The Effect of an Alternative Swimming Learning Program on Skills, Technique, Performance, and Salivary Cortisol Concentration at Primary School Ages Novice Swimmers

The playful training method shows positive effects on sports learning, thus the aim of the present study was to compare the effect of two different swimming learning programs. In an 8-week intervention with a training frequency of three times per week, 23 healthy primary school-aged novice swimmers (13 boys, 10 girls) aged 9.0 ± 0.9 participated. They were split into control (CG) and alternative (AG) groups and evaluated on skills (Start, Sink), backstroke (BK) and breaststroke (BR) technique, performance (Skills time, Kicks Time), and salivary cortisol concentration. According to the results, “Start” had a greater percentage of success in AG, at the first (CG = 9.1% vs. AG = 58.3%, p = 0.027) and third (CG = 63.6% vs. AG = 100%, p = 0.037) measurement. Additionally, greater scores were found in technique for AG in both BK (p = 0.009, η2 = 0.283) and BR (p = 0.020, η2 = 0.231). Salivary cortisol concentration was decreased for both groups (p < 0.001) and greater in CG at the second measurement (p < 0.001). The alternative swimming learning program was found to be more efficient or equally effective, compared with the standardized method in-water skills, swimming technique and performance, and in salivary cortisol concentration.

Download Full-text

An extended day program

Zbornik Instituta za pedagoska istrazivanja ◽

10.2298/zipi0204112s ◽

2002 ◽

pp. 112-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Slavica Sevkusic-Mandic ◽

Slavica Maksic

Keyword(s):

Primary School ◽

Pilot Project ◽

Primary School Students ◽

School Students ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Teachers And Students ◽

Extended Day ◽

And Performance ◽

Academic Year ◽

Day Program

The paper presents the results of a pilot project evaluation, carried out as an action investigation whose aim was to provide a better quality extended day for primary school students. The project included the training of teachers involved in extended day program, designing of special activities performed by teachers with children once a week as well as changes and equipping of premises where children stay. The aims of the program were conception and performance of activities in a less formal way than during regular instructional days, linking of learning at school and acquired knowledge to everyday experiences, and work on contents contributing to the development of child's interests and creativity. The program was accomplished in a Belgrade primary school during the 2001/2002 academic year, comprising students of 1st and 2nd grades (N=77). The effects of the program were monitored throughout the academic year (observation and teachers' reports on accomplished workshops) and at the end of the academic year (teachers and students' opinions of the program, academic achievement and creativity of students attending the extended day program compared with students not attending it). Findings about positive effects of the program on students' broadening of interests and willingness to express themselves creatively, indicate unequivocally that there is a need for developing special extended day programs. The extended day program is an opportunity for school to exert greater educational influence that has yet to be tapped.

Download Full-text

The Effects of Two Swimming Learning Programs on Children’s Psychophysiological Profile

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2019025024 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 24

Author(s):

Papadimitriou ◽

Kabasakalis ◽

Barkoukis ◽

Mougios ◽

Loupos

Keyword(s):

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Training Session ◽

Cortisol Concentration ◽

Elisa Method ◽

Swimming Training ◽

Different Types ◽

Before And After ◽

Learning Programs

AIM: Salivary cortisol has been used in research for studying possible alterations in human mood after different types of exercise. Exercise intensity plays an important role in mood levels and salivary cortisol concentration. The purpose of the study was to find out if two swimming learning programs could affect the salivary cortisol concentration and the score of pleasure in children. MATERIAL & METHOD: Participants were 40 rookie swimmers, aged 9.0 ± 0.9 (mean ± SD). The children were divided into two groups, control (CG, n = 21) and experimental (EG, n = 19), who trained in a pool with a classic and an alternative swimming training program, respectively. Intervention duration was 8 weeks and the training took place 3 times per week. Measurements were taken in the 4th week, before and after a training session, when both groups provided 0.5 mL of saliva. Saliva samples were analyzed for cortisol through ELISA method. Before saliva sampling, the children answered a motivation questionnaire to find out the pleasure levels from participation in training. For the statistical analysis we used the Shapiro-Wilk test of normality, two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, and Mann-Whitney U test. Cortisol concentration and questionnaire scores were correlated through Spearman correlation analysis. The level of statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. RESULTS: Salivary cortisol concentrations decreased in both groups with exercise (p = 0.001). Additionally, EG had higher concentrations than CG (p = 0.007). CG had higher scores than EG in the motivation questionnaire (p = 0.001). Moreover, pleasure scores correlated significantly with cortisol concentrations in CG (ρ =0.485, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Low-intensity swimming training targeting on fun lowers salivary cortisol concentration. The questionnaire revealed that young swimmers need the opportunity and time to understand that they are expressed through training to feel more pleasure with sport, especially in EG.

