scholarly journals Analyzing the Response Behavior of Lumbriculus variegatus (Oligochaeta: Lumbriculidae) to Different Concentrations of Copper Sulfate Based on Line Body Shape Detection and a Recurrent Self-Organizing Map

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Woo Ji ◽  
Young-Seuk Park ◽  
Yongde Cui ◽  
Hongzhu Wang ◽  
Ihn-Sil Kwak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Organizing Map ◽  
Lumbriculus Variegatus ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Self Organizing

Point detection (e.g., the centroid of the body) of species has been conducted in numerous studies. However, line detection (i.e., the line body shape) of elongated species has rarely been investigated under stressful conditions. We analyzed the line movements of an Oligochaeta Lumbriculus variegatus in response to treatments with a toxic chemical, copper sulfate, at low concentrations (0.01 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L). The automatic line-tracking system was devised to identify the movement of body segments (body length) and the movements of segments (i.e., the speed and angles between segments) were recorded before and after treatment. Total body length was shortened from 31.22 (±5.18) mm to 20.91 (±4.65) mm after the 0.1 mg/L treatment. The Shannon entropy index decreased from 0.44 (±0.1) to 0.28 (±0.08) after treatment. On the other hand, the body and movement segments did not significantly change after the 0.01 mg/L treatment. Sequential movements of test organisms were further analyzed with a recurrent self-organizing map (RSOM) to determine the pattern of time-series line movements. The RSOM made it feasible to classify sequential behaviors of indicator organisms and identify various continuous body movements under stressful conditions.

Changes of Internal Hydrostatic Pressure and Body Shape in Acanthocephalus Ranae

1966 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-202
Author(s):  
R. A. HAMMOND
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trunk Muscles ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Pressure Changes

1. Two indirect methods for recording changes of hydrostatic pressure within the trunk of Acanthocephalus ranae have been described. 2. Internal pressure has been shown to be lowest when the trunk is fully contracted and the proboscis invaginated, and highest when the trunk is fully elongated. 3. A rapid rise of internal pressure occurs when the circular trunk muscles contract. 4. Overall internal pressure changes of up to 0.5 cm. Hg have been shown to occur in active specimens. 5. The body length when fully extended is only 40-50% greater than when contracted. 6. The correlation between muscular activity, body shape, and internal hydrostatic pressure in A. ranae is discussed

scholarly journals PENGUKURAN PANJANG TUBUH CACING NIPAH PENDEK Namalycastis abiuma (POLYCHAETA: NEREDIDAE) DARI PERAIRAN MANGROVE SUNGAI KAPUAS KALIMANTAN BARAT

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-189
Author(s):  
Junardi Junardi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Body Size ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Relationship

AbstrakCacing Nipah Pendek Namalycastis abiuma memiliki tubuh yang elastis dan mudah putus sehingga diperlukan pendekatan morfometri tubuh lain untuk menentukan panjang tubuh sesungguhnya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan panjang tubuh total cacing nipah pendek dengan menggunakan bobot tubuh, jumlah total segmen berseta, panjang tiga segmen anterior pertama (L3) dan lebar segmen berseta atau setiger ke-10 (S-10). Spesimen yang digunakan dipilih hanya individu yang lengkap dan utuh. Pengukuran dilakukan dibawah mikroskop dengan lensa okular yang dilengkapi dengan mikrometer. Data dianalisis dengan analisis korelasi. Cacing yang digunakan sebanyak 258 individu yang terdiri atas 190 immature, 54 submature dan 14 mature dengan ukuran panjang tubuh rata-rata berturut-turut 108,62±34,80 mm, 172,27±42,78 mm dan 123,14±57,40 mm. Cacing betina ditemukan memiliki ukuran tubuh lebih besar dari jantan. Panjang tubuh N. abiuma dapat diduga dengan bobot tubuh, panjang L3 dan lebar S-10 dengan nilai koefisien korelasi (r) berturut-turut 0,82, 0,73 dan 0,78. Pendekatan morfometri dapat digunakan untuk menentukan ukuran tubuh N. abiuma.Abstract The short nypa palm worm Namalycastis abiuma has an elastic and fragile body. Therefore, an alternative approach of morphometrical techniques is needed to determine the total body length. This research aimed to estimate the total body length of the short nypa palm worm based on body weight, the total number of segments, the length of the first three anterior segment (L3) and the tenth setiger width (S10). Body measurement was done using stereomicroscope fitted with the micrometer. Correlation analysis was done to describe the relationship between the length of L3 and the width of S10. A total of 258 complete and whole specimens consisted of 190 immature, 54 submature, and 14 mature individuals. The average body length of immature individuals was 108.62±34.80 mm, 172.27±42.78 mm for sub mature individuals, and 123.14±57.40 mm for mature individuals. Based on sexual dimorphism, the female body size is larger than male. The body length of N. abiuma can be estimated by body weight, the length of L3, and the  width of S10, with  correlation coefficient (r) of 0.82, 0.73 and 0.78, respectively. Morphometry approach can be used to determine the body size of N. abiuma. 

