scholarly journals Exogenous Glutathione Alleviation of Cd Toxicity in Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) by Modulation of the Cd Absorption, Subcellular Distribution, and Chemical Form

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 8143
Author(s):  
Zhigang Fang ◽  
Zhaoyang Hu ◽  
Xinqiang Yin ◽  
Gang Song ◽  
Qingsheng Cai
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Chemical Form ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Chemical Forms ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Cd Toxicity ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Cd Translocation

Subcellular fractions and the chemical forms of cadmium (Cd) reflect its level of toxicity to plants; however, these effects of exogenous glutathione (GSH) are poorly understood. We exposed two Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) cultivars (IdyII and Harukaze) to 50 µM Cd or 200 µM GSH to investigate the effect of GSH on the Cd uptake, subcellular compartments, and chemical forms. Cd significantly inhibited the plant growth, while GSH supplementation decreased this inhibition. The application of GSH significantly improved the Cd concentration in the roots but reduced that in the shoots and decreased the Cd translocation from root to shoot. The Cd concentration of the root in the cell wall was increased while the concentration in the soluble fraction was decreased when supplied with GSH. The inorganic form (80% ethanol for Cd extraction) in the roots was significantly reduced when treated with GSH. The Cd form extracted by 2% acetic acid (HAC) with low toxicity and immobility were greatly increased. In leaves, the application GSH decreased in any form of Cd form extracted. In conclusion, exogenous GSH decreased the translocation of Cd and alleviated Italian ryegrass Cd toxicity by accumulating more Cd in the root cell wall and immobilizing more Cd in lower toxicity fractions.

Overexpression of a novel microRNA IamiR-4-3p from water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.) increased Cd toxicity and accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuang Shen ◽  
Ying-Ying Huang ◽  
Jun-Liang Xin ◽  
Chun-Tao He ◽  
Zhongyi Yang
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Arabidopsis ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Water Spinach ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Cd Toxicity ◽  
Empty Vector ◽  
Opposite Trend ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cd Translocation

Abstract The function of IamiR-4-3p was investigated by using wild type (WT), transfected with empty vector pCambia1302 (CK) and IamiR-4-3p transgenic Arabidopsis in this study. The expression level of GST3 was reduced by 20% in the transgenic Arabidopsis (p35S::miR-4-3p Arabidopsis) when compared to WT, and both of its shoot and root were shorter than WT and CK. After 3 d Cd treatment, root Cd concentrations of p35S::miR-4-3p Arabidopsis was significantly higher than WT and CK, while no significant difference was found in shoot Cd concentrations. MDA and H2O2 concentrations were positively correlated with the Cd concentrations in Arabidopsis. Interestingly, even though there was no significant difference among the shoot Cd concentrations, shoot MDA and H2O2 of p35S::miR-4-3p Arabidopsis were higher than those of WT and CK, and shoot T-AOC exhibited a opposite trend. These results are clearly related to the lowered expression of GST3 by the overexpression of miR-4-3p in p35S::miR-4-3p Arabidopsis. It is suggested that the function of IamiR-4-3p is able to diminish the expression level of GST3, and is responsible to the growth dwarf, higher Cd uptake and oxidative damage but not the Cd translocation from root to shoot in Arabidopsis.

scholarly journals Comparative study of Cd uptake and tolerance of two Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) cultivars

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhigang Fang ◽  
Laiqing Lou ◽  
Zhenglan Tai ◽  
Yufeng Wang ◽  
Lei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Cd Tolerance ◽  
Protein Thiols ◽  
Polluted Sites

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic heavy metals and is difficult to remove from contaminated soil and water. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), as an energy crop, exhibits a valuable potential to develop Cd polluted sites due to its use as a biofuel rather than as food and forage. Previously, via a screening for Cd-tolerant ryegrass, the two most extreme cultivars (IdyII and Harukaze) with high and low Cd tolerance during seed germination, respectively, were selected. However, the underlying mechanism for Cd tolerance was not well investigated. In this study, we comparatively investigated the growth, physiological responses, and Cd uptake and translocation of IdyII and Harukaze when the seedlings were exposed to a Cd (0-100 µM) solution for 12 days. As expected, excess Cd inhibited seedling growth and was accompanied by an accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced photosynthetic pigments in both cultivars. The effects of Cd on the uptake and translocation of other nutrient elements (Zn, Fe, Mn and Mg) were dependent on Cd concentrations, cultivars, plant tissues and elements. Compared with Harukaze, IdyII exhibited better performance with less MDA and higher pigment content. Furthermore, IdyII was less efficient in Cd uptake and translocation compared to Harukaze, which might be explained by the higher NPT (non-protein thiols) content in its roots. Taken together, our data indicate that IdyII is more tolerant than Harukaze, which partially resulted from the differences in Cd uptake and translocation.

