Environmental Exposure of Arsenic in Groundwater Associated to Carcinogenic Risk in Underweight Children Exposed to Fluorides

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of inorganic arsenic (As) in the potable water available to the population to be able to estimate the non-carcinogenic risks for underweight children and the carcinogenic risk for adults exposed to As intake who live in the Mezquital municipality, Durango, Mexico. Methods: The As content was quantifed in the water supply sources for human use and its intake was estimated in Mezquital population, southern Durango. With the data obtained, the hazard quotient (HQ) was calculated to determine the non-carcinogenic risk to develop chronic systemic effects in underweight children. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reference health values estimating As exposure risk are from 0.0003 mg/kg/day (non-carcinogenic) to 1.5 mg/kg/day (carcinogenic risk). Results: The analyzed waters presented as concentrations that varied from 0.3 to 10.2 µg/L, with a mean of 7.35 µg/L (CI 95% 6.27–8.38). The exposure dose was 0.4 to 1.36, and the HQ was 1.90 to 6.48 mg/kg/day, the estimated carcinogenic risk from adults varied from 1.28 to 4.37E−4, with values of 3.74–4.37E−4 mg/kg/day in central area. Conclusions: The children are at risk to develop chronic systemic effects due to ingestion of As from water.

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Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Water Resources of North East of Iran in 2018

Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development ◽

10.18502/jehsd.v6i2.6543 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mahdi Sadeghi ◽

Mina Noroozi

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Risk Assessment ◽

Health Risk ◽

Water Samples ◽

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Hazard Quotient ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

High Rate ◽

Health Concern ◽

North East

Introduction: Contamination of water with heavy metals has turned into a health concern, particularly in the developing countries. In this study, concentration of heavy metals and associated carcinogenic and non- carcinogenic risk was investigated in water samples collected from Gonbad-e Kavus, a high-risk area for cancer. Materials and Methods: Samples were collected from Gorgan River, Golestan reservoir and wells around villages with high prevalence in 2018. Samples were analysed through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. After determining the concentration of heavy metals in water samples from different sources, health risk assessment was carried out according to the Environmental Protection Agency. Results: Arsenic in samples 6-9 was higher than 10 µg/L, calcium and magnesium in sample 5 was higher than 200 mg/L and 150 mg/L respectively, and sodium in all samples was higher than 50 mg/L. According to the findings, these concentrations were higher than the maximum allowed limit in most water samples. Hazard quotient (HQ) in samples 8 and 9 were associated with arsenic and health risk in sample 1 was related to antimony. Furthermore, since all samples contained high amounts of lithium, water from this area better should not be consumed by children older than one year. Conclusion: Given the high rate of arsenic contamination, consumption of water in the study area could be health threatening for all individuals and is not recommended for children. This highlights the need for taking immediate actions to review the water treatment process and ensure safety of the drinking water in this area.

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Non-Carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment due to Fluoride Exposure from Tea Consumption in Iran Using Monte Carlo Simulation

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16214261 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (21) ◽

pp. 4261 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mohammad Amin Karami ◽

Yadollah Fakhri ◽

Shahabaldin Rezania ◽

Abdol Azim Alinejad ◽

Ali Akbar Mohammadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Health Risk ◽

Health Risk Assessment ◽

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Hazard Quotient ◽

Age Groups ◽

Fluoride Concentration ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

Fluoride Exposure

Excessive intake of fluoride can cause adverse health effects. Consumption of tea as a popular drink could be a potential source of fluoride exposure to humans. This research aimed to evaluate the fluoride concentration in tea among the Iranian people using the available data in the literature and to assess the health risk related to the consumption of tea in men, women, and children. The health risk assessment was conducted using the chronic daily intake and hazard quotient according to the approach suggested by the Environmental Protection Agency. The fluoride content in published studies varied noticeably, ranging from 0.13 to 3.27 mg/L. The results revealed that the hazard quotient (HQ) in age groups of women (21–72 years) and children (0–11 years) was within the safe zone (HQ < 1) which showed that there was no potential of non-carcinogenic risk associated with drinking tea in these groups. However, in one case of the men (21–72 years), the HQ > 1 which shows a probable risk of fluorosis. The order of non-carcinogenic health risks in the studied groups was in the order of men > women > children. The results of this can be useful for organizations with the responsibility of human health promotion.

