L-carnitine in their biomass with a maximum of 22.85 mg/100 g of wet biomass. The addition of L-carnitine precursors to the YPD medium exerted a significant effect on L-carnitine concentration in the yeast biomass, increasing it up to 250%. In turn, the biomass of both tested Y. lipolytica strains cultivated in the biofuel waste, irrespective of the culture conditions, contained below 1 mg of L-carnitine/100 g of wet biomass. However, the supplementation of the culture media with the L-carnitine precursors significantly increased the yield of the yeast biomass by 20–30% in the biofuel waste cultures. Moreover, the addition of chromium(III) chloride into the biofuel waste caused an increase in the free L-carnitine concentration in the yeast biomass up to 2.24 mg/100 g of dry weight. Conclusion Biomass of Y. lipolytica grown in the free fat medium contained free L-carnitine, in contrast to the biomass grown in the fat-rich biofuel waste. The very low amounts of L-carnitine in the biomass of Y. lipolytica grown in the crude biofuel waste suggest that the yeast is able to utilize almost the entire pool of free L-carnitine for growth and nutritional biomass production. However, the addition of chromium to the biofuel waste contributed to an increase in L-carnitine concentration in Y. lipolytica biomass.

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Salmo salar fish waste oil: Fatty acids composition and antibacterial activity

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.9299 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. e9299

Author(s):

Luigi Inguglia ◽

Marco Chiaramonte ◽

Vita Di Stefano ◽

Domenico Schillaci ◽

Gaetano Cammilleri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Salmo Salar ◽

Fused Silica ◽

Fatty Acids Composition ◽

Waste Oil ◽

Fish Waste ◽

Waste Oils ◽

Ms Analysis

Background and aims Fish by-products are generally used to produce fishmeal or fertilizers, with fish oil as a by-product. Despite their importance, fish wastes are still poorly explored and characterized and more studies are needed to reveal their potentiality. The goal of the present study was to qualitatively characterize and investigate the antimicrobial effects of the fish oil extracted from Salmo salar waste samples and to evaluate the potential use of these compounds for treating pathogen infections. Methods Salmo salar waste samples were divided in two groups: heads and soft tissues. Fatty acids composition, and in particular the content in saturated (SAFAs), mono-unsaturated (MUFAs) and Polyunsaturated (PUFAs) fatty acids, was characterized through GC/MS Thermo Focus GC-DSQ II equipped with a ZB-5 fused silica capillary tubes column. The antimicrobial activity of the salmon waste oils was evaluated through the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration assay and the antibiotics contamination was determined by Liquid Chromatography with tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. All experiments were done at least in triplicate. Results GC/MS analysis has shown the specific fatty acid composition of the salmon waste oils and their enrichment in MUFAs and PUFAs, with special reference to omega-3, -6, -7, -9 fatty acids. Furthermore, our study has highlighted the antimicrobial activity of the fish waste oil samples against two Gram+ and Gram- bacterial strains. Conclusions These data confirm that the fish waste is still quantitatively and qualitatively an important source of available biological properties that could be extracted and utilized representing an important strategy to counteract infective diseases in the context of the circular economy.

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Lipids by Yarrowia lipolytica Strains Cultivated on Glucose in Batch Cultures

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8071054 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 1054 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Erdem Carsanba ◽

Seraphim Papanikolaou ◽

Patrick Fickers ◽

Huseyin Erten

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽

Lipid Production ◽

Culture Conditions ◽

Microbial Lipid ◽

Culture Collections ◽

Batch Cultures ◽

Food Biotechnology ◽

High Lipid ◽

Dry Cell Weight

Oleaginous microorganisms, such as Yarrowia lipolytica, accumulate lipids that can have interesting applications in food biotechnology or the synthesis of biodiesel. Y. lipolytica yeast can have many advantages such as wide substrate range usage and robustness to extreme conditions, while under several culture conditions it can produce high lipid productivity. Based on this assumption, in this study, 12 different Yarrowia lipolytica strains were used to investigate microbial lipid production using a glucose-based medium under nitrogen-limited conditions in shake-flask cultivations. Twelve wild-type or mutant strains of Yarrowia lipolytica which were newly isolated or belonged to official culture collections were tested, and moderate lipid quantities (up to 1.30 g/L) were produced; in many instances, nitrogen limitation led to citric acid production in the medium. Lipids were mainly composed of C16 and C18 fatty acids. Most of the fatty acids of the microbial lipid were unsaturated and corresponded mainly to oleic, palmitic and linoleic acids. Linolenic acid (C18:3) was produced in significant quantities (between 10% and 20%, wt/wt of dry cell weight (DCW)) by strains H917 and Po1dL.