scholarly journals 1Selenium supply alters the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of cadmium and the expression of transporter genes involved in cadmium uptake and translocation in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaojiao Zhu ◽  
Peng Zhao ◽  
Zhaojun Nie ◽  
Huazhong Shi ◽  
Chang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Subcellular Distribution ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Chemical Forms ◽  
Cell Organelles ◽  
Cd Accumulation ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Cd Distribution

Abstract Background Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in crops affects the yield and quality of crops and harms human health. The application of selenium (Se) can reduce the absorption and transport of Cd in winter wheat. Results The results showed that increasing Se supply significantly decreased Cd concentration and accumulation in the shoot and root of winter wheat and the root-to-shoot translocation of Cd. Se application increased the root length, surface area and root volume but decreased the average root diameter. Increasing Se supply significantly decreased Cd concentration in the cell wall, soluble fraction and cell organelles in root and shoot. An increase in Se supply inhibited Cd distribution in the organelles of shoot and root but enhanced Cd distribution in the soluble fraction of shoot and the cell wall of root. The Se supply also decreased the proportion of active Cd (ethanol-extractable (FE) Cd and deionized water-extractable (FW) Cd) in root. In addition, the expression of TaNramp5-a, TaNramp5-b, TaHMA3-a, TaHMA3-b and TaHMA2 significantly increased with increasing Cd concentration in root, and the expression of TaNramp5-a, TaNramp5-b and TaHMA2 in root was downregulated by increasing Se supply, regardless of Se supply or Cd stress. The expression of TaHMA3-b in root was significantly downregulated by 10 μM Se at both the 5 μM and 25 μM Cd level but upregulated by 5 μM Se at the 25 μM Cd level. The expression of TaNramp5-a, TaNramp5-b, TaHMA3-a, TaHMA3-b and TaHMA2 in shoot was downregulated by increasing Se supply at 5 μM Cd level, and 5 μM Se upregulated the expression of those genes in shoot at 25 μM Cd level. Conclusions The results confirm that Se application limits Cd accumulation in wheat by regulating the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd in winter wheat tissues, as well as the expression of TaNramp5-a, TaNramp5-b and TaHMA2 in root.

scholarly journals COMPOSITION, INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF TIMOTHY AND ITALIAN AND WESTERWOLDS RYEGRASS SILAGES

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. NARASIMHALU ◽  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
K. A. WINTER ◽  
K. B. McRAE
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Feed Value ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and Italian and Westerwolds ryegrasses (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) were harvested as first-cut wilted silages in 1979 and 1980 and were compared on the basis of composition, intake and digestibility. Timothy silage had more cell wall content and was less digestible than the annual ryegrass silages in both years (P < 0.05). Seeding year timothy was consumed less than Aubade ryegrass in 1979 but the postseeding year timothy silage was equal in intake to 1980 Aubade silage but inferior to Italian ryegrass in digestible protein content and also intake (P < 0.05). Leafier Italian and Promenade ryegrasses were consumed more than the stemmy Aubade ryegrass (P < 0.05). Annual ryegrasses were not significantly different in their composition during 1979 but in 1980, Italian ryegrass contained less cell wall and was more digestible than Aubade ryegrass silage (P < 0.05). Prolonged field wilting in humid weather appeared to be more detrimental to the stemmy Aubade for intake and feed value than to the leafier Promenade and Italian ryegrasses. Seeding year timothy silage had lower feed value than the postseed year timothy silage.Key words: Silage, timothy, annual ryegrass, intake, digestibility, composition

CELL WALL-BOUND p-COUMARIC AND FERULIC ACIDS IN ITALIAN RYEGRASS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
TSUNEO KONDO ◽  
KAZUHIKO MIZUNO ◽  
TADASHI KATO
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Ferulic Acid ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Cell Wall Polymers ◽  
Cross Links ◽  
Ferulic Acids ◽  
Acid Esters

Cell wall-bound p-coumaric and ferulic acids were determined for stems of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) sampled at different stages of growth. The greater part of the detected p-coumaric acid was linked to cell wall polymers through ester linkages. No definite relationship was found between the accumulation of p-coumaric acid esters and plant maturation. Some part of the detected ferulic acid was simultaneously esterified and etherified to cell wall polymers. Such ester- and ether-linked ferulic acid augmented with increasing maturity, suggesting that the number of ferulic acid cross-links in the cell wall matrices of ryegrass increases with plant maturation.Key words: p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, Italian ryegrass, cell wall, phenolic acids

Differences between related grasses, times of year and plant parts in digestibility and chemical composition

1996 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wilman ◽  
Y. Gao ◽  
M. A. K. Altimimi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

