scholarly journals Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in Agricultural Crop Commodities in the Philippines: A Review

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Balendres ◽  
Petr Karlovsky ◽  
Christian Cumagun
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
New Information ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi ◽  
Scientific Report ◽  
By Products

The tropical, warm, and humid conditions that are favorable to the growth and development of mycotoxigenic fungi put the Philippines at a high risk of mycotoxin contamination. To date, seven mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species, four Fusarium species, and one Penicillium species have been isolated from various agricultural crop commodities in the country. There are five mycotoxin groups (aflatoxin, fumonisin, ochratoxin, nivalenol, and zearalenone) that have been detected in both the raw form and the by-products of major crops grown in the country. Since the first scientific report of aflatoxin contamination in the Philippines in 1972, new information has been generated on mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi, but little has been known of other mycotoxins until the last two decades. Further, despite the increase in the understanding of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in the country, very limited knowledge exists on practices and measures that control both the fungi and the toxins. This paper reviews the current literature on mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in the Philippines with emphasis on the last two decades and on other mycotoxins.

Influence of pH Alone and in Combination with Phenolic Antioxidants on Growth and Germination of Mycotoxigenic Species of Fusarium and Penicillium

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. THOMPSON ◽  
LORI METEVIA ◽  
TERRANCE VESSEL
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Conidial Germination ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Phenolic Antioxidants ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Propyl Paraben ◽  
Colony Diameter ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi ◽  
Influence Of Ph

The effect of pH alone and in combination with two phenolic antioxidants on mycelial growth and conidial germination of mycotoxigenic fungi was examined. The mycotoxigenic fungi studied included seven members each of Fusarium and Penicillium genera. The present study was carried out at pH 4, 6, 8, and 10 alone and in the presence of 100 and 200 μg/ml of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and propyl paraben, respectively. All of the test fungi examined were able to grow at pH 4, 6, 8, and 10 on potato dextrose agar. The majority of the Fusarium species, with the exception of Fusarium graminearum, were tolerant of acid and alkaline pHs. Two of the Penicillium species were rapid growers and were tolerant of acid and alkaline pHs. The tolerance of the slower growing Penicillium species varied in their response to acid and alkaline pHs. Conidial germination was partially inhibited in all of the Fusarium and Penicillium species in the presence of 100 μg/ml of BHA at all pH levels. However, in the presence of 200 μg/ml of BHA, there was complete inhibition in conidial germination for four of the Fusarium species at pH 4, 6, 8, and 10. Propyl paraben, at the four pH levels, completely inhibited conidial germination in Fusarium species and all but one species of Penicillium at 200 μg/ml. Reduction in colony diameter for the majority of Fusarium and Penicillium species, at all pH levels was observed at 100 and 200 μg/ml of BHA. However, at 200 μ/ml of Propyl paraben, mycelial growth was completely inhibited for the majority of the Fusarium and Penicillium species at the four pH levels.

scholarly journals Aspergillus species as mycotoxin producers in agricultural products in central Europe

2013 ◽  
pp. 13-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandor Kocube ◽  
Janos Varga ◽  
Djendji Sigeti ◽  
Nikolet Baranji ◽  
Katalin Suri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Aspergillus Species ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Central European ◽  
Black Aspergilli ◽  
Coffee Beans ◽  
The Eu