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Health Risk Assessment of Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr in Drinking Water in some Wells and Springs of Shush and Andimeshk, Khuzestan Province, Southern Iran

Iranian Jornal of Toxicology ◽

10.32598/ijt.10.2.336.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 29-35

Author(s):

Mohamad Sakizadeh ◽

◽

Rouhollah Mirzaei ◽

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Risk Assessment ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Hazard Quotient ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

Manganese Concentration ◽

Khuzestan Province ◽

Geostatistical Methods

Background: In the current study,the hazard quotient, the hazard index (HI) and spatial variations of Fe,Mn,Cu and Cr in drinking water sources of Andimesk-Shush, Khuzestan Province, Southern Iranaquifer were assessed. Methods: We compared theconcentrations of aforementioned heavy metals in wells and springs inAndimeshk and Shush regions. The non-carcinogenic risk assessment of heavy metals was implemented usingUnited States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) index.The spatial maps in the area were developed by geostatistical methods. Results: Mean concentrations of heavy metals in groundwater sources of the study area in decreasing order was as follows: Cu >Mn> Fe> Cr. Except for iron,mean heavy metal concentrations were higher than the standard levels. Manganese concentration in 41.5% of the samples exceeded the permissible limits. Copper was higher than the safety limit in 74% of the samples, and chromium in 54% of the cases. The spatial pattern of heavy metals concentrations indicated higher concentrations in the southern parts of the region. The mean hazard quotients of most samples for the four heavy metals were lower than one, indicating that there was no immediate threat due to the exposure to these heavy metals. The calculated accumulated hazards of these heavy metals produced different results, with hazard indices of higher than one. Conclusion: The accumulated hazard indicesfor the evaluated metals were higher than one, indicating that chronic ingestion of these waters threatens the health of local consumers on the long run.

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Assessment of Toxic Metals in Some Selected Cosmetic Products in Nigeria and Their Health Risks

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.20.9.8315 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 71 (9) ◽

pp. 39-46

Author(s):

Olayinka Abidemi Ibigbami ◽

Samuel Oluyemi Adefemi ◽

Samuel Sunday Asaolu ◽

Iseoluwa Joshua Orege ◽

Adeolu Jonathan Adesina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Health Risks ◽

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Hazard Quotient ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Hazard Index ◽

The United States ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

Cosmetic Products ◽

Allowable Level

The study determined the levels of heavy metals in some selected cosmetic products, commonly marketed in Nigeria, and assessed their possible potential human health risks. The health risk assessment was patterned according to the model of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The heavy metals concentrations ranged from 0.043 0.027 (Pb) - 1.89 1.04 (Fe) with the concentration order: Fe]Cu]Zn]Mn]Cr]Cd]Pb. The total daily intake for all the metals were generally below maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI). The estimated hazard index, hazard quotient and cancer risks were all within allowable level. The study indicated that users of the studied products are less susceptible to any significant health (carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic) risk.

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The potential risk of heavy metals on human health due to the daily consumption of vegetables

Environmental Health Engineering and Management ◽

10.15171/ehem.2019.02 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 11-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Amir Hossein Baghaie ◽

Mohammad Fereydoni

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Human Health ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Hazard Quotient ◽