SUMMARYTrue dry matter digestibility, proportion of cell content, digestibility of cell wall, N and water-soluble carbohydrate were determined in eight related grasses in February, June and September in each of three years. In a separate experiment, true dry matter digestibility, proportion of cell content and digestibility of cell wall were determined in five plant parts of vegetative tillers of two grasses in February, April, June, August, October and December in each of two years.Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was the most digestible grass and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and Westerwolds ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum var. Westerwoldicum) were the least digestible. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) was high in proportion of cell content, but not in digestibility of cell wall. Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) was high in digestibility of cell wall, but low in proportion of cell content. Perennial ryegrass and hybrid ryegrass were high, and tall fescue low, in both proportion of cell content and digestibility of cell wall. Ryegrasses were lower than fescues in concentration of N and higher than the fescues in water-soluble carbohydrate; ryegrass × meadow fescue hybrids were intermediate between the parent species in N and watersoluble carbohydrate.Grass sampled in June and August was lower in both proportion of cell content and digestibility of cell wall than grass sampled at cooler times of year. Grass sampled in February was high in proportion of cell content and N, intermediate to high in digestibility of cell wall and intermediate in water-soluble carbohydrate.Expanding leaf blades of perennial and Italian ryegrass were higher than expanded blades and sheaths in digestibility of cell wall and similar to expanded blades and higher than sheaths in proportion of cell content. Cell wall was less digestible in the tip than in the middle and basal portions of expanded leaf blades.

scholarly journals 1 Selenium Supply Alters Subcellular Distribution and Chemical Forms of Cadmium and Expression of Transporter Genes Involved in Cadmium Uptake and Translocation in Winter Wheat (Triticum Aestivum)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaojiao Zhu ◽  
Peng Zhao ◽  
Zhaojun Nie ◽  
Huazhong Shi ◽  
Chang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Subcellular Distribution ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Cell Organelle ◽  
Chemical Forms ◽  
Cd Accumulation ◽  
Cd Distribution ◽  
Application Limit

Abstract Background Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in crops will affect the yield and quality of crops, and also harm human health. The application of selenium (Se) can reduce the absorption and transport of Cd in winter wheat. Results The result showed that increasing Se supply significantly decreased Cd concentration and accumulation in shoots and roots of winter wheat, and the root to shoot translocation of Cd. The Se supply increased the root length, surface area and root volume, but decreased the root average diameter. Increasing Se supply significantly decreased Cd concentration in cell wall, soluble fraction and cell organelle in roots and shoots. An increase of Se supply inhibited Cd distribution in the organelle of shoot and root, but enhanced Cd distribution in the soluble fraction of shoot and the cell wall of root. The Se supply also decreased the proportion of active Cd (ethanol-extractable (FE) Cd and deionized water-extractable (FW) Cd) in roots. In addition, the expression of TaNramp5-a, TaNramp5-b, TaHMA3-a, TaHMA3-b and TaHMA2 were significantly increased with the increase of Cd concentration in roots, and the expression of TaNramp5-a, TaNramp5-b and TaHMA2 in roots were down-regulated by increasing Se supply, regardless of Se supply or Cd stress, respectively. The expression of TaHMA3-b in root was significantly down-regulated by Se10 treatment at both Cd5 and Cd25 but up-regulated by Se5 treatment at Cd25. The expression of TaNramp5-a, TaNramp5-b, TaHMA3-a, TaHMA3-b and TaHMA2 in shoot were down-regulated by increasing Se supply at Cd5, and Se5 treatment up-regulated the expression of those genes in shoot at Cd25. Conclusions The results confirm that Se application limit Cd accumulation in wheat via regulating subcellular distribution and the chemical forms of Cd in tissues of winter wheat, as well as the expression of TaNramp5-a, TaNramp5-b and TaHMA2 in root.

scholarly journals Comparative study of Cd uptake and tolerance of two Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) cultivars

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhigang Fang ◽  
Laiqing Lou ◽  
Zhenglan Tai ◽  
Yufeng Wang ◽  
Lei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Cd Tolerance ◽  
Protein Thiols ◽  
Polluted Sites

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic heavy metals and is difficult to remove from contaminated soil and water. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), as an energy crop, exhibits a valuable potential to develop Cd polluted sites due to its use as a biofuel rather than as food and forage. Previously, via a screening for Cd-tolerant ryegrass, the two most extreme cultivars (IdyII and Harukaze) with high and low Cd tolerance during seed germination, respectively, were selected. However, the underlying mechanism for Cd tolerance was not well investigated. In this study, we comparatively investigated the growth, physiological responses, and Cd uptake and translocation of IdyII and Harukaze when the seedlings were exposed to a Cd (0-100 µM) solution for 12 days. As expected, excess Cd inhibited seedling growth and was accompanied by an accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced photosynthetic pigments in both cultivars. The effects of Cd on the uptake and translocation of other nutrient elements (Zn, Fe, Mn and Mg) were dependent on Cd concentrations, cultivars, plant tissues and elements. Compared with Harukaze, IdyII exhibited better performance with less MDA and higher pigment content. Furthermore, IdyII was less efficient in Cd uptake and translocation compared to Harukaze, which might be explained by the higher NPT (non-protein thiols) content in its roots. Taken together, our data indicate that IdyII is more tolerant than Harukaze, which partially resulted from the differences in Cd uptake and translocation.

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