scholarly journals Effect of Water-Saving Society Policy on Water Consumption in the Cities of China: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 8171
Author(s):  
Yali Zhao ◽  
Min Li
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Local Conditions

The increased demand for water resources due to urban population and economic growth has worsened the urban water crisis. In order to address this issue, a policy of “developing a water-saving society” (namely, water-saving society policy) has been implemented in some Chinese cities. This study takes 285 cities at the prefecture level and above as the sample and uses the propensity score matching (PSM) method to analyze the effect of China’s urban water-saving society policy on the reduction of water consumption per CNY 10,000 gross domestic product (GDP) from 2005 to 2017. The results show that the water-saving society policy significantly (p < 0.01) reduced water consumption in the study period; however, the effects differed between cities with different water resource endowments, economic development level, and urban scale. Specifically, there was a positive water consumption reduction effect in cities in humid areas, with low economic development, or of large scale, while the effect was limited in cities in arid areas, with high economic development, or of small scale. Therefore, for areas where water resource supply is insufficient, water-saving policy should be designed and implemented suiting local conditions, and it is also necessary to explore more water sources.

Southeast Asian Society: Dual or Multiple

1964 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-427
Author(s):  
Benjamin Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Cultural Anthropologist ◽  
Asian Society ◽  
Traditional Sector ◽  
Capital Intensive

It is now ten years since I wrote my own initial critique of the theory of sociological dualism presented by J. H. Boeke. In the intervening decade, all of us who are concerned with the problem of economic development and cultural change have, I trust, learned more about the nature of the phenomenon and hence the reopening of discussion by Professor Manning Nash at this time is very welcome. I should like to deal first with his main theme, and then with a few details of his paper.Professor Nash shows the usual reluctance of the cultural anthropologist to generalize; he is unwilling to “deal with anything as complex, heterogeneous, and refractory as Southeast Asia as a whole.” The really interesting question, however, is surely how general tiie phenomena of dualistic society, multiple society, technological dualism, and underdevelopment are, and what the relationships are among them. Being less inhibited than Professor Nash, let me say at once that in my view technological dualism appears in all countries which can be regarded as underdeveloped. By this I mean that all such countries have two clearly distinguishable sectors, one with a capital-intensive and modern technology with high levels of man-year productivity, consisting of large scale manufacturing, plantation agriculture, mining, and the services associated with these; and die other, the “traditional” sector, consisting of peasant agriculture, small scale manufacturing and handicrafts, and the services connected with these.

scholarly journals Incorporating Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Iran’s Potable Water-Saving Scheme by Using a GIS-Simulation Based Decision Support System

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yie-Ru Chiu ◽  
Kamaleddin Aghaloo ◽  
Babak Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Support System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Guilan Province

Rainwater harvesting systems (RWHSs) have been accepted as a simple and effective approach to ease the worsening of urban water stress. However, in arid and semiarid regions, a comprehensive method for promoting domestic RWHSs in a large-scale water-saving scheme that incorporates water consumption reducing equipment (WCRE) and gray water reuse (GWR), has not been well developed. For this, based on the case study of Guilan Province, Iran, this study addressed the temporal-spatial complex of rainfall and proposed a GIS-simulation-based decision support system (DSS). Herein, two scenarios, i.e., the typical RWHS and the modified RWHS for arid areas, were tested; and the associated economic analysis was performed and compared with WCRE and GWR. Moreover, for larger-scale implementation, the multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) technique was further applied to address the social-environmental complexity of these water-saving methods. Guilan Province has thereby been classified into three priority levels, providing a straightforward understanding of how to promote the large-scale water-saving scheme. Compared with the traditional generalized method, sensitivity analysis verified that this DSS enhanced the information value. Hence, the DSS that provides more holistic and comprehensive support has been identified as a useful tool to ease the threat of urban water stress.

scholarly journals How Much Should Climate Model Output Be Smoothed in Space?

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 867-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jouni Räisänen ◽  
Jussi S. Ylhäisi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Model Output ◽  
Climate Change Projections ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Climate Model Output ◽  
Mean Climate

Abstract The general decrease in the quality of climate model output with decreasing scale suggests a need for spatial smoothing to suppress the most unreliable small-scale features. However, even if correctly simulated, a large-scale average retained by the smoothing may not be representative of the local conditions, which are of primary interest in many impact studies. Here, the authors study this trade-off using simulations of temperature and precipitation by 24 climate models within the Third Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, to find the scale of smoothing at which the mean-square difference between smoothed model output and gridbox-scale reality is minimized. This is done for present-day time mean climate, recent temperature trends, and projections of future climate change, using cross validation between the models for the latter. The optimal scale depends strongly on the number of models used, being much smaller for multimodel means than for individual model simulations. It also depends on the variable considered and, in the case of climate change projections, the time horizon. For multimodel-mean climate change projections for the late twenty-first century, only very slight smoothing appears to be beneficial, and the resulting potential improvement is negligible for practical purposes. The use of smoothing as a means to improve the sampling for probabilistic climate change projections is also briefly explored.