Aspergillus species are able to produce a range of mycotoxins, includ?ing e.g. aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins and patulin. Aflatoxins are mainly produced by members of Aspergillus section Flavi, and they contaminate various agricultural products in several parts of the world. Several recent reports have indicated that aflatoxin-producing fungi and consequently aflatoxin contamination occur in agricultural commodities in a number of European countries which have not been faced with this problem before. Indeed, recent surveys have clarified that concentrations of aflatoxins in maize products and milk has been exceeding the EU limit in several regions of Central Europe including Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Northern Italy and Romania. However, aflatoxin contamination and aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus species have not been identified yet in maize in Hungary. We examined the presence of potential aflatoxin-producing Aspergilli in maize samples collected in southern parts of Hungary. Several A. flavus isolates were identified, and pre?liminary results indicated that some of the isolates were able to produce aflatoxins. Con?tamination of other agricultural products with aflatoxins can also pose problems in Central Europe due to global warming. Ochratoxin contamination of grapes and grape-derived products is usually caused by black Aspergilli, especially by A. carbonarius and A. niger, although these species have been rare in Central European vineyards due to climatic fac?tors. Ochratoxin contamination of other agricultural products including spices and cereals was also observed in the region. Besides, ochratoxin producing Aspergilli are frequently isolated from imported products including coffee beans, dried fruits and spices, and ochra?toxin contamination of these samples was also observed. Fumonisins are produced mainly by Fusarium species, and by the recently identified producers Aspergillus niger and A. awamori. We examined fumonisin producing abilities of A. niger / A. awamori isolates col?lected from the variety of substrates including raisins, figs, dates, maize and onions. The isolates, which came from dried vine fruits, produced several fumonisin isomers also pre?sent in the raisin samples, indicating that fumonisin contamination of these products was probably caused by black Aspergilli. Besides, strains collected from figs, dates and onions were also able to produce fumonisins, and preliminary data indicated that figs and onions were also contaminated with low but significant amount of fumonisins. Potential fumonisin producing A. awamori isolates were also identified on maize samples. Further studies on the examination of the occurrence of fumonisins and their potential producers in other agricultural products are in progress. Regarding patulin, contamination of apple based products is a serious problem in the region, mainly caused by Penicillium species. Although patulin producing Aspergilli have also been identified in cereals, patulin contamination of cereals and cereal based products is usually low in Central Europe.

Mold Counts and Aspergillus Section Flavi Populations in Rice and Its By-Products from the Philippines

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANTHONY C. SALES ◽  
TAKUMI YOSHIZAWA
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rice ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Rice Hull ◽  
Aspergillus Section Flavi ◽  
Polished Rice ◽  
Settled Dust ◽  
Rough Rice ◽  
Rice Milling ◽  
By Products ◽  
Aspergillus Section

Mold counts and Aspergillus section Flavi populations in rice and its by-products from the Philippines were examined. The average mold counts of rough rice, brown rice, and locally produced polished rice were 4.1 × 103, 1.0 × 103, and 1.1 × 103 CFU/g, respectively. Average Aspergillus section Flavi counts of the same samples were 3.0 × 102, 1.1 × 102, and 2.6 × 102 CFU/g, respectively. Twenty-seven percent of mold isolates from rough rice, polished rice, and brown rice were section Flavi spp., 31% of which were toxigenic. No section Flavi isolates were obtained from imported rice samples from Thailand and Vietnam. Aspergillus section Flavi was also isolated from rice hull, rice bran, and settled dust from rice milling operations. Toxigenic isolates of both Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus were present in at least one sample of each type of rice and rice by-product except settled dust. Aflatoxins produced in vitro by the isolates ranged from <1 μg/kg to 6,227 μg/kg. A. flavus isolates produced only B aflatoxins, whereas A. parasiticus isolates produced both B and G aflatoxins. Although total mold counts of Philippine rice and its by-products are within tolerable limits, the establishment of maximum limits in counts of potentially aflatoxigenic species in foods and feeds is important because the mere presence of toxin producers is considered a possible risk factor. The results of this research illustrate the need for strict monitoring of rice during both storage and marketing, especially in warm and humid seasons when infestation and consequent production of aflatoxins by Aspergillus section Flavi is expected.