Download Full-text

The Role of Anthropogenic Elements in the Environment for Affective States and Cortisol Concentration in Mountain Hiking—A Crossover Trial

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16020290 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 290 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Martin Niedermeier ◽

Carina Grafetstätter ◽

Martin Kopp ◽

Daniela Huber ◽

Michaela Mayr ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Acute Stress ◽

Cortisol Concentration ◽

Minor Role ◽

Affective States ◽

Green Exercise ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Single Bout ◽

A Minor

Green exercise might have positive effects on health and affective states. Little is known about the ideal characteristics of the natural environment, where exercise is conducted in. Thus, the primary aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of anthropogenic elements on acute stress-related physiological responses and affective states in green exercise. Using a crossover field study design, 52 healthy participants were exposed to two different mountain hiking conditions: An environment with less anthropogenic elements and an environment with more anthropogenic elements. Pre and post conditions, affective states and salivary cortisol concentration were measured. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to analyze if pre-post changes differed between the conditions. Pre-post changes in affective states and salivary cortisol concentration did not significantly differ, partial η² < 0.06. Positive affective states showed significantly higher values post compared to pre-condition, partial η² > 0.13. The present results indicate that anthropogenic elements have a minor role in the influence on affective states and salivary cortisol concentration during mountain hiking. It is concluded that a single bout of mountain hiking independent of anthropogenic elements in the environment is effective in influencing affective states positively.

Download Full-text

Undesirable Effects of Goal Setting on Perceived Fairness, Commitment, and Unethical Behavior

Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie A&O ◽

10.1026/0932-4089/a000267 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

pp. 97-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nina Keith

Keyword(s):

Goal Setting ◽

Unethical Behavior ◽

The United States ◽

Goal Commitment ◽

Management Technique ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Perceived Fairness ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Positive Effects ◽

And Performance

Abstract. The positive effects of goal setting on motivation and performance are among the most established findings of industrial–organizational psychology. Accordingly, goal setting is a common management technique. Lately, however, potential negative effects of goal-setting, for example, on unethical behavior, are increasingly being discussed. This research replicates and extends a laboratory experiment conducted in the United States. In one of three goal conditions (do-your-best goals, consistently high goals, increasingly high goals), 101 participants worked on a search task in five rounds. Half of them (transparency yes/no) were informed at the outset about goal development. We did not find the expected effects on unethical behavior but medium-to-large effects on subjective variables: Perceived fairness of goals and goal commitment were least favorable in the increasing-goal condition, particularly in later goal rounds. Results indicate that when designing goal-setting interventions, organizations may consider potential undesirable long-term effects.

Download Full-text

MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN KOMUNIKASI MELALUI PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE TARI BAMBU

al-Aulad: Journal of Islamic Primary Education ◽

10.15575/al-aulad.v1i1.2328 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Idham Kholid ◽

Dede Rohaniawati

Keyword(s):

Cooperative Learning ◽

Primary School ◽

Communication Skill ◽

Learning Model ◽

Skill Assessment ◽

Fifth Grade Students ◽

Grade 5 ◽

Teachers And Students ◽

And Performance ◽

Research Students

This research was conducted with the aim to know the application of cooperative learning model of bamboo dance type in learning social studies in every cycle and to know the improvement of student communication skill in every cycle. The method used in this research is classroom action research. Students who made the object of this study is the fifth-grade students of Islamic primary school AlMuawwanah in Subang District West Java Indonesia, which amounted to 30 consisted of 21 men and 9 women. The data collection techniques using teacher and student observation sheets and performance assessment sheets. The results of this study showed that the application of cooperative learning model of bamboo dance type can improve students' communication skills. The result of precycle student communication skill assessment is 42,83%. In the first cycle increased by 56.83% and more increased in cycle II reached 66.67%. The highest achievement occurred in the third cycle of 86.17%. This study shows that communication skill of grade 5 students of Islamic primary school in Al-Muawwanah has increased during the implementation of cooperative learning model of bamboo dance type in each cycle. The activities of teachers and students in the learning process also increased in every cyle.

Download Full-text

From the history of manufacturing Romanian nai at the turn of 20–21 centuries

Musical art in the educological discourse ◽

10.28925/2518-766x.2018.3.7174 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 71-74

Author(s):

A. Drutsé

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Fine Arts ◽

Research Interest ◽

Modern World ◽

Music Theater ◽

Technical Improvement ◽

Performance Skills ◽

Doctoral Candidate ◽

History Of ◽

And Performance

The modern world popularity of the nai — a traditional Romanian instrument — has identified interest in writing this article. This problematic constitutes the circle of our research interest as a doctoral candidate, but also as a concert performer, a graduate of the Academy of Music, Theater and Fine Arts. One of the most interesting aspects of the study of nai is its technical improvement since 60s of the 20th century, which led to the acquisition of a number of new, innovative skills and performance skills. In this article we have identified some pages of the modern history of the manufacture of this ancient instrument associated with these processes.

