scholarly journals Current State of Salmonella, Campylobacter and Listeria in the Food Chain across the Arab Countries: A Descriptive Review

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2369
Author(s):  
Ihab Habib ◽  
Mohamed-Yousif Ibrahim Mohamed ◽  
Mushtaq Khan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Source Attribution ◽  
Arab Region ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
The Status ◽  
Literature Evidence

Foodborne infections caused by bacterial pathogens are a common cause of human illness in the Middle East, with a substantial burden of economic loss and public health consequences. This review aims at elucidating recent literature on the prevalence of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), Campylobacter and Listeria monocytogens in the food chain in the Arab countries, and to consolidate available evidence on the public health burden and the status of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among the concerned three pathogens. The reviewed evidence points to a scarcity of understanding of the magnitude of NTS in the food chain in the Arab countries. Additionally, not much work has been done at the molecular characterization level to address the source-attribution of NTS in the Arab World. Very few surveys have been done on Campylobacter in the food chain in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. There is a gap in quantitative (counts/numbers) surveillance efforts for Campylobacter in the chicken meat supply across all Arab countries, despite the availability of some qualitative (presence/absence) surveillance data. While there are several reports on L. monocytogenes in animal-sourced foods, notably in North African Arab countries, fewer are published on L. monocytogenes in plant-sourced foods. Information on the L. monocytogenes serotypes and strain diversity circulating in the Arab region is widely lacking. Antibiotic resistance in the three pathogens is not fully understood across the Arab region, despite some reports indicating varying trends at the human–food interface. The literature evidence presented in this review stresses that Salmonella, Campylobacter and L. monocytogenes continue to challenge food safety and public health in the Arab countries.

The Status of Franchising Laws in the Arab Region: Traditional Rules and New Legislative Enactments

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Mohammed Y. Mattar
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Code Of Conduct ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Arab Country ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Arab Region ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
The Status

Abstract There has been a vast and rapid growth in the franchising business in the countries of the Middle East. The purpose of this article is to examine the status of franchising laws in the Arab World with particular focus on the commercial relationship between a franchisor and a franchisee. Most Arab countries rely on the traditional commercial agency laws to regulate the franchising business. These are designed to protect the interest of the national franchisee. Saudi Arabia is the first Arab country to adopt a comprehensive and independent law in the Arab region, while other countries rely on a code of conduct, an application of the distribution trade law or the implementation of the general rule of commercial agency. Saudi Arabia provides a detailed account of the franchising business, its establishment and its operation in an attempt to balance the interest of both, the franchisor and the franchisee.

scholarly journals Role of Arabian female plastic artists in the art market: A comparative analysis study on selected samples of Arab countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 1009-1038
Author(s):  
Ibtesam S. Alrasheed ◽  
Mohrah Hamed Sakr
Keyword(s):  
Women Artists ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Art Market ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Art World ◽  
Arab Region ◽  
The Status

When we try to recall the most famous artworks, what immediately comes to mind are works by male western artists, which makes us wonder about the role of women, especially Arabian women in the art world. This research utilizes the comparative analytical method to discuss the role of female Arabian artists in the Arab region and the western world’s art market. By first gathering data pertaining to works sold at auctions by female Arabian artists from the 20th and the 21st centuries, and who belong to both the eastern and western ends of the Arab world. Then analyzing and comparing the data to understand where women artists of the Arab world fit in the Arabian and Middle Eastern region art market. And to also understand the status of female versus male artist by comparing the highest prices reached by a work of art sold at an auction for artists of both sexes Arabian or western. Results show clear supremacy of male versus female artists in the art market whether in the Arab or the western worlds leading to the conclusion that women’s work is still valued significantly lower than that of men.

scholarly journals The Arab region’s contribution to global COVID-19 research: Bibliometric and visualization analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sa’ed H. Zyoud
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Research Output ◽  
Arab World ◽  
The United States ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Global Research

Abstract Background At the global level and in the Arab world, particularly in low-income countries, COVID-19 remains a major public health issue. As demonstrated by an incredible number of COVID-19-related publications, the research science community responded rapidly. Therefore, this study was intended to assess the growing contribution of the Arab world to global research on COVID-19. Methods For the period between December 2019 and March 2021, the search for publications was conducted via the Scopus database using terms linked to COVID-19. VOSviewer 1.6.16 software was applied to generate a network map to assess hot topics in this area and determine the collaboration patterns between different countries. Furthermore, the research output of Arab countries was adjusted in relation to population size and gross domestic product (GDP). Results A total of 143,975 publications reflecting the global overall COVID-19 research output were retrieved. By restricting analysis to the publications published by the Arab countries, the research production was 6131 documents, representing 4.26% of the global research output regarding COVID-19. Of all these publications, 3990 (65.08%) were original journal articles, 980 (15.98%) were review articles, 514 (8.38%) were letters and 647 (10.55%) were others, such as editorials or notes. The highest number of COVID-19 publications was published by Saudi Arabia (n = 2186, 35.65%), followed by Egypt (n = 1281, 20.78%) and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), (n = 719, 11.73%). After standardization by population size and GDP, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Lebanon had the highest publication productivity. The collaborations were mostly with researchers from the United States (n = 968), followed by the United Kingdom (n = 661). The main research lines identified in COVID-19 from the Arab world are related to: public health and epidemiology; immunological and pharmaceutical research; signs, symptoms and clinical diagnosis; and virus detection. Conclusions A novel analysis of the latest Arab COVID-19-related studies is discussed in the current study and how these findings are connected to global production. Continuing and improving future collaboration between developing and developed countries will also help to facilitate the sharing of responsibilities for COVID-19 in research results and the implementation of policies for COVID-19.