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Comparative Analysis of L-Carnitine Production by Y. Lipolytica in Different Culture Conditions in Biofuel Waste and Fatty-Poor Medium for Commercial Purposes

10.21203/rs.3.rs-684424/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Monika Elżbieta Jach ◽

Konrad Kubiński ◽

Marek Juda ◽

Ewa Sajnaga ◽

Tomasz Baj ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽

Culture Media ◽

Culture Conditions ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Yeast Biomass ◽

Wet Biomass ◽

Other Substances ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Carnitine Concentration ◽

Biofuel Waste

Abstract BackgroundYarrowia lipolytica is oleaginous yeast with the ability to grow in a variety of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates, including industrial wastes, in which it produces and accumulates various nutrients.MethodsThe aim of the present study was to examine the presence of free L-carnitine in the biomasses of two Yarrowia lipolytica strains (A-101 and ATCC 9793) growing in biofuel waste and YPD medium. The cultivations of Y. lipolytica were performed in aerobic conditions at different temperatures (20-30°C) and pH values (4.0-7.0) of the media with and without the addition of precursors for L-carnitine production (trimethyllysine, iron, and L-ascorbic acid) in a laboratory scale or other substances (chromium, selenite, or zinc) in a pilot plant scale.ResultsBoth tested Y. lipolytica strains grown in fatty acid-poor YPD medium at 20°C and pH 6.0 contained endogenous free L-carnitine in their biomass with a maximum of 22.85 mg/100 g of wet biomass. The addition of L-carnitine precursors to the YPD medium exerted a significant effect on L-carnitine concentration in the yeast biomass, increasing it up to 250%. In turn, the biomass of both tested Y. lipolytica strains cultivated in the biofuel waste, irrespective of the culture conditions, contained below 1 mg of L-carnitine/100 g of wet biomass. However, the supplementation of the culture media with the L-carnitine precursors significantly increased the yield of the yeast biomass by 20-30% in the non-fermentable biofuel waste cultures. Moreover, the addition of chromium (III) chloride into the biofuel waste caused an increase in the free L-carnitine concentration in the yeast biomass up to 2.24 mg/100 g of dry weight.ConclusionBiomass of Y. lipolytica grown in the fatty-poor medium contained free L-carnitine, in contrast to the biomass grown in the fat-rich biofuel waste. The very low amounts of L-carnitine in the biomass of Y. lipolytica grown in the crude biofuel waste suggest that the yeast is able to utilize almost the entire pool of free L-carnitine for growth and nutritional biomass production. However, the addition of chromium to the biofuel waste contributed to an increase in L-carnitine concentration in Y. lipolytica biomass.

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Comparative analysis of L-carnitine production by Yarrowia lipolytica in different culture conditions in biofuel waste and fatty acid-poor medium for commercial purposes

10.21203/rs.3.rs-864598/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Monika Elżbieta Jach ◽

Konrad Kubiński ◽

Marek Juda ◽

Ewa Sajnaga ◽

Tomasz Baj ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽

Culture Media ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Culture Conditions ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Yeast Biomass ◽

Wet Biomass ◽

Carnitine Concentration ◽

Biofuel Waste

Abstract Background Yarrowia lipolytica is an oleaginous yeast with the ability to grow in a variety of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates, including industrial wastes, in which it produces and accumulates various nutrients. Methods The aim of the present study was to examine the presence of free L-carnitine in the biomasses of two Yarrowia lipolytica strains (A-101 and ATCC 9793) growing in biofuel waste and YPD medium. The cultivations of Y. lipolytica were performed in aerobic conditions at different temperatures (20–30°C) and pH values (4.0–7.0) of the media with and without the addition of precursors for L-carnitine production (trimethyllysine, iron, and L-ascorbic acid) in a laboratory scale or other substances (chromium, selenite, or zinc) in a pilot plant scale. Results Both tested Y. lipolytica strains grown in fatty acid-poor YPD medium contained endogenous free L-carnitine in their biomass with a maximum of 22.85 mg/100 g of wet biomass. The addition of L-carnitine precursors to the YPD medium exerted a significant effect on L-carnitine concentration in the yeast biomass, increasing it up to 250%. In turn, the biomass of both tested Y. lipolytica strains cultivated in the biofuel waste, irrespective of the culture conditions, contained below 1 mg of L-carnitine/100 g of wet biomass. However, the supplementation of the culture media with the L-carnitine precursors significantly increased the yield of the yeast biomass by 20–30% in the non-fermentable biofuel waste cultures. Moreover, the addition of chromium (III) chloride into the biofuel waste caused an increase in the free L-carnitine concentration in the yeast biomass up to 2.24 mg/100 g of dry weight. Conclusion Biomass of Y. lipolytica grown in the fat-poor medium contained free L-carnitine, in contrast to the biomass grown in the fat-rich biofuel waste. The very low amounts of L-carnitine in the biomass of Y. lipolytica grown in the crude biofuel waste suggest that the yeast is able to utilize almost the entire pool of free L-carnitine for growth and nutritional biomass production. However, the addition of chromium to the biofuel waste contributed to an increase in L-carnitine concentration in Y. lipolytica biomass.

