scholarly journals 5G Wireless Communication and Health Effects—A Pragmatic Review Based on Available Studies Regarding 6 to 100 GHz

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (18) ◽  
pp. 3406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simkó ◽  
Mattsson
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Exposure Duration ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Sufficient Information

The introduction of the fifth generation (5G) of wireless communication will increase the number of high-frequency-powered base stations and other devices. The question is if such higher frequencies (in this review, 6–100 GHz, millimeter waves, MMW) can have a health impact. This review analyzed 94 relevant publications performing in vivo or in vitro investigations. Each study was characterized for: study type (in vivo, in vitro), biological material (species, cell type, etc.), biological endpoint, exposure (frequency, exposure duration, power density), results, and certain quality criteria. Eighty percent of the in vivo studies showed responses to exposure, while 58% of the in vitro studies demonstrated effects. The responses affected all biological endpoints studied. There was no consistent relationship between power density, exposure duration, or frequency, and exposure effects. The available studies do not provide adequate and sufficient information for a meaningful safety assessment, or for the question about non-thermal effects. There is a need for research regarding local heat developments on small surfaces, e.g., skin or the eye, and on any environmental impact. Our quality analysis shows that for future studies to be useful for safety assessment, design and implementation need to be significantly improved.

scholarly journals Meta-analysis of in vitro and in vivo studies of the biological effects of low-level millimetre waves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Wood ◽  
Rohan Mate ◽  
Ken Karipidis
Keyword(s):  
Power Density ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Quality Score ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Low Level

Abstract Background With the roll-out of new technologies such as 5G, there has been renewed community concern regarding the adequacy of research on possible health effects from associated radiofrequency radiation, mainly in the millimetre wave (MMW) band. Objective We conducted a meta-analysis of in vitro and in vivo studies investigating bioeffects of MMWs at low exposure levels. Methods We identified 107 in vitro and in vivo studies investigating MMWs and biological effects in which the power density employed has been below 100 W/m2, which is below the current standards for occupational local exposures. Where possible, we estimated the magnitude of the principal effect reported or set this magnitude to zero in studies reporting no significant effects. We also estimated the quality of the studies, based on a methodology used in previous analyses. Results We show a negative correlation between effect size and both power density and specific absorption rate. There was also a significant negative correlation between effect size and quality score. A multivariate analysis revealed that there is an increase in the effect size for certain biological systems being investigated and laboratories in which the work was carried out whilst the quality score for some of these tends to be low. We note that many of the studies were motivated by a desire to elucidate the possible mechanisms in therapeutic devices rather than assessing the safety of telecommunications systems. Finally, it appears that the presence or absence of modulation does not influence the reported effect size. Significance Many of the findings of this meta-analysis have not been reported before and have important implications for overall interpretation of in vitro and in vivo data. Overall, the results of this study do not confirm an association between low-level MMWs and biological effects.

Final Report of the Safety Assessment of Methylisothiazolinone

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 187S-213S ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina L. Burnett ◽  
Wilma F. Bergfeld ◽  
Donald V. Belsito ◽  
Curtis D. Klaassen ◽  
James G. Marks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Expert Panel ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Dermal Penetration ◽  
The Many ◽  
Threshold Dose Response

Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) is a heterocyclic organic compound used as a preservative in cosmetics and personal care products in concentrations up to 0.01%. MIT is a colorless, clear liquid with a mild odor that is completely soluble in water; mostly soluble in acetonitrile, methanol, and hexane; and slightly soluble in xylene. Consistent with its solubility, dermal penetration is low. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel noted the in vitro evidence of neurotoxicity but concluded that the absence of any neurotoxicity findings in the many in vivo studies, including subchronic, chronic, and reproductive and developmental animal studies, suggests that MIT would not be neurotoxic as used in cosmetics. Although recognizing that MIT was a sensitizer in both animal and human studies, the panel concluded that there is a threshold dose response and that cosmetic products formulated to contain concentrations of MIT at 100 ppm (0.01%) or less would not be expected to pose a sensitization risk. Accordingly, MIT may be safely used as a preservative in cosmetics up to that concentration.

