scholarly journals Inhalation Exposure Analysis of Lung-Inhalable Particles in an Approximate Rat Central Airway

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (14) ◽  
pp. 2571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong ◽  
Ma ◽  
Tian ◽  
Inthavong ◽  
Tu
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Model ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Airborne Particulate Matter ◽  
Gravitational Effect ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Inhalable Particles ◽  
Data Comparison ◽  
Adjustment Factors ◽  
Central Airway

Rats have been widely used as surrogates for evaluating the adverse health effects of inhaled airborne particulate matter. This paper presents a computational fluid and particle dynamics (CFPD) study of particle transport and deposition in an approximate rat central airway model. The geometric model was constructed based on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging data sourced from previous study. Lung-inhalable particles covering a diameter range from 20 nm to 1.0 µm were passively released into the trachea, and the Lagrangian particle tracking approach was used to predict individual particle trajectories. Overall, regional and local deposition patterns in the central airway were analyzed in detail. A preliminary interspecies data comparison was made between present rat models and previously published human data. Results showed deposition “hot spots” were mainly concentrated at airway bifurcation apexes, and a gravitational effect should also be considered for inertia particles when using a rat as a laboratory animal. While for humans, this may not happen as the standing posture is completely different. Lastly, the preliminary interspecies data comparison confirms the deposition similarity in terms of deposition enhancement factors, which is a weighted deposition concentration parameter. This interspecies comparison confirms feasibility of extrapolating surrogate rat deposition data to humans using existing data extrapolation approach, which mostly relies on bulk anatomical differences as dose adjustment factors.

Partitioning of Harmful Elements in PM10 from Air-and Oxy-Coal Combustion: Iron and Sulfur

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 963-966
Author(s):  
Jian Qun Wu ◽  
Dun Xi Yu ◽  
Lan Lan He ◽  
Jun Chen ◽  
Meng Ting Si ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Bituminous Coal ◽  
Ultrafine Particle ◽  
Airborne Particulate Matter ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Drop Tube ◽  
Airborne Particulate ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Adverse Health Effects

Adverse health effects of Fe and S in airborne particulate matter (PM) have been reported. However, little work has been done to characterize Fe and S in PM10 from coal combustion. In this study, a sub-bituminous coal (coal A) and a bituminous coal (coal B) were subjected to combustion in a drop tube furnace under air-and oxy-firing conditions. Size distribution and elemental composition of PM10 (PM with aerodynamic diameter 10 μm) were obtained by low pressure impactor and X-ray fluorescence techniques, respectively. The partitioning characteristics of Fe and S in PM10 were investigated. Data shows that particles of ~0.1μm contains the highest concentration of Fe for both coals under different combustion conditions. The concentration of Fe in the ultrafine particle mode decreases when switching from air combustion to oxy-fuel combustion with 21% O2. It increases when the oxygen concentration increases from 21% to 32% O2 during oxy-fuel combustion. Changing combustion conditions has little effects on Fe partitioning in particles >0.3μm. The concentration of S in PM10 increases with decreasing particle size, but changing combustion conditions have inconclusive influence. Fe and S are dominant elements in ultrafine particles, indicating a greater threat to human health.

scholarly journals Open-Source Routines for Building Personalized Left Ventricular Models From Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thien-Khoi N. Phung ◽  
Christopher D. Waters ◽  
Jeffrey W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Geometric Model ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data ◽  
Multiple Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Abstract Creating patient-specific models of the heart is a promising approach for predicting outcomes in response to congenital malformations, injury, or disease, as well as an important tool for developing and customizing therapies. However, integrating multimodal imaging data to construct patient-specific models is a nontrivial task. Here, we propose an approach that employs a prolate spheroidal coordinate system to interpolate information from multiple imaging datasets and map those data onto a single geometric model of the left ventricle (LV). We demonstrate the mapping of the location and transmural extent of postinfarction scar segmented from late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as mechanical activation calculated from displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) MRI. As a supplement to this paper, we provide MATLAB and Python versions of the routines employed here for download from SimTK.

