scholarly journals Adjustment of Whey:Casein Ratio from 20:80 to 60:40 in Milk Formulation Affects Food Intake and Brainstem and Hypothalamic Neuronal Activation and Gene Expression in Laboratory Mice

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 658
Author(s):  
Erin L. Wood ◽  
David G. Christian ◽  
Mohammed Arafat ◽  
Laura K. McColl ◽  
Colin G. Prosser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Hypothalamic Nucleus ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Neuronal Activation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Animal Milk ◽  
The Impact

Adjustment of protein content in milk formulations modifies protein and energy levels, ensures amino acid intake and affects satiety. The shift from the natural whey:casein ratio of ~20:80 in animal milk is oftentimes done to reflect the 60:40 ratio of human milk. Studies show that 20:80 versus 60:40 whey:casein milks differently affect glucose metabolism and hormone release; these data parallel animal model findings. It is unknown whether the adjustment from the 20:80 to 60:40 ratio affects appetite and brain processes related to food intake. In this set of studies, we focused on the impact of the 20:80 vs. 60:40 whey:casein content in milk on food intake and feeding-related brain processes in the adult organism. By utilising laboratory mice, we found that the 20:80 whey:casein milk formulation was consumed less avidly and was less preferred than the 60:40 formulation in short-term choice and no-choice feeding paradigms. The relative PCR analyses in the hypothalamus and brain stem revealed that the 20:80 whey:casein milk intake upregulated genes involved in early termination of feeding and in an interplay between reward and satiety, such as melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R), oxytocin (OXT), proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R). The 20:80 versus 60:40 whey:casein formulation intake differently affected brain neuronal activation (assessed through c-Fos, an immediate-early gene product) in the nucleus of the solitary tract, area postrema, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and supraoptic nucleus. We conclude that the shift from the 20:80 to 60:40 whey:casein ratio in milk affects short-term feeding and relevant brain processes.

scholarly journals Central infusions of leptin and GLP-1-(7-36) amide differentially stimulate c-FLI in the rat brain

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (4) ◽  
pp. R1096-R1100 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Van Dijk ◽  
T. E. Thiele ◽  
J. C. Donahey ◽  
L. A. Campfield ◽  
F. J. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Hypothalamic Nucleus ◽  
Dark Phase ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Dorsomedial Hypothalamus ◽  
Lateral Parabrachial Nucleus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

Recently, glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-36) amide (GLP-1) and leptin have been implicated in the regulation of food intake. In the present study, we compared the effects of third ventricular administration (i3vt) of leptin (3.5 micrograms) and GLP-1 (10.0 micrograms) on short-term food intake and c-Fos-like immunoreactivity (c-FLI) in hypothalamic, limbic, and hindbrain areas in the rat. Relative to controls, infusion of leptin or GLP-1 (3 h before lights off) significantly reduced food intake over the first 2 h in the dark phase (53 and 63%, respectively). In different rats, infusion of leptin or GLP-1 elevated c-FLI in the paraventricular hypothalamus and central amygdala. Furthermore, leptin selectively elevated c-FLI in the dorsomedial hypothalamus, whereas GLP-1 selectively elevated c-FLI in the nucleus of the solitary tract, area postrema, lateral parabrachial nucleus, and arcuate hypothalamic nucleus. The fact that most of the c-FLI after leptin or GLP-1 administration was observed in separate regions within the central nervous system (CNS) suggests different roles for leptin and GLP-1 in the CNS regulation of food intake and body weight.

scholarly journals Renal loss of leptin in patients with nephrotic syndrome

2001 ◽  
pp. 463-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Schroth ◽  
M Groschl ◽  
HG Dorr ◽  
WF Blum ◽  
W Rascher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Nephrotic Syndrome ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Design And Methods ◽  
The Impact

OBJECTIVE: In humans, short term changes of serum leptin lead to alterations in food intake and energy expenditure. The objective of the present study was to relate urine leptin concentrations with the extent of proteinuria in patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS). A second goal was to investigate the impact of potential urinary leptin losses on serum leptin concentrations and body composition. DESIGN AND METHODS: Seventeen patients with proteinuria were compared with twenty patients with remission of NS and ten healthy children. Leptin was measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Urinary leptin excretion in proteinuric patients was significantly higher than in non-proteinuric patients with and without NS and in healthy controls (2.64+/-0.034 microg/g creatinine, 0.026+/-0.05 microg/g creatinine, and 0.073+/-0.11 microg/g creatinine respectively; P<0.001 and P<0.01 respectively compared with controls). Urine leptin positively correlated with urine IgG concentration (P=0.013, r2=0.36) in the proteinuric group. No difference in serum leptin values could be demonstrated between the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, our data demonstrate a significant leptin excretion in children with severe proteinuria. Proteinuria, however, does not lead to changes in serum leptin, suggesting that the significant loss of leptin is compensated for by sustained up-regulation of leptin production.