scholarly journals MOOCS As A Method Of Distance Education In The Arab World – A Review Paper

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raniah Samir Adham ◽  
Karsten Oster Lundqvist
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Online Courses ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Massive Open Online Courses ◽  
Massive Open Online ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Developed World

Abstract Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) in the Arab World are still in their infancy. Many Arab countries are now starting to launch their MOOC platforms; however, there are only a few who have actually implemented such systems. This paper will explore online learning, in particular the rise of MOOCs around the world and their impact on the Arab World. The purpose of this paper is to give a true picture of the development of the first MOOC platforms in the Arab World. It will analyse in detail the concept, definitions, background, and types of MOOCs (xMOOCs and cMOOCs), as well as the main MOOCs platform in the Western and Arab worlds, and a timeline of the development of MOOCs. It will then observe the status of MOOCs in the developed world, opportunities in the Middle East, and the influence of Western MOOCs on the Arab world, from many perspectives, e.g. educational, religious, cultural and social.

Selected indicators on science and knowledge in Arab countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-423
Author(s):  
Gabi El-Khoury
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Education Student ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Arab Region ◽  
The Status ◽  
Internet Penetration

This statistical file is concerned with indications of the status of science and knowledge in Arab countries, assuming that these countries have no alternative but to stimulate the areas of science and technology together along with the education sector, if for nothing more than to overcome some lingering problems like food-, water- and energy security (UNESCO, p 251). Tables 1 and 2 provide general socio-economic data, which might serve as prelimnary indicators. Table 3 presents indicators on higher education student enrollment, while Table 4 provides statements on public expenditure on education. Ranking of Arab research institutions is shown in Table 5, while Table 6 indicates the ranking of Arab countries in the Assimilation of Technology Index. Tables 7 provides statements on the numbers of reserchers in some Arab countries, while Table 8 presents statements on gross expenditure on research & development (GERD) as a Percentage of GDP. Tables 9 and 10 give figures on the number of scientific publications and articles being written in Arab countries, while Table 11 presents figures on internet penetration into the Arab Region.

scholarly journals The Life Experiences of Twenty-One Women who Challenged Disability

1970 ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Jahda Abou Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Life Experiences ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Living History ◽  
Disabled Women ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Women With Disability ◽  
Actual Life

Studies related to disability in the Arab world are still limited and studies concerned with the status of disabled women are nearly non-existent. In order to fill the void I have conducted research work covering the experiences of 21 women with disability in seven Arab countries. By analyzing the living history of these women the study aims at deciphering the actual life conditions of women with disability in the Arab world. The objective is to highlight the areas of oppression and opportunities available to disabled Arab women in comparison with women with disability worldwide.

scholarly journals Summary Report of the Round Table on Problems of Professional Translation in the Arab/Muslim World and the Contribution of Technology

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-109
Author(s):  
Samia Berrada
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Arab World ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Round Table ◽  
Arab Country ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Arab Muslim ◽  
The Status

Under the sponsorship of the International Federation of Translators (FIT) and the U.N. Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), a Round Table on the Problems of Professional Translation in the Arab World and the Contribution of Technology was held from June 1 to 3, 1989 at the King Fahd Advanced School for Translation in Tangier, Morocco. This was a successful meeting both because of the number and the quality of participants, all of whom were professionals and specialists in translation, terminologists and machine translation researchers from European and Arab countries. It was a unique occurrence of its kind, as President of FIT Mme Anna Lilova pointed out in the opening session, because it is the first time that the Federation has organized such a meeting in an Arab country. Presentations dealt with three main topics, a day being devoted to each: (1) the status of the translator in the Arab countries; (2) the translator and MAT (machine­assisted translation); and (3) terminology work in the Arab countries.In Arab countries translation is a tradition going back to the Abbasids, but even today it still does not have specific guidelines. Mr. Amid from UNESCO stressed the need for legislation, with the help of translation institutions, which would protect the rights of the translator. Mr. Rene Haeseryn, Secretary-General of FIT, in his presentation on "The FIT and its Main Role in the World Translation Movement;' pointed out the humanist goals of the Federation and its role in the protection of translators' rights. "We should protect the translators' rights, but also prepare him for the main choices of the future" was the primary concern which emerged from these working meetings. "Translation is a profession which presupposes training according to a well-thought out methodology" was the theme of various comtributions from the floor. Therefore, we should develop appropriate training suited to the needs and harmonize it in the various Arab countries. Also,· thanks to new technology, the profession of translation is now seeing its image change. The presentation by Veronica Lawson (FIT) of various systems (machine translation with or without human assistance) enabled us to gauge the progress made. But is the translator of Arabic ready to take up the challenge of machine translation? ...

