Prevalence of Blood Lead among Children Living in Battery Recycling Communities in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of blood lead levels (BLLs) among children 1 to 5 years old who reside near and distant to informally used lead-acid battery (ULAB) recycling locations and examine risk factors for elevated BLLs. A cross-sectional study was conducted in three greater Jakarta neighborhoods where informal ULAB recycling occurs. Venous BLLs among 279 children were analyzed using portable blood lead testing machines. Demographic, child activities, and sources of lead exposure inside and outside homes were assessed. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate factors associated with the prevalence of BLLs. Forty-seven percent of children had BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL and 9% had BLLs ≥ 10 µg/dL. No differences in geometric mean BLLs were observed between children who lived near and distant to ULAB locations. Older child age groups [Prevalence Ratio (PR) 2.14, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.16, 4.18) and low household income (PR 1.58, 95% CI 1.03, 2.40) were associated with BLLs 5–9 µg/dL. Low educational attainment of the child’s father (PR 3.17, 95% CI 1.23, 8.16) and frequent outdoor child activity (PR 4.93, 95% CI 1.09, 22.21) were predictors of BLLs ≥ 10 µg/dL. This study shows the association between lead exposure among children and environmental sources. Public health officials can consider expanded surveillance, health care provider education, and development of strategies to reduce lead exposure.

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Coverage of and compliance to iron supplementation under the National Iron Plus Initiative among reproductive age-group women in urban Puducherry – a cross-sectional study

International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health ◽

10.1515/ijamh-2018-0094 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Surendran Gayathri ◽

Sakthivel Manikandanesan ◽

Jayaseelan Venkatachalam ◽

Sarveswaran Gokul ◽

Arivarasan Yashodha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iron Supplementation ◽

Medication Compliance ◽

Age Groups ◽

Prevalence Ratio ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Study Participants

Abstract Background Anaemia is a global health problem and an important cause of morbidity in all age groups, especially among women and children. Various programmes have been implemented to combat anaemia in India and National Iron Plus Initiative (NIPI) is the latest programme to be implemented. Aim To ascertain the proportion of reproductive age women receiving iron supplementation under the NIPI and assess the compliance and factors hindering the implementation and compliance of the programme. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among women of reproductive age (15–49 years) during November 2017. The participants were interviewed at their household using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire to obtain information on socio-demographic details, whether they were receiving iron supplements and compliance to the programme. Results Out of 302 study participants, only 138 (45.7%) were found to be receiving the supplements under the NIPI. The major source of iron supplementation was various health facilities (69.4%). Of those not receiving the tablets, 96.3% were non-pregnant non-lactating women. The proportion of study participants receiving iron supplementation through house visits by auxiliary nurse mid-wives (ANMs) was only 1.45%. Of the 138 women receiving supplementation, 85 (61%) were compliant with their medication. Compliance also tended to be higher among pregnant and lactating women. The most important reasons for non-compliance were adverse effects and forgetfulness. The presence of regular house visits by ANMs had a significant association with reception of tablets [prevalence ratio (PR)–1.43]. Pregnant women had a significant association with both reception (PR–2.19) and compliance (PR–1.8) with iron supplementation. Conclusion The current NIPI programme needs to be regularly evaluated to ensure its effective implementation. Importance should be given to non-pregnant non-lactating women to increase coverage among them.

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Environmental Lead Exposure, Catalase Gene, and Markers of Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress Relation to Hypertension: An Analysis Based on the EGAT Study

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/856319 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Jintana Sirivarasai ◽

Sukhumpun Kaojarern ◽

Suwannee Chanprasertyothin ◽

Pachara Panpunuan ◽

Krittaya Petchpoung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Lead Exposure ◽

Blood Lead Level ◽

Lead Level ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Oxidative Stress Marker ◽

Blood Levels ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cat Gene

Lead has been linked to the development of hypertension via oxidative stress. Catalase plays an important role in the disposal of hydrogen peroxide in erythrocyte and its activity was determined by CAT gene. The aims of this study were to investigate (1) the association between blood levels of antioxidant markers such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, oxidative stress-marker (malondialdehyde), and blood lead level and (2) the influence of genetic polymorphism of CAT gene (rs769217) on change in blood pressure in general population of EGAT study project. This is a cross-sectional study of 332 normotensive, 432 prehypertensive, and 222 hypertensive male subjects. Hypertensive subjects had significantly higher blood lead level (5.28 μg/dL) compared to normotensive (4.41 μg/dL) and prehypertensive (4.55 μg/dL) subjects (P<0.05). These significant findings are also found in MDA levels. Moreover, individuals with TT genotype in hypertensive group had significantly higher blood lead and MDA levels (6.06 μg/dL and 9.67 μmol/L) than those with CC genotype (5.32 μg/dL and 8.31 μmol/L,P<0.05). Our findings suggested that decreased blood catalase activity in this polymorphism together with low level lead exposure induced lipid peroxidation may be responsible for hypertension.