scholarly journals NONCLINICAL STUDIES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY DERIVED MEDICINAL PRODUCTS - THEORY AND PRACTICE SPECIFICITY

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 324-331
Author(s):  
Mikhail Yu. Samsonov ◽  
A. A Dmitrieva ◽  
G. E Konopleva ◽  
E. V Shipaeva ◽  
S. F Barbashov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Modelling ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Safety Parameters ◽  
Analysis Computer

Nonclinical studies of biotechnology-derived medicinal products are discussed in the article in terms of new original fusion protein RPH-104 - high potency IL-1β signal pathway antagonist. Specificity of biotherapeutics is connected to complexity of molecules. Efficacy, pharmacokinetic and toxicity nonclinical studies of the biotherapeutics are conducted using relevant species taking into consideration potent immunogenicity. Cytotoxic reactions risk assessment is also important. Accurate nonclinical studies planning can help to obtain sufficient information about potential target organs for toxicity, reversibility of toxic effects and determine safety parameters. According to ethical principles in vivo studies can be optimized using modern in silico analysis, computer modelling and in vitro testing.

In vitro and in vivo studies of new cationic Zn(II)‐benzonaphthoporphyrazines as photosensitizers for PDT

2001 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 645-651
Author(s):  
M. Peeva ◽  
M. Shopova ◽  
U. Michelsen ◽  
D. Wöhrle ◽  
G. Petrov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vivo Studies

Effect of caffeine on theophyliine on cerebral blood flow response to brain activation: In vitro and in vivo studies

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. S198-S198
Author(s):  
Joseph R Meno ◽  
Thien-son K Nguyen ◽  
Elise M Jensen ◽  
G Alexander West ◽  
Leonid Groysman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Blood Flow Response ◽  
Flow Response

Effects of Unfractionated and Low Molecular Weight Heparins on Platelet Thromboxane Biosynthesis “In Vivo”

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (06) ◽  
pp. 942-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffaele Landolfi ◽  
Erica De Candia ◽  
Bianca Rocca ◽  
Giovanni Ciabattoni ◽  
Armando Antinori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Unfractionated Heparin ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Heparin ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Heparin Administration ◽  
To Receive

SummarySeveral “in vitro” and “in vivo” studies indicate that heparin administration may affect platelet function. In this study we investigated the effects of prophylactic heparin on thromboxane (Tx)A2 biosynthesis “in vivo”, as assessed by the urinary excretion of major enzymatic metabolites 11-dehydro-TxB2 and 2,3-dinor-TxB2. Twenty-four patients who were candidates for cholecystectomy because of uncomplicated lithiasis were randomly assigned to receive placebo, unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin or unfractionaed heparin plus 100 mg aspirin. Measurements of daily excretion of Tx metabolites were performed before and during the treatment. In the groups assigned to placebo and to low molecular weight heparin there was no statistically significant modification of Tx metabolite excretion while patients receiving unfractionated heparin had a significant increase of both metabolites (11-dehydro-TxB2: 3844 ± 1388 vs 2092 ±777, p <0.05; 2,3-dinor-TxB2: 2737 ± 808 vs 1535 ± 771 pg/mg creatinine, p <0.05). In patients randomized to receive low-dose aspirin plus unfractionated heparin the excretion of the two metabolites was largely suppressed thus suggesting that platelets are the primary source of enhanced thromboxane biosynthesis associated with heparin administration. These data indicate that unfractionated heparin causes platelet activation “in vivo” and suggest that the use of low molecular weight heparin may avoid this complication.

Effectiveness of the integration of quercetin, turmeric, and N-acetylcysteine in reducing inflammation and pain associated with endometriosis. In-vitro and in-vivo studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Fadin ◽  
Maria C. Nicoletti ◽  
Marzia Pellizzato ◽  
Manuela Accardi ◽  
Maria G. Baietti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vivo Studies
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