Sugarcane processing by-products for bioethanol production in the Philippines: a retrospective assessment from 2007 to 2017 and future challenges

Biofuels ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Alchris Woo Go ◽  
Ian Dominic F. Tabañag ◽  
Yi-Hsu Ju ◽  
Angelique T. Conag ◽  
Arjay S. Toledo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Philippines ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Retrospective Assessment ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
By Products ◽  
Sugarcane Processing

scholarly journals Review of new information on the use of wet and dry milling feed by-products in feedlot diets

2000 ◽  
Vol 77 (E-Suppl) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Stock ◽  
J. M. Lewis ◽  
T. J. Klopfenstein ◽  
C. T. Milton
Keyword(s):  
Dry Milling ◽  
New Information ◽  
By Products

scholarly journals Global proteomic analyses of human cytotrophoblast differentiation/invasion

Development ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Chen ◽  
Katherine E. Williams ◽  
Elaine Y. Kwan ◽  
Mirhan Kapidzic ◽  
Kenisha A. Puckett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Spectral Library ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Culture Time ◽  
Data Independent Acquisition ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
New Information ◽  
Acquisition Strategy ◽  
In Pregnancy

During human pregnancy, cytotrophoblasts (CTBs) from the placenta differentiate into specialized subpopulations that play critical roles in proper fetal growth and development. A subset of these CTBs differentiate along an invasive pathway, penetrating the decidua and anchoring the placenta to the uterus. A critical hurdle in pregnancy is the ability of these cells to migrate, invade, and remodel spiral arteries, ensuring adequate blood flow to nourish the developing fetus. While advances continue in describing the molecular features regulating the differentiation of these cells, assessment of their global proteomic changes at midgestation remain undefined. Here, using sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment-ion spectra (SWATH), a data-independent acquisition strategy, we characterized the protein repertoire of second trimester human CTBs during their differentiation towards an invasive phenotype. This mass spectrometry-based approach allowed identification of 3,026 proteins across four culture time points corresponding to sequential stages of differentiation, confirming the expression dynamics of established molecules and offering new information into other pathways involved. The availability of a SWATH CTB global spectral library serves as a beneficial resource for hypothesis generation and a foundation for further understanding of CTB differentiation dynamics.

scholarly journals Fungal contamination of pig farm feeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-147
Author(s):  
Vesna Krnjaja ◽  
Aleksandar Stanojkovic ◽  
Tanja Petrovic ◽  
Violeta Mandic ◽  
Zorica Bijelic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Identification Of Fungi ◽  
Pig Farm ◽  
Feed Safety ◽  
Fattening Pigs ◽  
Feed Samples

The aim of this study was to establish the total fungal (mould) count in 79 commercial pig farm feed samples (42 samples for piglets, 29 samples for fattening pigs and 8 samples for sows) collected from the Serbian feed producers during the three-year period (2017-2019), as well as to evaluate the percentage of contamination samples by fungi, especially species from Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium genera. Using standard mycological methods, the total count and identification of fungi were determined. Total fungal count was ranging from 1 ? 102 to 1.41 ? 105 cfu g-1 in the feed samples for piglets. Furthermore, in the feed samples for fattening pigs it ranged from1 ? 102 to 2.54 ? 105 cfu g-1, and from 1 ? 102 to 1.93 ? 105 cfu g-1 in the feed samples for sows. It has established the impermissible limit of total fungal count in 3.45% and 4.76% of a feed for fattening pigs and feed for piglets, respectively. Statistical analysis of the total number of fungi did not establish significant differences between the examined feed groups. Fusarium species were present in the most feed samples for fattening pigs (65.52%), followed by the feed for sows (62.50%) and piglets (47.62%). Aspergillus species were determined in 59.52, 58.62 and 37.50% feed samples for piglets, fattening pigs and sows, respectively. Penicillium species contaminated the lowest percentage of feed samples for fattening pigs (27.59%) and the highest percentage of feed samples for sows (37.50%). In a small number of samples Alternaria, Mucor, and Rhizopus species were identified. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the investigation of fungal contamination is an important indicator of a hygienic condition of feed intended for the nutrition of farm pigs. In addition, the percentage of fungal contamination of the examined samples indicates a potentially high risk to animal health. Due to that, a regular mycological evaluation is necessary to assess nutritional quality as one of the fundamental criteria for feed safety.

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