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Blood lead level in school going children of Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

Turkish Journal of Biochemistry ◽

10.1515/tjb-2020-0418 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Shailja Sharma ◽

Prasenjit Mitra ◽

Pankaj Bhardwaj ◽

Praveen Sharma

Keyword(s):

Lead Exposure ◽

Blood Lead Level ◽

Local Population ◽

Lead Level ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Urban Region ◽

Limited Information ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Objectives Lead exposure in children contributes to 600,000 new cases of intellectual disabilities every year with maximum occurrence in developing countries. Currently limited information is available on the blood lead level (BLL) in children of India. The aim was to estimate BLL in the school going children of local population of Jodhpur. Methods Four hundred twenty-six primary school children of government and private schools participated in this cross sectional study. Information regarding possible lead exposure was collected. BLL was estimated on Lead Care II analyser (Magellan Diagnostics, USA). Results The mean and median BLL were 4.25 ± 1.75 μg/dL (<3.3–22.6 μg/dL) and 3.5 μg/dL (Inter Quartile Range 0.9). BLL was higher in children of illiterate mothers, those residing near traffic dense areas, urban region and studying in government schools of urban region. Conclusions BLL in children residing in Jodhpur is much higher in comparison to western counterparts. Screening and awareness programs regarding potential sources of lead exposure can help in improving BLL.

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Childhood Lead Exposure from Battery Recycling in Vietnam

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/193715 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

William E. Daniell ◽

Lo Van Tung ◽

Ryan M. Wallace ◽

Deborah J. Havens ◽

Catherine J. Karr ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lead Exposure ◽

Lead Level ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Soil Lead ◽

Effective Strategies ◽

Battery Recycling ◽

Home Based ◽

Lead Levels

Background. Battery recycling facilities in developing countries can cause community lead exposure.Objective. To evaluate child lead exposure in a Vietnam battery recycling craft village after efforts to shift home-based recycling outside the village.Methods. This cross-sectional study evaluated 109 children in Dong Mai village, using blood lead level (BLL) measurement, parent interview, and household observation. Blood samples were analyzed with a LeadCare II field instrument; highest BLLs (≥45 μg/dL) were retested by laboratory analysis. Surface and soil lead were measured at 11 households and a school with X-ray fluorescence analyzer.Results. All children had high BLLs; 28% had BLL ≥45 μg/dL. Younger age, family recycling, and outside brick surfaces were associated with higher BLL. Surface and soil lead levels were high at all tested homes, even with no recycling history. Laboratory BLLs were lower than LeadCare BLLs, in 24 retested children.Discussion. In spite of improvements, lead exposure was still substantial and probably associated with continued home-based recycling, legacy contamination, and workplace take-home exposure pathways. There is a need for effective strategies to manage lead exposure from battery recycling in craft villages. These reported BLL values should be interpreted cautiously, although the observed field-laboratory discordance may reflect bias in laboratory results.

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Blood Lead Levels in Pregnant Women and the Source of Exposure in Northern Coastal Area of Brebes Regency

Journal of Public Health for Tropical and Coastal Region ◽

10.14710/jphtcr.v1i1.3172 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 6-12

Author(s):

Nova Amalia Sakina ◽

Suhartono Suhartono ◽

Nikie Astorina Yunita Dewanti

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Lead Exposure ◽

Passive Smoking ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Quality Standard ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Blood Lead Levels ◽

Agricultural Activity ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Lead Levels