scholarly journals The universality of Arabic and the pedagogies of Arab countries: عالمية العربية وبيداغوجيات الدول العربية

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (15) ◽  
pp. 129-120
Author(s):  
Rania Ahmed Rashid Shaheen Rania Ahmed Rashid Shaheen
Keyword(s):  
Arab World ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Semitic Languages ◽  
International Policies ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Descriptive Method

The research “The Arab world and its pedagogies” dealt with two tracks, the first track: Arabic between Semitic and the components of global languages, and the second track: pedagogies specific to strengthening the status of the Arabic language, using the descriptive method, and it stemmed from several questions raised by the virtual reader about the reasons for including the Arabic language within International and Semitic languages, and the relationship between the terms (global- international- official), and the most important components of the Arabic language that made it among the international languages. Language and international policies that serve the Arabic language.

Library and information science research in the Arab World: a bibliometric analysis 1951–2021

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadeem Siddique ◽  
Shafiq Ur Rehman ◽  
Shakil Ahmad ◽  
Akhtar Abbas ◽  
Muhammad Ajmal Khan
Keyword(s):  
Information Seeking ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Research Performance ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Library And Information Science ◽  
Arab Region ◽  
Content Type

Purpose This study aims to investigate the research productivity of library and information science (LIS) authors affiliated with the 22 countries of the Arab League. It also identifies the top countries, organizations, authors, journals, natures of collaboration, and frequently used keywords in LIS research in the Arab world. Design/methodology/approach Bibliometric methods were used to evaluate the research performance of the authors affiliated with library organizations in the Arab region. The Elsevier Scopus database was selected for data retrieval. A comprehensive search strategy was adopted to retrieve 863 publications contributed by LIS authors affiliated with the Arab countries. VOS viewer, Biblioshiny, BiblioAnalyitics, Microsoft Access and Microsoft Excel were used for data visualization and analysis. Findings This paper presents the dynamics and the state of the LIS research in the Arab region published between 1951 and 2021. The results of the study have highlighted an upward trend in the growth of the publications, especially in the past four years. The largest number of studies were published in the year 2020. The country-wise analysis ranked Kuwait and Saudi Arabia as the top LIS research producing countries with five and four researchers, respectively. The Kuwait University, the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals and the Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University were the three most productive organizations. Academic libraries, social media, bibliometrics, information-seeking behavior, information literacy and knowledge management were identified as the major areas of interest for the researchers. Internet and open access were topics that had gained recent popularity, while the digital library, research data management, green librarianship, link data, cloud computing, library leadership, library automation and artificial intelligence were identified as areas requiring further attention. Furthermore, the single-author pattern was found to be the most preferred pattern. Practical implications The findings of this study would help prospective researchers in choosing the neglected areas of research that require further investigation. They would also help policymakers in identifying factors that need more attention and allocation of research funds. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first comprehensive bibliometric study that presents a holistic picture of the LIS research in the Arab region.

Part Two Seventy Years of Exile Palestinian Refugees Around the World, IV The Status of Palestinian Refugees in the Middle East and North Africa: Unpacking an Unsettling Solidarity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albanese Francesca P ◽  
Takkenberg Lex
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Time Of Arrival ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Palestinian Refugees ◽  
The Status

This chapter looks at the history, status, and treatment of Palestinian refugees in the Arab world. Arab countries have generally supported Palestinians, including refugees, in the name of Arab brotherhood and solidarity, but at times also despised them, as a result of political factors and interests. In general, they have been granted varying status and treatment, often within the same country, depending on a variety of factors, including: time of arrival and predominant political climate toward them; their socio-economic status and family, political, or religious affiliation; shifting attitudes toward the Palestinian leadership. The citizenship that Jordan granted to most 1948 Palestinian refugees, has proven carrying inequality. In Lebanon, Palestinian arrivals, largely Sunni Muslims, were perceived as a threat to the delicate balance between different religious groups and the related political status quo; discrimination has been the daily reality for three generations of Palestinians. In Iraq and Syria, Palestinian refugees were well treated until the wars of 2003 and 2011, respectively. In Egypt political shifts have dramatically marked the fate the Palestinians in the country. While welcoming Palestinians as an extraordinary work-force in the 1950s and through the 1970s, Arab rulers – from North Africa to the Arabian Peninsula – also perceived their unwavering Palestinian identity and the political message it encompassed as a possible destabilizing factor for their regimes. Vindictive policies, often aiming at targeting the PLO, have made Palestinians in the region vulnerable to abuses and further displacement. About 700,000 Palestinians, mostly children and grandchildren of the 1948 refugees, have been cumulatively displaced from Arab countries from the 1970s onward.

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