Risk Index ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

Daily Consumption

Background: Vegetables are one of the most important components of daily food. Thus, this research was done to evaluate the potential risk of heavy metals on human health due to the consumption of vegetables distributed in the fruits and vegetables central market of Arak, Iran. Methods: In this study, a total 45 samples from edible parts of parsley, mint, chard, fenugreek, cress, basil, coriander, lettuce, and cabbage distributed in the fruits and vegetables central market of Arak were randomly collected and the concentration of heavy metals including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) in these crop plants was measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals intake through the consumption of the studied vegetables was evaluated for male and female using the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) method. Results: The highest and lowest Pb daily intake and Pb risk index was related to the consumption of cabbage and basil, respectively. And the highest daily intake of Cd and As was related to lettuce consumption, while the lowest daily intake of these metals was related to the consumption of coriander. Among the studied heavy metals, As had the highest hazard quotient (HQ) for non-carcinogenic diseases. The highest HQ belonged to As through lettuce consumption and the lowest one belonged to As through coriander consumption (58 g/day). The HQ for female was higher than that for male. Conclusion: According to the results, the total hazard quotient (THQ) of non-carcinogenic diseases from the total studied vegetables was above the standard level. On the other hand, the HQ for female was higher than that for male.

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Risk assessment of Ni, Cr, and Si release from alkaline minerals during enhanced weathering

Open Agriculture ◽

10.1515/opag-2020-0016 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 166-175

Author(s):

Fatima Haque ◽

Yi Wai Chiang ◽

Rafael M. Santos

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

Contamination Level ◽

Potential Threat ◽

Silicate Minerals ◽

Guideline Value ◽

Quality Guideline ◽

Index Value

AbstractCalcium- and magnesium-rich alkaline silicate minerals, when applied to soil, can aid in carbon dioxide sequestration via enhanced weathering. The weathering of these silicate minerals is also associated with the release of heavy metals such as Ni and Cr, depending on the composition of the parent rock, and also labile Si. This paper critically analyses the risk associated with the release of Ni, Cr, and Si from alkaline silicate minerals as a result of enhanced weathering to evaluate its potential to be applied as a soil amendment. Based on the available data in the literature, this study evaluates the soil contamination level and quantifies the risk these elements pose to human health as well as the environment. To assess these potential threat levels, the geoaccumulation index was applied, along with the method recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency for health risk assessment. The main findings of this study indicate the potential release of Ni, Cr, and Si to exceed the soil quality guideline value. The geochemical index suggests that the analyzed samples are in the class 0–3 and represents sites that lie between uncontaminated zones to highly contaminated zones. The hazard index value for Ni and Cr is greater than unity, which suggests that Ni and Cr release poses a non-carcinogenic risk. The probability of labile Si concentration in the soil to exceed the critical value is found to be 75%.

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Human health impact assessment and temporal distribution of trace elements in Copșa Mică- Romania

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-86488-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Katalin Bodor ◽

Zsolt Bodor ◽

Alexandru Szép ◽

Róbert Szép

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Hazard Quotient ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

Health Impact ◽

Temporal Variations ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

Dermal Absorption ◽

Safe Limit ◽

Adults And Children ◽

Mean Concentration

AbstractThe present study aims to analyze the temporal variations of PM10 and to assess the health risk indexes caused by trace elements from particulate matter (PM10) via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption by adults and children in Copșa Mică (Romania) during 2009–2019. The results revealed a high multi-annual mean concentration of PM10 and trace elements. The analyzed air pollutants showed a decreasing trend during the studied years, therefore 44.11%, 43.48%, 36.07%, 16.02%, and 15.80% lower values were observed for As, Cd, Ni, PM10, and Pb, respectively, due to environmental regulations. The daily exceedance percentage of Pb and Cd was very high, representing 21.74% and 11.26%, followed by PM10 and As concentrations with 4.72% and 3.92%. The ratio between the trace element concentration measured in Copșa Mică and the country average was 2.46, 4.01, 2.44 and 10.52 times higher for As, Cd, Ni and Pb. The calculated Hazard Quotient values via inhalation were higher than the safe limit (1), which accounted 1.81, 3.89 and 4.52, for As, Cd and Ni, respectively, indicating that the trace elements might present a non-carcinogenic risk to both adults and children. Furthermore, the concentration of all studied trace elements in Copșa Mică showed cancer risk for adults via inhalation and dermal absorption as well.