scholarly journals Food restriction, refeeding, and gastric fill fail to affect emesis in musk shrews

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (1) ◽  
pp. G25-G30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles C. Horn ◽  
Liz Still ◽  
Christiana Fitzgerald ◽  
Mark I. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Vagal Afferents ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Chemotherapy Agent ◽  
Nausea And Emesis ◽  
The Impact

Nausea and emesis are common side effects of gastrointestinal disease. Reports indicate that ghrelin and endocannabinoids, agents that stimulate appetite, also reduce emesis evoked by chemotherapy treatment, which suggests that stimulation of feeding inhibits the emetic system. In the following study we conducted a more direct test of this hypothesis by determining the impact of manipulating the motivation to eat on emesis, using food restriction and refeeding. Emesis was induced in musk shrews, a commonly used animal model for emesis research, using the cancer chemotherapy agent cisplatin (20 mg/kg ip), nicotine (2 mg/kg sc), or motion (1 Hz, horizontal, 4-cm displacement), because these treatments are known to target separate emetic pathways: gut vagal afferents, area postrema, and vestibular pathways, respectively. Twenty-four hours of food restriction was sufficient to stimulate food intake, and 1 h of refeeding filled the stomach. The results indicate that food restriction, refeeding, and gastric fill had no significant effects on the amount of emesis produced by any of the emetic treatments tested here. This suggests that, although activation of the emetic system might have prominent effects on food intake, neural controls for feeding behavior do not significantly affect the neural pathways for emesis. These results may have implications for how we treat patients who experience a constellation of side effects, including nausea and emesis, since stimulating appetite may not necessarily inhibit emetic pathways.

Leptin response to carbohydrate or fat meal and association with subsequent satiety and energy intake

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (5) ◽  
pp. E855-E861 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Romon ◽  
P. Lebel ◽  
C. Velly ◽  
N. Marecaux ◽  
J. C. Fruchart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fat Meal ◽  
Carbohydrate Meal

To assess the impact of the macronutrient content of a meal on the postprandial leptin response and its relationship with postprandial satiety, 22 young healthy subjects (11 men and 11 women) were given, in a randomized order, an isoenergetic meal [carbohydrate (81%) or fat (79%)] or remained fasting. Blood sampling and hunger and satiety scores were collected hourly during 9 h after the meal. Spontaneous intake was measured at a buffet meal at 9 h postprandially. In both genders, leptin response was higher after the carbohydrate meal than after the fat meal and while fasting. In women, leptin levels were higher after the fat meal than while fasting. Leptin response was significantly correlated to insulin response ( r = 0.51, P < 0.0001). Hunger and satiety ratings and subsequent energy intake were not different after carbohydrate or fat intake. In conclusion, a carbohydrate meal induces higher postprandial leptin levels than an isoenergetic fat meal. Short-term regulation of postprandial satiety and food intake is not influenced by circulating leptin.

Noradrenergic neurons of the area postrema mediate amylin's hypophagic action

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (2) ◽  
pp. R623-R631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina S. Potes ◽  
Victoria F. Turek ◽  
Rebecca L. Cole ◽  
Calvin Vu ◽  
Barbara L. Roland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Solitary Tract ◽  
Noradrenergic Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Activation ◽  
Fos Protein ◽  
Noradrenaline Synthesis ◽  
Fos Expression

Circulating amylin inhibits food intake via activation of the area postrema (AP). The aim of this study was to identify the neurochemical phenotype of the neurons mediating amylin's hypophagic action by immunohistochemical and feeding studies in rats. Expression of c-Fos protein was used as a marker for neuronal activation and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH), the enzyme-catalyzing noradrenaline synthesis, as a marker for noradrenergic neurons. We found that ∼50% of amylin-activated AP neurons are noradrenergic. To clarify the functional role of these neurons in amylin's effect on eating, noradrenaline-containing neurons in the AP were lesioned using a saporin conjugated to an antibody against DBH. Amylin (5 or 20 μg/kg sc)-induced anorexia was observed in sham-lesioned rats with both amylin doses. Rats with a lesion of > 50% of the noradrenaline neurons were unresponsive to the low dose of amylin (5 μg/kg) and only displayed a reduction in food intake 60 min after injection of the high amylin dose (20 μg/kg). In a terminal experiment, the same rats received amylin (20 μg/kg) or saline. The AP and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) were stained for DBH to assess noradrenaline lesion success and for c-Fos expression to evaluate amylin-induced neuronal activation. In contrast to sham-lesioned animals, noradrenaline-lesioned rats did not show a significant increase in amylin-induced c-Fos expression in the AP and NTS. We conclude that the noradrenergic neurons in the AP mediate at least part of amylin's hypophagic effect.