scholarly journals Application of Cluster Analysis for Classification of Inhalation Exposure to Airborne Particles in a Tile and Ceramic Factory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Azimi ◽  
Yasin Mansouri ◽  
Hamideh Mihanpour ◽  
Vida Rezai Hachasu ◽  
Morteza Mohammad Zadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Ceramic Factory ◽  
Inhalable Particles ◽  
Respirable Particles ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Respirable Particulate

Background: Particulate matter air pollution is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. By increasing the number of mineral industries in the two past decades, workers in these industries are exposed to pathogenic respirable particulate matter pollutants. Cluster analysis is a multivariate statistical analysis method. Clustering creates groups or classes that the difference between the sub-groups samples is less than the difference between the groups. Therefore, this study assigns the cluster analysis to air sampling data collected from the various units of a tile factory. Methods: In this observational study, sampling from the respiratory zone of 93 workers in a tile and ceramic factory for both respirable and inhalable particles were performed. Sampling of inhalable particle based on NIOSH_0500 protocol and respirable particles based on NIOSH_0600 was conducted. Data were analyzed by both R 3.2.2 software and hierarchical cluster analysis with Ward link. Results: 92.47% of Workers were exposed to respirable particles less than TLV and 39.8% of them were exposed to inhalable particles more than TLV. The maximum average exposure for respirable particles 13.04 mg/m3 and inhalable particles 84.88 mg/m3 is respectively reported for crusher unit. The lowest average exposures to respirable (0.41 mg/m3) and inhalable (min=1.74 mg/m3) particles were observed in the glaze line division. Conclusion: Since the workers are exposed to concentrations more than the threshold limit value of respirable particles, and especially inhalable particles in some units, appropriate control measures must be considered to prevent possible consequences

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Firework-Related Urban Aerosols using FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiaorong Xie ◽  
Sihui Su ◽  
Shuang Chen ◽  
Yisheng Xu ◽  
Dong Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Atmospheric Aerosols ◽  
Airborne Particulate Matter ◽  
Number Concentration ◽  
Molecular Composition ◽  
Ion Cyclotron Resonance ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Atmospheric Aging ◽  
New Year’S Eve ◽  
Ft Icr

Abstract. Firework (FW) emission has strong impacts on air quality and public health. However, little is known about the molecular composition of FW-related airborne particulate matter (PM) especially the organic fraction. Here we describe the detailed molecular composition of Beijing PM collected before, during, and after a FW event in New Year's Eve evening in 2012. Subgroups of CHO, CHNO, and CHOS were characterized using ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry. These subgroups comprise substantial fraction of aromatic-like compounds with low O/C ratio and high degrees of unsaturation, some of which plausibly contributed to the formation of brown carbon in Beijing PM. Moreover, we found that the number concentration of sulfur-containing compounds especially the organosulfates was increased dramatically by the FW event, whereas the number concentration of CHO and CHON doubled after the event. The co-variation of CHO, CHON, and CHOS subgroups was suggested to be associated with multiple atmospheric aging processes of aerosols including the multiphase redox chemistry driven by NOx, O3, and •OH. These findings highlight that FW emissions can lead to a sharp increase of high molecular weight compounds particularly aromatic-like substances in urban PM, which may affect the light absorption properties and adverse health effects of atmospheric aerosols.

scholarly journals Interactions of nanoparticles with pulmonary structures and cellular responses

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (5) ◽  
pp. L817-L829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Mühlfeld ◽  
Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser ◽  
Fabian Blank ◽  
Dimitri Vanhecke ◽  
Matthias Ochs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Dose Metrics ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Shed Light

Combustion-derived and synthetic nano-sized particles (NSP) have gained considerable interest among pulmonary researchers and clinicians for two main reasons. 1) Inhalation exposure to combustion-derived NSP was associated with increased pulmonary and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality as suggested by epidemiological studies. Experimental evidence has provided a mechanistic picture of the adverse health effects associated with inhalation of combustion-derived and synthetic NSP. 2) The toxicological potential of NSP contrasts with the potential application of synthetic NSP in technological as well as medicinal settings, with the latter including the use of NSP as diagnostics or therapeutics. To shed light on this paradox, this article aims to highlight recent findings about the interaction of inhaled NSP with the structures of the respiratory tract including surfactant, alveolar macrophages, and epithelial cells. Cellular responses to NSP exposure include the generation of reactive oxygen species and the induction of an inflammatory response. Furthermore, this review places special emphasis on methodological differences between experimental studies and the caveats associated with the dose metrics and points out ways to overcome inherent methodological problems.