Background: Lead has no advantage for health, pregnant women are vulnerable to lead exposure. Blood Lead Levels (BLLs) in pregnant women that exceed the quality standard in accordance with Center for Disease Control (CDC) (>5 μg/dL) can encounter spontaneous miscarriage and fatigue easily during pregnancy, BLLs in pregnant women < 10 μg/dL can induce health problem during pregnancy such as hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia which is the cause of mortality in pregnant women and high maternal mortality. The aim of study to measure BBLs and the source of exposure.Methods: Pregnant women in 2nd and 3rd trimester were recruited in 4 Subdistricts. Cross sectional study is used with 86 pregnant women located in Wanasari Subdistrict, Bulakamba Subdistrict, Losari Subdistrict and Tanjung Subdistrict with purposive sampling method. BLLs during pregnancy were determined by Atomic Adsorpiton Spectrometer.Results: The results shows that mean of BLLs in pregnant women in this study were 42.437 + 19.758 μg/dL. The source of lead exposure are the habit of consuming seafood (44.2%), wrapping food using newspaper (80.2%), being involve in agricultural activity (37.2%), and passive smoking (70.9%).Conclusions: To recapitulate, BBLs in pregnant women in the northern area of Brebes Regency have exceeded the standard set by the CDC of 5 μg/dL. The dominant source of lead exposure are the habit of wrapping food using newspaper and passive smoking.

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Blood lead concentrations among pediatric patients with abdominal pain: a prospective cross-sectional study

BMC Gastroenterology ◽

10.1186/s12876-021-02023-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Amirhossein Hosseini ◽

Anahita Fayaz ◽

Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam ◽

Nasim Zamani ◽

Seyed Kaveh Hadeiy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Abdominal Pain ◽

Lead Poisoning ◽

Lead Exposure ◽

Motor Development ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Organ Systems

Abstract Background Lead exposure is one of the most menacing of environmental exposures, particularly in children. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead which manifest in many organ systems, including interference with mental and motor development. Lead poisoning can cause colicky abdominal pain. In this study, the authors sought to evaluate the prevalence of elevated blood lead level (BLL) and its contributing factors among pediatric patients presenting with abdominal pain. An epidemic of lead poisoning in adults was previously uncovered, and thus a concern for pediatric lead poisoning was raised. Methods Pediatric patients presenting to two pediatric clinics in Tehran with abdominal pain were eligible for enrollment in a descriptive prospective cross-sectional study. A predesigned questionnaire was filled for each patient by their consenting parents. The questionnaire queried demographic information, environmental, social, and other relevant parameters for lead exposure. After completion of the questionnaire, biometrics were obtained, and a blood sample was taken from each patient for measurement of BLL and complete blood count. Results A total of 187 patients were enrolled in the study. Of them, almost 20% had BLL ≥ 5 µg/dL. Univariate analysis showed that age (p = 0.002, OR 3.194, CI 95% 1.504–6.783), weight (p = 0.009, OR 2.817, CI 95% 1.266–6.269), height (p = 0.003, OR 3.155, CI 95% 1.443–6.899), and playing with both plastic and cotton toys (p = 0.03, OR 2.796, CI 95% 1.072–7.295) were significant predictors of high BLLs. Maternal level of education correlated with blood lead concentrations (p = 0.048, OR 2.524, CI 95% 1.006–6.331). Conclusions A clinically significant number of cases of abdominal pain may have high BLLs. Specific attention should be paid to children presenting with abdominal pain, especially due to the detrimental effects of lead on their mental and motor development.

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Blood Pressure and Oxidative Stress among U.S. Adults Exposed to Lead in Military Environments—A Preliminary Study

Diseases ◽

10.3390/diseases6040097 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 97 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi ◽

Barnabas Obeng-Gyasi

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Lead Exposure ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Clinical Markers ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Lead Levels ◽

Glutamyl Transferase

In this cross-sectional study, lead exposure among those with a history in military environments was examined. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) are clinical markers of blood pressure, while gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is a marker of oxidative stress. These markers and their effects on those exposed to military environments were explored using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2009 to 2016. Mean SBP and GGT were significantly elevated in those exposed to military environments, with a moderately significant association existing between blood lead levels (BLLs) and SBP. More attention must be given to lead exposure in military environments to mitigate the risk of exposure.