scholarly journals Length-weight relationship of European catfish (Silurus glanis L.) fry reared at different stocking densities under controlled conditions

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
V. Krasteva ◽  
M. Yankova
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Silurus Glanis ◽  
Group A ◽  
European Catfish ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Group B

Abstract. The present paper investigates the body length and weight, and the size-weight variations of one-month-old European catfish reared at 4 variants of stocking density: Variant 1 – 5 spec/l; Variant 2 – 10 spec/l; Variant 3 – 15 spec/l and Variant 4 – 28 spec/l. The experiment is carried out at the Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Plovdiv for a period of 16 days, using a production system consisting of tubs with continuous water flow (0.7 l/min). At the end of the experiment, the fish from each variant are sorted in three size-weight groups: A – large, B – medium and C – small. The number of fish in each group is established. From the group of the medium- and small-sized fish, 150 speciments are measured, while from the group of the large specimens, which are the smallest in number, all specimens are measured for the biometric parameters body weight (BW, g) and total body length (TL, cm). The results from the study show small variations in the length and weight of the fish reared at the lowest stocking density (Variant 1). As the density increase, the size-weight differences between the specimens from Group A also increased, while of those from Group B they decrease. The number of the medium-sized fish decrease (p≤0.001) while the number of large specimens (p≤0.01) and small fish increase (p≤0.001).

scholarly journals A new xandarellid euarthropod from the Cambrian Chengjiang biota, Yunnan Province, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (08) ◽  
pp. 1375-1384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianguang Hou ◽  
Mark Williams ◽  
Robert Sansom ◽  
Derek J. Siveter ◽  
David J. Siveter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Chengjiang Biota ◽  
Total Body

AbstractThe euarthropod Luohuilinella deletres sp. nov. is described from rare material from the Chengjiang biota, Cambrian Series 2, Stage 3, of Yunnan Province, China. Phylogenetic analysis recovers a xandarellid affinity for L. deletres, representing only the fifth described species of this clade. L. deletres possesses a head shield that is about one-fifth of the total body length and a trunk with 30 tergites, the reduced anterior-most tergite and terminal three tergites lacking pleural elongations. Anteriorly situated notches in the head shield are associated with stalked eyes, in contrast to the more posterior, enclosed eye slits present in Xandarella. Posterior to the antennae there are at least 11 pairs of biramous appendages preserved, including three pairs in the head. The morphology of the midline gut of L. deletres, in which lateral, unbranched diverticula are wider towards the front of the body, is a characteristic also found in various trilobites. The dorsoventrally flattened exoskeleton suggests a benthic or nektobenthic mode of life for L. deletres, as for other trilobitomorphs, and it likely used its well-developed anteriorly positioned eyes for searching out food, either to scavenge or to find prey.

Two new species of philometrid nematodes (Nematoda: Philometridae) in Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822) from the South Bali Sea, Indonesia

Zootaxa ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 3609 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARTIKA DEWI ◽  
HARRY W. PALM
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Epinephelus Coioides ◽  
The South ◽  
Fish Family ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Total Body

Based on light and scanning electron microscopy, two new species of philometrid nematodes, Spirophilometra endangae sp. nov. and Philometra epinepheli sp. nov. (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea: Philometridae) are described from Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822) (Perciformes: Serranidae) from the South Bali Sea, Indonesia. Spirophilometra endangae sp. nov. was isolated from the fins of E. coioides. The new species can be distinguished from the most closely related S. eichleri Parukhin, 1971 by a larger total body length and the site of infection in the host. The new species differs from S. centropomi (Caballero, 1974) also in the larger body size of the gravid females and the site of infection in the host. S. en-dangae sp. nov. differs from S. pacifica (Moravec, Santana-Pineros, Gonzales-Solis & Torres-Huerta, 2007) in the struc-ture and arrangement of the spines on the middle part of the body, the infection site of the worm, the type host and the zoogeographical host distribution. Philometra epinepheli sp. nov. differs from all other Philometra spp. congeners so far recorded from Ephinepelus groupers in the total body length and the site of infection. This is the first opercula-infecting species of Philometra described from the fish family Serranidae.