scholarly journals Short-term satiating effect of the fat replacer sucrose polyester (SPE) in man

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toine Hulshof ◽  
Cees De Graaf ◽  
Jan A. Weststrate
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Fat Replacer ◽  
Sucrose Polyester ◽  
Short Term Study ◽  
Energy Compensation ◽  
Total Fat

The effects of different amounts of the non-absorbable fat replacer sucrose polyester (SPE), water, and fat added to six warm preload lunches on feelings of appetite and food intake were investigated in two studies that were replicates of each other. In the first study thirty-nine subjects consumed rice preloads; in the second study thirty-five subjects consumed macaroni preloads. The six preloads were fixed on three energy levels: 1·8, 2·7, or 3·7MJ. At 2 h after preload consumption a test-meal buffet of thirty-one products was presented. Food intake was recorded on the study day, and the day after the study day. For women no energy compensation occurred in either study. Men showed a tendency to compensate for the energy differences between the preloads. However, when the fat of the preloads was replaced by SPE, energy compensation was less than 50% and non-significant. Statistically significant energy-compensation (66 %) was found when fat was replaced by water. No macronutrient-specific compensation occurred in men or women in either study. Lower total fat and energy intakes were found with the preloads where fat was replaced by SPE compared with the preloads containing fat. The appetite ratings were in line with the energy intake values, with no differences in women, and higher appetite ratings after the lower energy preloads in men. This short-term study indicates that SPE may be a useful aid to reduce fat and energy intakes.

Obesity and adiposity: the culprit of dietary protein efficacy

2020 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-401
Author(s):  
Carla El-Mallah ◽  
Omar Obeid
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Past ◽  
Body Adiposity ◽  
Reduce Sugar ◽  
Eye Opening ◽  
Potential Strategy ◽  
Limitations And Exceptions

Abstract Obesity and increased body adiposity have been alarmingly increasing over the past decades and have been linked to a rise in food intake. Many dietary restrictive approaches aiming at reducing weight have resulted in contradictory results. Additionally, some policies to reduce sugar or fat intake were not able to decrease the surge of obesity. This suggests that food intake is controlled by a physiological mechanism and that any behavioural change only leads to a short-term success. Several hypotheses have been postulated, and many of them have been rejected due to some limitations and exceptions. The present review aims at presenting a new theory behind the regulation of energy intake, therefore providing an eye-opening field for energy balance and a potential strategy for obesity management.

A Newspaper’s Effect on the Strength of Automatic Associations in Memory

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Arendt
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Short Term Effect ◽  
Automatic Associations ◽  
Foreign Nationality ◽  
The Impact

A test was done to see if reading a newspaper which consistently overrepresents foreigners as criminals strengthens the automatic association between foreign country and criminal in memory (i.e., implicit cultivation). Further, an investigation was done to find out if reading articles from the same newspaper produces a short-term effect on the same measure and if (1) emotionalization of the newspaper texts, (2) emotional reactions of the reader (indicated by arousal), and (3) attributed text credibility moderate the short-term treatment effect. Eighty-five participants were assigned to one of three experimental conditions. Participants in the control group received short factual crime texts, where the nationality of the offender was not mentioned. Participants in the factual treatment group received the same texts, but the foreign nationality was mentioned. Participants in the emotionalized treatment group received emotionalized articles (i.e., texts which are high in vividness and frequency) covering the same crimes, with the foreign nationality mentioned. Supporting empirical evidence for implicit cultivation and a short-term effect was found. However, only emotionalized articles produced a short-term effect on the strength of the automatic association, indicating that newspaper texts must have a minimum of stimulus intensity to overcome an effect threshold. There were no moderating effects of arousal or credibility pertaining to the impact on the implicit measure. However, credibility moderated the short-term effect on a first-order judgment (i.e., estimated frequency of foreigners of all criminals). This indicates that a newspaper’s effect on the strength of automatic associations is relatively independent from processes of propositional reasoning.

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