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Remediation of inorganic arsenic in groundwater for safe water supply: A critical assessment of technological solutions

Chemosphere ◽

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.097 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 92 (2) ◽

pp. 157-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 173

Author(s):

Priyanka Mondal ◽

Subhamoy Bhowmick ◽

Debashis Chatterjee ◽

Alberto Figoli ◽

Bart Van der Bruggen

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Inorganic Arsenic ◽

Critical Assessment ◽

Safe Water ◽

Arsenic In Groundwater

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The Safety Assessment of Toxic Metals in Commonly Used Herbs, Spices, Tea, and Coffee in Poland

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18115779 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 5779

Author(s):

Grażyna Kowalska

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Hazard Quotient ◽

World Health Organisation ◽

World Health ◽

Target Hazard Quotient ◽

Plant Materials

The presented study was aimed at the determination of the level of contamination with heavy metals (Cd, Pb, As, and Hg) in 240 samples of plant materials, i.e., herbal raw materials, spices, tea, and coffee. Moreover, a probabilistic risk assessment (noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks) was estimated by models including target hazard quotient (THQ) and cancer risk (CR). The samples were subjected to microwave mineralisation with the use of HNO3 (65%), while the determination of the content of the elements was performed with the use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP–MS) and a mercury analyser. The element which was characterised by the highest level of accumulation in the analysed samples was lead (from 0.010 to 5.680 mg/kg). Among the heavy metals under analysis, the lowest concentration was noted in the case of mercury (from 0.005 to 0.030 mg/kg). A notably higher level of contamination with heavy metals was noted in the analysed samples of herbs and spices (0.005–5.680 mg/kg), compared to samples of tea and coffee (0.005–0.791 mg/kg). According to the guidelines of the World Health Organisation (WHO) concerning the limits of contamination of samples of herbal raw materials with heavy metals, lead levels exceeding the limits were only noted in 24 samples of herbs (18%). In all of the analysed samples of spices, tea, and coffee, no instances of exceeded limits were noted for any of the analysed heavy metals. The values of TTHQmax (in relation to the consumption of the analysed products) were as follows: up to 4.23 × 10−2 for spices, up to 2.51 × 10−1 for herbs, up to 4.03 × 10−2 for China tea, and up to 1.25 × 10−1 for roasted coffee beans. As the value of THQ ≤1, there is no probability of the appearance of undesirable effects related to the consumption of the analysed group of raw materials and products of plant origin. The CR value for As (max. value) was 1.29 × 10−5, which is lower than the maximum acceptable level of 1 × 10−4 suggested by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).

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Heavy metal and essential elements in beers from turkey market: A risk assessment study

Human & Experimental Toxicology ◽

10.1177/0960327121993215 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 096032712199321

Author(s):

M Charehsaz ◽

S Helvacıoğlu ◽

S Çetinkaya ◽

R Demir ◽

O Erdem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Hazard Quotient ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

Essential Elements ◽

Inductively Coupled ◽

Multiple Heavy Metals

In this study, the level of arsenic (As), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) and also essential elements in beer samples consumed in Turkey were investigated using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. The heavy metal-induced non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were calculated. For essential elements, the calculated estimated daily intake of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), selenium (Se) and cobalt (Co) from beer consumption were compared with their toxicity reference values. Tukey post-hoc test showed that As was found at a significantly higher level when compared to Pb. Also, a significant correlation was found between As level and alcohol by volume percent. All samples had a hazard quotient and hazard index <1, indicating no non-carcinogenic risk from exposure to single or multiple heavy metals. Some samples exceeded the threshold limit of acceptable cancer risk for As in the high beer consumer group. This assessment showed that in addition to health implications based on the alcohol content of beer, there might be a carcinogenic risk associated with the heavy metals content of these beverages.

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