Measures for the Village Construction and Sustainable Development of Environment: Take the Planning of Beiwu Village Shanhaiguan District as an Example

2013 ◽  
Vol 663 ◽  
pp. 265-269
Author(s):  
Ling Shu Yang ◽  
Ning Wang ◽  
Jing Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Environment Protection ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Rural Industries ◽  
The Village

In the current large-scale construction of village planning process, village construction provides better productive, living, ecological conditions for rural areas. However, whether we can balance economic development and sustainable development of environment means whether the benefit of village development can be permanent. This paper clarified how to protect the environment during the process of strengthening village economics and to balance village construction and environment protection so as to achieve the goal of sustainable development. Taking the Beiwu Village planning of Shihe Town Shanhaiguan District Qinhuangdao City as an example, this paper explored the possibility and underlying dynamism of village construction and the sustainable development of environment. Combined with the characters of the natural and economic development of villages and adjusting measures to local conditions, this project optimized the combination of construction and environment as well as rural industries and village landscape, making Beiwu Village into “a paradise for tourists, the homes of farmers, the garden of Shanhaiguan District, the ecological garden of Qinhuangdao city”, which provided a reference for the village construction and the sustainable development of environment.

Turbulence and mixing in a Scottish Loch

1977 ◽  
Vol 286 (1334) ◽  
pp. 125-181 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Richardson Number ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Eddy Diffusion ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Vertical Scale ◽  
Eddy Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Calm Weather ◽  
Rate Of Dissipation ◽  
Bodies Of Water

It is nearly three-quarters of a century since E. R. Watson (1904) and E. M. Wedderburn (1907) made the observations in Loch Ness which showed conclusively, and for the first time, that large bodies of water contain beneath their surface the wave motions which have now come to be known as internal waves. The observations and theory of these waves have developed much since those days, but the Loch is still very useful as a site in which to observe and examine phenomena which are also found in other bodies of water, particularly the ocean. In particular the Loch provides a large-scale natural ‘laboratory’ in which a variety of small-scale phenomena associated with turbulence in a stratified fluid may be studied. Observations have been made with a novel profiling instrument which measures the horizontal velocity of the water and its temperature, from which the density may be inferred. These observations serve to illustrate a variety of local conditions which occur in calm weather, as the Loch responds to the wind and during the passage of an internal surge. Analysis of the records is conducted in terms of an intermittency index (the fraction of fluid in which the density decreases with depth), the Richardson number and a length scale which characterizes the vertical scale of the regions which are found to be unstably stratified. Semi-empirical formulae for the eddy diffusion coefficient and the rate of dissipation of kinetic energy in the turbulent motion are examined to see whether they are consistent with observations. No universal value of the Richardson number is found, but this may be a consequence of the rather low values of Reynolds number found in the Loch thermocline.

scholarly journals BJS.01Antibiotics as an alternative to appendicectomy in uncomplicated adult appendicitis: analysis of a prospective, multicentre cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Javanmard-Emamghissi ◽  
Brett Doleman ◽  
Marianne Hollyman ◽  
Jonathan Lund ◽  
Susan Moug ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Operative Management ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Multicentre Cohort Study ◽  
Non Operative Management ◽  
Multicentre Cohort

Abstract Aims Recent randomised controlled trials have shown that non-operative management of acute appendicitis with antibiotics can prevent the need for surgery in 71-84% of patients within 90-days.  Changes in the management of appendicitis, brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, have allowed for this large-scale observational study, which aims to report the outcomes of operative and non-operative management of appendicitis, including non-operative management rates at 90-days. Methods This prospective, multicentre cohort study at 97 sites across Great Britain and Ireland included adult patients with a clinical or radiological diagnosis of appendicitis. Propensity-score matching was conducted using age, sex, BMI, frailty, co-morbidity, adult appendicitis score and CRP. Outcomes in the non-operative group were 90-day treatment failure, and in the matched groups 30-day complications and length of hospital stay (LOS). Results This analysis included 3420 patients, of whom 1402 (41%) had initial non-operative treatment and 2018 (59%) had operative management. The success rate of non-operative management was 80% (1116) at 90-days, with 18 patients (6%) that failed non-operative management having a histologically normal appendix. Following propensity score matching, 2444 patients were included in the outcomes analysis. In the propensity score matched groups, there was a reduction in complications in the non-operative management group compared to the operative group (OR 0.36; 95% CI 0.26 to 0.50) and a shorter median LOS (2.5 vs 3 days, p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions Non-operative management of appendicitis is associated with fewer complications, a shorter LOS, and avoids surgery in the majority of patients.