Differentiation of external morphology of Damaeidae (Acari: Oribatida) in light of the ontogeny of three species

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2775 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
STANISŁAW SENICZAK ◽  
ANNA SENICZAK
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Dorsal Seta ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Juvenile Stages ◽  
Shape And Size

Morphology of juvenile stages and ontogeny of Damaeus onustus C. L. Koch, 1844, Damaeus clavipes (Hermann, 1804) and Kunstidamaeus tecticola (Michael, 1888) was investigated. The juveniles of these species differ mainly in body shape and size, and shape of some setae on the gastronotum and legs. The nymphs of all species lose centrodorsal setae of the d-series, and carry the exuviae of previous instars, but D. onustus carries also compact humus mass adhering to exuviae, D. clavipes a lot of loose debris, while K. tecticola usually only exuviae. The kind of camouflage is partly determined by the shape of gastronotal setae; in D. onustus these setae are curved ventrally, in D. clavipes are raised, while in K. tecticola are raised, and strongly curved medial. The nymphs of these species, as the nymphs of all other known Damaeidae, have gastronotal cornicle, which connects the exuviae of previous instars to the gastronotum. The cornicle of particular species differs in shape and location on the gastronotum; in some species is located anteromedial to setae la, in the other between setae lm, and in the other yet between setae lp or h 3 . The adults of these species differ mainly in body size, presence and shape of cuticular apophyses on the body, length of some setae on the prodorsum and notogaster, and the number of setae on legs, including dorsal seta d on genua I–III and tibiae I–IV.

scholarly journals Sexual Dimorphism in Anthonomus santacruzi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): a Biological Control Agent of Solanum mauritianum Scopoli (Solanaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 840-850
Author(s):  
Archbold Sasa ◽  
Rafał Gosik ◽  
Ed T. F. Witkowski ◽  
Marcus J. Byrne ◽  
Miłosz A. Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Abdominal Tergite ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Solanum Mauritianum ◽  
Total Body

AbstractThere is evident variation in body size amongst Anthonomus santacruzi Hustache, 1924, weevils. The aims of this study were to assess if the variation in body size in A. santacruzi weevils is a result of sexual dimorphism and what features can be used to distinguish males from females. The weevils were collected from field sites in Mpumalanga, South Africa, where they were introduced as biocontrol agents of Solanum mauritianum Scopoli. Body structures and the presence/absence of the tergal notch was examined under an optical stereomicroscope and SEM to assess differences between sexes. The morphometric analysis of the body structures included rostrum length (base–apex and antennal insertion–apex), elytral length and width, pronotum length and width, first tarsus length, first tibia length, funiculus length and total body length. Rostrum length, elytra length and width and total body length were significantly larger in females than in males. A tergal notch in the 8th abdominal tergite was present in males and absent in females. The body structure; of rostrum length, elytra length and width and total body length overlapped between sexes in some specimens. The abdominal tergal notch was found to be the most useful body structure to distinguish males from females in A. santacruzi.

scholarly journals Effects of Preservative Concentrations on Larval Cephalopharyngeal Skeleton of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), an Alternative Indicator to Larval Body Length for mPMI Estimation

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1(Special)) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Raja M. Zuha
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Growth Parameter ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Larval Body ◽  
Chrysomya Megacephala ◽  
Cephalopharyngeal Skeleton