Download Full-text

Effect of leadership styles on organizational commitment and performance in small- and medium-sized enterprises in Iraqi Kurdistan

Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal ◽

10.2224/sbp.9197 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (9) ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Karwan Hamasalih Qadir ◽

Mehmet Yeşiltaş

Keyword(s):

Organizational Commitment ◽

Organizational Performance ◽

Leadership Styles ◽

Chief Executive Officers ◽

Chief Executive ◽

Mediating Effect ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Iraqi Kurdistan ◽

And Performance ◽

Executive Officers

Since 2003 the number of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) has increased exponentially in Iraqi Kurdistan. To facilitate further growth the owners and chief executive officers of these enterprises have sought to improve their leadership skills. This study examined the effect of transactional and transformational leadership styles on organizational commitment and performance in Iraqi Kurdistan SMEs, and the mediating effect of organizational commitment in these relationships. We distributed 530 questionnaires and collected 400 valid responses (75% response rate) from 115 SME owners/chief executive officers and 285 employees. The results demonstrate there were positive effects of both types of leadership style on organizational performance. Further, the significant mediating effect of organizational commitment in both relationships shows the importance of this variable for leader effectiveness among entrepreneurs in Iraqi Kurdistan, and foreign entrepreneurs engaging in new businesses in the region.

Download Full-text

Service-Learning Opportunities for Preservice Music Teachers within Community Music Settings

The Oxford Handbook of Preservice Music Teacher Education in the United States ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190671402.013.31 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 641-667

Author(s):

Jared R. Rawlings

Keyword(s):

Preservice Teachers ◽

Service Learning ◽

Teacher Development ◽

Learning Opportunities ◽

Music Teacher ◽

Teacher Preparation Program ◽

Community Music ◽

Learning Program ◽

Learning Opportunity ◽

Learning Programs

Authentic teaching opportunities are important for all preservice teachers, and service-learning opportunities within community music settings support preservice music teacher development. The purpose of this chapter is to document a service-learning opportunity within a community music school and showcase the benefits and challenges of a partnership between a music teacher preparation program and this school. After defining service learning and describing how it is utilized in music teacher education, the chapter uncovers the following topics: establishing a community music partnership, designing a service-learning opportunity, and evaluating the outcomes of service-learning programs. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of and recommendations for utilizing a multi-tier service-learning program alongside a preservice music teacher curriculum.

Download Full-text

Effect of computer-assisted-learning and simulation clinics on dental students’ cognitive and performance skills: panoramic image errors related to patient’s head position

Dentomaxillofacial Radiology ◽

10.1259/dmfr.20200154 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 49 (7) ◽

pp. 20200154

Author(s):

Ann Wenzel ◽

Louise Hauge Matzen ◽

Rubens Spin-Neto ◽

Lars Schropp

Keyword(s):

Test Scores ◽

Cognitive Skills ◽

Dental Students ◽

Head Position ◽

Cognitive Test ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Patient Exposure ◽

Performance Skills ◽

Positioning Errors ◽

And Performance

Objectives: To assess dental students’ ability to recognize head positioning errors in panoramic (PAN) images after individual learning via computer-assisted-learning (CAL) and in a simulation clinic (SIM). Both cognitive skills and performance in patient examination were assessed. Methods and materials: 60 students (mean age 23.25 years) participated in lectures on the relation between PAN-image errors and patient’s head position. Immediately after they took a test, based on which they were randomized to three groups: control (CON) group, CAL group, and SIM group (both CAL and training in a simulation clinic with a phantom). 4–5 weeks after intervention/no intervention, all students individually examined a patient with PAN-exposure. A blinded rater, not knowing group allocation, supervised patient exposure and assessed student’s performance (correct/incorrect head position in three planes). 1–2 weeks after, the students scored positioning errors in 40 PAN-images. Differences in cognitive test scores between groups were evaluated by ANOVA and in patient examination by χ2 tests, and within-group differences by sign-tests. Results: No statistically significant difference in cognitive test scores was seen between the SIM and CAL group, while the CON group scored lower (p < 0.003). In all groups, several students positioned the patient incorrectly in the Frankfort horizontal plane. All students performed well in the sagittal plane. Students in SIM group positioned the patient more correctly in the coronal plane. Conclusions: Training with CAL increased students’ cognitive skills compared with a control group. Simulated patient exposure with a phantom increased to some extent their performance skills in examination of patients.

Download Full-text