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Low levels of ideal cardiovascular health in a semi-urban population of Western Nepal: a population-based, cross-sectional study

Heart Asia ◽

10.1136/heartasia-2018-011131 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. e011131 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bishal Gyawali ◽

Shiva Raj Mishra ◽

Salim S Virani ◽

Per Kallestrup

Keyword(s):

Urban Population ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Age Groups ◽

Prevalence Ratio ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Ideal Cardiovascular Health ◽

Low Prevalence

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the status of cardiovascular health among a semi-urban population of Nepal, and determine factors associated with ideal cardiovascular health.MethodsA population-based, cross-sectional study using a systematic random sample was conducted among 2310 adults aged ≥ 25 years in a semi-urban area of the Pokhara Metropolitan City previously named Lekthnath in Nepal. The ideal, intermediate and poor cardiovascular health were defined as the presence of 6–7, 4–5 or 1–3 health metrics, among a list of 7 health behaviours and healthfactors, namely smoking, body mass index, physical activity, fruits and vegetables intakes, harmful alcohol consumption, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose. We used univariate and multivariate Poisson regression models adjusting for sex, age groups, ethnicity, educational level and socioeconomic status, and calculated the prevalence ratios with 95% CIs.ResultsOnly 14.3 % of the participants had ideal cardiovascular health, whereas 67.0% and 18.7% of the participants had intermediate and poor cardiovascular health, respectively. Age groups 45–54 years (prevalence ratio 0.88, 95% CI: 0.83 to 0.94, p<0.001) and 55–64 years (prevalence ratio 0.84, 95% CI: 0.79 to 0.90, p<0.001) were significantly associated with low prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health compared with the age group 35–44 years. Ethnic groups, including Janajati (prevalence ratio 0.89, 95% CI: 0.85 to 0.93, p<0.001) and Dalit (prevalence ratio 0.9, 95% CI: 0.84 to 0.95, p=0.001), were significantly associated with low prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health.ConclusionsPrevalence of ideal cardiovascular health is low in the semi-urban population in Nepal. Concerted efforts are needed to develop a population-based intervention to improve cardiovascular health in Nepal.

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Lipophilic Statin Use and Suicidal Ideation in a Sample of Adults With Mood Disorders

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000260 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 278-282 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Karen M. Davison ◽

Bonnie J. Kaplan

Keyword(s):

Suicidal Ideation ◽

Mood Disorders ◽

Prevalence Ratio ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Community Based ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Symptom Scores ◽

Unit Increase ◽

Predominantly Female ◽

Lipophilic Statin

Background: Mood disorders are associated with a high risk of suicide. Statin therapy has been implicated in this relationship. Aims: To further clarify reported associations between suicide and cholesterol in mental health conditions, we conducted an analysis of dietary, clinical, and suicidal ideation measures in community-living adults with mood disorders. Method: Data were used from a cross-sectional study of a randomly selected community-based sample (> 18 years; n = 97) with verified mood disorders. Dietary (e.g., fat, iron, vitamin intakes), clinical (e.g., current depression and mania symptoms, medications), and sociodemographic (age, sex, and income) measures were analyzed using bivariate statistics and Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: Participants were predominantly female (71.1%) with bipolar disorder (59.8%); almost one-third (28.9%) were taking lipophilic statins. The prevalence of suicidal ideation was more than 2.5 times in those taking statins, PR = 2.59, 95% CI 1.27–5.31, p < .05. The prevalence ratio for suicidal ideation was 1.10, 95% CI 1.06–1.15, p < .001, for each unit increase in mania symptom scores. No associations between suicidal ideation and dietary intake measures were identified. Conclusion: Individuals with mood disorders may be susceptible to neuropsychiatric effects of cholesterol-lowering drugs, which warrants further research.

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CONCENTRATION OF THE SERUM TGF-BETA1 IN HEALTHY ADULT PEOPLE

Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy ◽

10.34071/jmp.2014.4_5.12 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 90-93

Author(s):

Van Tuan Nguyen ◽

Tam Vo ◽

Bui Bao Hoang

Keyword(s):

Transforming Growth Factor ◽

Healthy Adult ◽

Age Groups ◽

Elevated Serum ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Healthy People ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Transforming Growth Factor Beta1 ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

And Gender

Elevated serum Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) levels have been linked to tissue fibrosis including chronic kidney disease. Objectives: (1) Investigate serum TGF-beta1 levels in healthy adult people and (2) Examined the relation between serum TGF-beta1 level and gender, age, body mass index (BMI). Method: A cross-sectional study. TGF-beta1 were quantified by ELISA. Results: Levels of serum TGF-beta1 in healthy people were 13,45 ± 7,17 ng/mL mL (0,59 - 33,10 ng/mL). There are no difference of serum TGF-beta1 levels between men and women, between the age groups (<40 years, 40 to < 60 years and ≥ 60 years), between BMI groups < 23 and BMI group ≥ 23. Key words: TGF-beta1, healthy people

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