Introduction: In forensic entomology, dipterous larval specimens found feeding on decomposing corpses are usually preserved in a range of 70-95% ethanol before being subjected to minimum postmortem interval (mPMI) assessment. However, larval body size, which is commonly used to infer mPMI, can be affected by preservatives resulting miscalculation of estimation. This study compared the effect of ethanol concentrations on larval body and cephalopharyngeal skeleton, a potential substitute to estimate larval age for mPMI estimation. Methods: Experiments were conducted on homogenised colony of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) third instar larvae reared in similar conditions. They were fixed with hot water (»80ºC) and preserved in 70% and 90% ethanol. After seven days in preservatives, larvae were measured for total body length from furthest part of the head to the last abdominal segment. Cephalopharyngeal skeleton was subsequently extracted from the body and measured based on morphometric landmarks on the pharyngeal sclerite. Centroid size of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton was also calculated based on the configuration of five morphometric landmarks. Results: In all four study replicates, pairwise comparisons with the original size indicated that larval body length was significantly affected by ethanol concentration (p<0.001) whilst only two of the study replicates showed cephalopharyngeal skeleton maintained its size when preserved in different ethanol concentration. Conclusion: Possible causes of variations are discussed herein with the results clearly indicated cephalopharyngeal skeleton should be considered as alternative growth parameter for mPMI estimation.

Keeping, Breeding, and Maintenance of Zooculture of the Ladakh Toad, Bufotes latastii (Boulenger, 1882)

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 284-290
Author(s):  
Kseniya A. Matushkina ◽  
Artem A. Kidov ◽  
Spartak N. Litvinchuk
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laboratory Population ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Total Body ◽  
One Year

In this paper we present results of laboratory reproduction of the Ladakh toad (Bufotes latastii) for three generations. Two pairs of animals, which were collected in April of 2013 in Jammu and Kashmir (India), became founders of a laboratory population. The first female gave offspring four times, while the second only once. The number of eggs in clutches obtained from the first female was 6804 – 10149 and from the second was 4080 eggs. Males, which were born in laboratory, started to vocalize at the age of 3 – 4 months after metamorphosis and at the age of one year successfully reproduced. Females become mature at the two-year age only. Thus, B. latastii is a fast-growing and early-maturing species. The number of eggs in clutches of 2-year-old laboratory females ranged from 31 to 6420 eggs (n = 28) and 3-year-old females from 19 to 6859 eggs (n = 21). Clutches were single- or double-row strings. The average thickness of egg strings was 3.2 – 5.9 mm. The diameter of eggs was 0.8 – 1.9 mm. The duration of embryonic development (until separation of pre-larvae from egg strings) was 2 – 5 days. The total body length of pre-larvae was 2.0 – 4.3 mm. The first larvae that started swimming and feeding were observed within 2 – 3 days after separation of pre-larvae from egg strings. The body length of larvae at the time of start of exogenous feeding was 2.9 – 4.3 mm and the length of tail was 1.6 – 6.3 mm. The total duration of embryogenesis was 4 – 8 days, larval development was 86 – 125 days, and overall development was 90 – 127 days.

scholarly journals Updates on the Morphometric Characterization of Indian Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) in Sri Lanka

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Hirusha Randimal Algewatta ◽  
Priyan Perera ◽  
Hasitha Karawita ◽  
Nihal Dayawansa ◽  
Dinushika Manawadu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Tail Length ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphological Description ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
And Gender

An accurate morphological description and analysis based on reliable data are unavailable for the geographically isolated population of M. crassicaudata in Sri Lanka. This study provides the most updated morphological description of M. crassicaudata with special reference to body measurements directly obtained from 27 specimens collected island-wide. Morphological parameters were recorded under three age classes that were defined based on their body weight (BW) and total body length (TBL); juvenile (BW: <4.3 kg TBL: <56.0 cm), subadult (BW: 4.3–7.3 kg TBL: 56–101 cm), and adult (BW: >7.3 kg TBL: >101 cm) and gender to reveal sexual dimorphism based on morphometric parameters. The TBL of adult males ranged between 137 and 177 cm while body weight ranged between 20.4 and 48.8 kg. The average count of body scales was 511 ± 21. The body scales were found arranged in 13 longitudinal rows with the highest number of scales observed on the vertebral scale row (16 ± 1). Three major scale morphs were identified; broad rhombic scales, elongated kite-shaped scales, and folded shaped scales. Broad rhombic shaped scales was the dominant scale type (80.49%) on the body (405 ± 7). The tail-length to body-length ratio of an Indian pangolin was 0.87. The tail length of an Indian pangolin is a reliable predictor of the TBL and has potential implications in quick field data gathering.

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