scholarly journals Holzfeuerungen: eine bedeutende Quelle von Feinstaub in der Schweiz

2013 ◽  
Vol 164 (12) ◽  
pp. 420-427
Author(s):  
Urs Baltensperger ◽  
Emily Bruns ◽  
Josef Dommen ◽  
Imad El Haddad ◽  
Maarten F. Heringa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Airborne Particulate Matter ◽  
Wood Combustion ◽  
Gas Cleaning ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Exhaust Gas Cleaning ◽  
Secondary Aerosols ◽  
Small Wood ◽  
Wood Stoves

Wood combustion: a substantial source of airborne particulate matter in Switzerland Wood is a renewable energy source. Wood combustion for heating purposes therefore helps in reducing CO2 emissions. However, it often results in high emissions of particulate matter (PM) which includes both black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC). PM has adverse health effects and should therefore be minimized. This paper reports on the latest methods to quantify the contribution of wood combustion to PM load and gives values for PM, BC, and OC from wood combustion at a number of different sites in Switzerland. State of the art methods to characterize emissions are presented and examples are given. It is shown that a major fraction of the emissions stems from small wood stoves, where the emissions are especially high during the starting phase. In addition, these small furnaces emit large amounts of gases which are rapidly oxidized and form secondary aerosols in the atmosphere. Improvements in the emissions of small wood stoves can be achieved by an increased deployment of pellet ovens, by the development and application of new technology for exhaust gas cleaning, as well as through other ways of wood usage.

USAF Toxicology Research on Petroleum and Shale-Derived Aviation Gas Turbine Fuels

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Martone
Keyword(s):  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Renal Tumors ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Fischer 344 ◽  
Military Aviation ◽  
The Status ◽  
Toxic Nephropathy ◽  
One Year

As one of the nation’s largest users of aircraft turbine fuels, the USAF has interest in assuring the safe use of these hydrocarbons by its military and civilian workers. This concern stimulated research to define potential adverse health effects and develop criteria for safe exposure limits for military aviation fuels. The first inhalation exposure to JP-4, the primary fuel used in USAF aircraft, was conducted in 1973. Since this initial subchronic study, the USAF has conducted numerous subchronic and one-year oncogenic inhalation studies to establish health criteria for aviation fuels. This paper summarizes the status of studies to define the toxicity of petroleum and shale-derived aircraft turbine engine fuels and discusses the preliminary findings of toxic nephropathy and primary renal tumors observed in male Fischer 344 rats.

scholarly journals Particulate matter collection by honey bees (Apis mellifera, L.) near to a cement factory in Italy

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Pellecchia ◽  
Ilaria Negri
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Airborne Particulate Matter ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Cement Factory ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Cement Manufacturing

Industrial activities play a key role in the economic well-being of a country but they usually involve processes with a more or less profound environmental impact, including emission of pollutants. Among them, much attention has been given to airborne particulate matter (PM) whose exposure is ubiquitous and linked with several adverse health effects mainly due to its size and chemical composition. Therefore, there is a strong need to exploit monitoring systems for airborne PM able to provide accurate information on the potential health hazards and the specific emission sources for the implementation of adequate control strategies. The honey bee (Apis mellifera, L.) is widely used as an indicator of environmental pollution: this social hymenopteran strongly interacts with vegetables, air, soil, and water surrounding the hive and, as a consequence, pollutants from these sources are translated to the insect and to the hive products. During the wide-ranging foraging activity, the forager bee is known to collect samples of the main airborne PM pollutants emitted from different sources and therefore it can be used as an efficient PM sampler. In the present research, PM contaminating forager bees living nearby a cement factory and several kilometers away from it has been analysed and characterised morphologically, dimensionally and chemically through SEM/EDX. This provided detailed information on the role of both the cement manufacturing activities and the vehicular traffic as sources of airborne PM. This may indeed help the implementation of appropriate preventive and corrective actions that would effectively minimize the environmental spread of pollutant PM not only in areas close to the plant, but also in more distant areas.

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