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Harnessing the Effect of pH on Lipid Production in Batch Cultures of Yarrowia lipolytica SKY7

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology ◽

10.1007/s12010-017-2617-y ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 184 (4) ◽

pp. 1332-1346 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Mathiazhakan Kuttiraja ◽

Ayed Dhouha ◽

Rajeshwar Dayal Tyagi

Keyword(s):

Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽

Lipid Production ◽

Effect Of Ph ◽

Batch Cultures

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Safety of Yarrowia lipolytica yeast biomass as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283

EFSA Journal ◽

10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5594 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

◽

Dominique Turck ◽

Jacqueline Castenmiller ◽

Stefaan de Henauw ◽

Karen‐Ildico Hirsch‐Ernst ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽

Novel Food ◽

Yeast Biomass

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Improved Production of Kynurenic Acid by Yarrowia lipolytica in Media Containing Different Honeys

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12229424 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (22) ◽

pp. 9424 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Magdalena Wróbel-Kwiatkowska ◽

Waldemar Turski ◽

Piotr Juszczyk ◽

Agnieszka Kita ◽

Waldemar Rymowicz

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Kynurenic Acid ◽

Culture Broth ◽

Yeast Biomass ◽

Amino Acids Composition ◽

Yeast Yarrowia Lipolytica

Y. lipolytica remains a nonpathogenic, unconventional yeast, which can be applied for the production of bioactive compounds. Our previous study confirmed the ability of yeast Yarrowia lipolytica to produce kynurenic acid (KYNA). Here, we investigated the effectiveness of KYNA production in cultures cultivated in medium containing honey of various origin, used as a source of carbon and energy. It was evidenced that the highest content of KYNA in culture broth (68 mg/L) and yeast biomass (542 mg/kg) was obtained when chestnut honey was used. The content of lipids and amino acids composition in yeast biomass producing KYNA was also determined. It was found that the composition of both amino acids and lipids in yeast biomass depended on the honey type used as a component of the medium. This finding revealed that supplementation of medium broth with honey may significantly affect the nutritional value of yeast biomass. The practical applicability of this finding requires further study.

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Direct Methanolysis of Oleaginous Yeast Biomass (Pseudozyma parantarctica) to Microbial Biodiesel

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.753.259 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 753 ◽

pp. 259-263

Author(s):

Atsdawut Areesirisuk ◽

Chiu Hsia Chiu ◽

Tsair Bor Yen ◽

Jia Hsin Guo

Keyword(s):

Oleaginous Yeast ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Lipid Extraction ◽

Cetane Number ◽

Acid Catalyst ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Intracellular Lipids ◽

Yeast Biomass ◽

Cellular Lipids ◽

Astm D6751

In this study, intracellular lipids of a novel oleaginous biomass of P. parantarctica were converted to biodiesel directly using simple acid catalyst methanolysis. The optimum condition of this method was investigated. Under optimum conditions (0.1 M H2SO4, 10 h reaction time, 65°C reaction temperature, and 1:20 (w/v) biomass-to-methanol ratio), the yield of crude biodiesel was 93.18 ± 2.09% based on total cellular lipids. The composition of crude biodiesel was C16:C18 fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) for 91.91%. Especially, the C18:1 methyl ester was the main FAME (47.10%). In addition, the result showed that this technique could produce the microbial biodiesel from biomass containing high free fatty acids (FFAs) without soap formation. The predicted cetane number and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel were characterized according to ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. Our results indicated that this process produces a good quality biodiesel. Moreover, it can decrease the manufacturing costs of microbial biodiesel production from oleaginous yeast biomass without cell disruption and lipid extraction.

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