scholarly journals Risk Factor Analysis of Brucellosis in Hulunbuir, China, Using the Propensity Score Matching Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Peng ◽  
Xiuwen Liang ◽  
Lei Zhu ◽  
Chen Liang ◽  
Chenfang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Self Protection ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Background: Brucellosis is the most widespread zoonosis worldwide and one of the most neglected zoonotic diseases. At present, large-scale farms are growing rapidly, increasing the risk of disease transmission. Objectives: In this study, the propensity score matching (PSM) method was used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of brucellosis and explore the risk factors of brucellosis infection in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China. Methods: A questionnaire for brucellosis was designed based on general knowledge and the protection of key groups of brucellosis. Epidata 13.0 software was used to establish the questionnaire, and propensity score matching was used to select cases that met the requirements of case-controls. Results: A total of 152 cases and 456 controls were included. The results of the study show that feeding livestock, carrying lambs regularly, and raising livestock without protective measures can increase the risk of brucellosis infection. Conclusions: Behavioral factors are the main risk factors for brucellosis, and livestock keepers should strengthen self-protection when working.

scholarly journals SISTEM INFORMASI PERAWATAN TANAMAN BERBASIS INTERNET OF THINGS DI TAMAN BALAD CIPARAY KABUPATEN BANDUNG

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Rosmalina Rosma ◽  
Yaya Suharya ◽  
Megantari Suhendar
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Sensor Structure ◽  
Care Information ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Most people in Indonesia usually have plants at their homes, places of business and so on. Balad is a place of business, which has a minimalist garden on the second floor. The limited land owned by Balad has made business owners take advantage of the existing land conditions to raise crops on a small scale. The garden is usually planted with a variety of plants to beautify and make the gardens in Balad cool. Plants grown by business owners in order to grow properly must have adequate water consumption and adequate lighting. The provision of water or watering and lighting to plants is one of the important things to keep the plants alive. Seeing this condition, business owners must do regular watering so that these plants get sufficient water consumption. Nowadays everyone has their own preferences, the same applies to business owners in Balad, so that sometimes they are forgotten to care for plants due to limited time. Information systems on plant care based on the Internet of Things help in collecting information related to conditions such as humidity, temperature, soil fertility, and plant inspection that can be controlled via a smartphone using the internet network. Internet of Things makes use of plant owners to connect with their residence or place of business from anywhere and anytime. The remote sensor structure using Microcontroller ESP8266 is used to monitor the condition of plants in the Balad park, of course, to see conditions remotely. Designing Plant Care Information Systems based on the Internet of Things, can reduce costs and update productivity standards in maintaining small-scale plants and if needed can be developed on a large scale

Efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy after resection of pulmonary metastasis from colorectal cancer: A propensity score matching analysis.

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 788-788
Author(s):  
Mamiko Imanishi ◽  
Yoshiyuki Yamamoto ◽  
Yukako Hamano ◽  
Takeshi Yamada ◽  
Toshikazu Moriwaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Adjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Curative Resection ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
R0 Resection ◽  
Propensity Score Matching Analysis ◽  
Secondary Endpoints

788 Background: A number of retrospective studies reported that 5-year survival rate was 30-60% in patients who underwent curative resection of pulmonary metastases (PM) from colorectal cancer (CRC), and PM-CRC resection was recommended in clinical practice. Efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy after resection of PM remains unclear. Therefore, using a large-scale data obtained from patients who underwent R0 resection of PM in Japan, we investigated it with a propensity score-matching analysis. Methods: We retrospectively collected clinical data of 1237 patients who underwent metastasectomy of PM-CRC at 46 Japanese institutions from 2004 to 2008. Excluding non-curative resection, preoperative chemotherapies, extra-thoratic metastases, complications after surgery, and inadequate data, 530 patients’ data (surgery alone 269 and surgery with adjuvant chemotherapy 261) were used for the matching. Patient backgrounds affecting doctor’s recommendation of adjuvant chemotherapy and including commonly reported prognostic factors were adjusted, using a propensity score-matching method. Primary and secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS), respectively. Results: After the matching with propensity-score, 167 patients for each group were selected. Patient backgrounds were balanced between both groups. Adjuvant chemotherapies were fluorouracil alone (67%), oxaliplatine-containing regimen (24%), irinotecan-containing regimen (7%) and others (2%). There were no significant differences between both groups in OS (HR 0.97, 95%CI 0.64-1.46, p = 0.88) and DFS (HR 0.99, 95%CI 0.75-1.32, p = 0.96). Conclusions: A propensity score-matching analysis did not show a survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy after resection of PM in patients with CRC. A large prospective observational study with high quality or randomized clinical trial is needed.

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