Southeast Asian Society: Dual or Multiple

1964 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-427
Author(s):  
Benjamin Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Cultural Anthropologist ◽  
Asian Society ◽  
Traditional Sector ◽  
Capital Intensive

It is now ten years since I wrote my own initial critique of the theory of sociological dualism presented by J. H. Boeke. In the intervening decade, all of us who are concerned with the problem of economic development and cultural change have, I trust, learned more about the nature of the phenomenon and hence the reopening of discussion by Professor Manning Nash at this time is very welcome. I should like to deal first with his main theme, and then with a few details of his paper.Professor Nash shows the usual reluctance of the cultural anthropologist to generalize; he is unwilling to “deal with anything as complex, heterogeneous, and refractory as Southeast Asia as a whole.” The really interesting question, however, is surely how general tiie phenomena of dualistic society, multiple society, technological dualism, and underdevelopment are, and what the relationships are among them. Being less inhibited than Professor Nash, let me say at once that in my view technological dualism appears in all countries which can be regarded as underdeveloped. By this I mean that all such countries have two clearly distinguishable sectors, one with a capital-intensive and modern technology with high levels of man-year productivity, consisting of large scale manufacturing, plantation agriculture, mining, and the services associated with these; and die other, the “traditional” sector, consisting of peasant agriculture, small scale manufacturing and handicrafts, and the services connected with these.

Revisiting Agrarian Reform in Brazil, 1985–2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilder Robles
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Intensive Agriculture ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Agricultural Economy ◽  
Limited Impact ◽  
Land Redistribution ◽  
Capital Intensive

This article examines Brazil’s experience in agrarian reform from 1985 to 2016. After more than three decades of agrarian reform, Brazil remains a country with highly skewed landownership. Peasant-led agrarian reform efforts have had limited impact in changing this situation. Agrarian reform remains an unfulfilled political promise, and this situation continues to create tensions and conflicts in the countryside. The main reason for the persistence of skewed land concentration is the State’s support of agribusiness. Successive post-1985 democratic governments have encouraged the opening of new agricultural frontiers by providing generous economic incentives. Land redistribution has been offset by further land possession; that is, the expansion of small-scale agricultural farming has been counterbalanced by the expansion of large-scale, capital intensive agriculture. Agribusiness has not only undermined agrarian reform efforts but has also generated a growing dependency on a socially and environmentally destructive monoculture agricultural economy. Moreover, Brazil’s current political and economic crisis has further undermined the struggle for agrarian reform.

scholarly journals The Role of Small-scale Industry in Pakistan's Economy and Government Incentives

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-807
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hussain Malik ◽  
Aftab Ahmad Cheema
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The Past ◽  
Small Scale Industry ◽  
Small Industry ◽  
The Government

Despite the recognition of the importance of small-scale industry, the Government of Pakistan's industrial policy has been biased in the past towards the large-scale manufacturing sector. The First Five Year Plan (1955-60) document states the significance of small-scale industry in the following words. Small industry has specific contributions to make to economic development. In the first place, it can contribute to the output of needed goods without requiring the organization of large new enterprises or the use of much foreign exchange to finance the import of new equipment. Secondly, it can provide opportunities for employment beyond the narrow boundaries of urban centres. Finally, as history shows, it can perform an important function in promoting growth, providing training ground for management and labour, and spreading industrial knowledge over wide areas [8, p. 471] .

scholarly journals Socio-economic Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Smallholder Livelihoods in Zimbabwe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Mhlanga ◽  
Emmanuel Ndhlovu
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Sustainable Livelihoods Framework ◽  
The Government ◽  
Capital Intensive ◽  
Livelihoods Framework

The article revisits previous viruses such as Ebola to extrapolate the socio-economic implications of the COVID-19. Using secondary sources and the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) to guide understanding, the article argues that unless measures are put in place to safeguard smallholder activities in Zimbabwe, COVID-19 has the potential to reproduce the same catastrophic implications created by Ebola in West African countries where peasant food systems where shattered and livelihoods strategies maimed. With a perceptible withdrawal of the government from small-scale farming towards large-scale capital intensive operations, smallholders could now be even more vulnerable. The article concludes that social assistance should now be intensified to protect its vulnerable population from the ravages of COVID-19.

The Transition From Small-Scale to Large-Scale Industry

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 2159-2165
Author(s):  
G. Campleman
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fishing Industry ◽  
New Processing ◽  
New Industry ◽  
Capital Intensive

The transition in fisheries from small-scale to large-scale industry has traditionally evolved in the technically advanced countries over a period covering several generations. The present sophisticated, capital-intensive, highly mechanized fishing industry of Western Europe is a good example of this process.However, the developing countries of today are not content to wait through the evolutionary period. They want to establish a modern fishing industry — all aspects from catching the fish to processing and consumption — in the shortest time. Some have done so, at least in part, despite difficulties such as lack of trained personnel at all levels, lack of or inadequate infrastructure and marketing and distribution systems, inadequate capital resources, and so on.The author examines the main problems and challenges of the situation and provides various proposals and guidelines for such rapid development. He points out that the characteristic artisanal fisheries of the developing countries cannot be so transformed into modernized fisheries. They need a separate, slowly developing program for their upgrading. However, they are likely to be stimulated by and benefit from the establishment of a modern capital-intensive industry with which they must coexist. In particular, the artisanal fishermen should benefit from expansion of markets, introduction of new processing facilities, improvements in infrastructure, establishment of higher standards in handling, storage, and processing of fish, perhaps even by injection of capital and being given a specific share of the new industry, such as supplying it with high-priced prime fish, etc.

ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF TWO TECHNOLOGIES FOR PRODUCTION OF A MYCOPESTICIDE IN MADAGASCAR

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (S171) ◽  
pp. 101-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Capital Budgeting ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Investment Capital ◽  
Capital Intensive

AbstractThe net present value (NPV) approach to capital budgeting is used to determine the relative economic feasibility of two production models capable of manufacturing a fungi-based biopesticide in Madagascar. Sales revenues are projected at $10–12 per hectare for 20 000–80 000 ha annually, with recurrent costs estimated in Madagascar and investment costs from IITA (Cotonou, Benin) and Mycotech Corporation (Butte, Montana). These cash flows are discounted by an appropriate interest rate and risk factor, with positive results for both the labour-intensive model and the capital-intensive model under several scenarios. Cost advantages for the two models depend on both technology and scale. The labour-intensive model achieves a higher NPV in a market of 20 000 ha per annum as compared with the capital-intensive model. The capital-intensive model achieves a higher NPV in a market of 80 000 ha (including exports to southern Africa). Both models benefit from scale economies, although this benefit is relatively greater for the capital-intensive model. Consumers of mycopesticides in Madagascar could realize nearly 20% savings under a higher output scenario with a capital-intensive technology, than under a lower output scenario with a labour-intensive technology. Large-scale producers, however, would require nearly four times as much investment capital, and could find it difficult to produce for export from Madagascar. In the absence of a large-scale producer, small-scale production would be appropriate and feasible based on lower investment costs. Malagasy production is also protected from foreign competition because of current phytosanitary regulations.

scholarly journals Effect of Water-Saving Society Policy on Water Consumption in the Cities of China: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 8171
Author(s):  
Yali Zhao ◽  
Min Li
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Local Conditions

The increased demand for water resources due to urban population and economic growth has worsened the urban water crisis. In order to address this issue, a policy of “developing a water-saving society” (namely, water-saving society policy) has been implemented in some Chinese cities. This study takes 285 cities at the prefecture level and above as the sample and uses the propensity score matching (PSM) method to analyze the effect of China’s urban water-saving society policy on the reduction of water consumption per CNY 10,000 gross domestic product (GDP) from 2005 to 2017. The results show that the water-saving society policy significantly (p < 0.01) reduced water consumption in the study period; however, the effects differed between cities with different water resource endowments, economic development level, and urban scale. Specifically, there was a positive water consumption reduction effect in cities in humid areas, with low economic development, or of large scale, while the effect was limited in cities in arid areas, with high economic development, or of small scale. Therefore, for areas where water resource supply is insufficient, water-saving policy should be designed and implemented suiting local conditions, and it is also necessary to explore more water sources.

European, Lebanese, and African Traders in Pendembu, Sierra Leone: 1908-1968

1974 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Isaac
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Special Functions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Commercial Sector ◽  
Eastern Province ◽  
Family Ties ◽  
Managerial Training

This article discusses the changing context in which European, Lebanese, and African traders have conducted business in Pendembu, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone, since the establishment of the railhead there in 1908. The branch offices of several European import-export houses at first dominated local commerce, which was mainly concerned with palm products and cheap imported goods. Their major competitors were several independent Lebanese traders, who eventually gained the upper hand in large-scale commerce when the basis of trade changed from cash to credit after 1940. In recent years the emergence of a large number of small-scale African entrepreneurs has made retailing less lucrative for the Lebanese, who have concentrated increasingly on wholesaling and produce-bulking. Even in this latter activity, however, the Lebanese are now experiencing competition from a few large-scale African businessmen. Nevertheless, African participation in large-scale commerce is still hampered by extended-family ties and by lack of managerial training. When these obstacles are removed in the course of general economic development, the Lebanese and other "stranger-traders" will lose their special functions in the commercial sector.

scholarly journals Tightrope walking towards maximising secondary uses of digitised health data: a qualitative study.

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 591
Author(s):  
Ann R R Robertson ◽  
Pam Smith ◽  
Harpreet Sood ◽  
Kathrin Cresswell ◽  
Ulugbek Nurmatov Nurmatov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Collaborative Relationships ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Derived Data ◽  
Tightrope Walking

Background Timely progress with attaining benefits from Health Information Technology (HIT) investments requires UK policymakers and others to negotiate challenges in developing structures and processes to catalyse the trustworthy secondary uses of HIT-derived data.Aims We aimed to uncover expert insights into perceived barriers and facilitators for maximising safe and secure secondary uses of HIT-derived data in the UK.Methods We purposively selected individuals from a range of disciplines in the UK and abroad to participate in a thematically analysed, semi-structured interview study.Results We identified a main theme of ‘tightrope walking’ from our interviews (n = 23), reflecting trying to balance different stakeholders’ views and priorities, with sub-themes of ‘a culture of caution’, ‘fuzzy boundaries’ and ‘cultivating the ground’. The public interest concept was fundamental to interviewees’ support for secondary uses of HIT-derived data. Small scale and prior collaborative relationships facilitated progress. Involving commercial companies, improving data quality, achieving proportionate governance and capacity building remained challenges.Conclusions One challenge will be scaling up data linkage successes more evident internationally with regional population datasets. Within the UK, devolved nations have the advantage that ‘small scale’ encompasses national datasets. Proportionate governance principles developed in Scotland could be more widely applicable, while lessons on public engagement might be learned from Western Australia. A UK policy focus now should be on expediting large-scale demonstrator projects and effectively communicating their findings and impact. Progress could be jeopardised if national data protection laws were superseded by any Europen Union-wide regulation governing personal data.

Technology and Politics in the Ecology of the Sahel

1986 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest L. Schusky ◽  
Peter Heinricher
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Subsistence Farming ◽  
Perceived Needs ◽  
Cash Crops ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Capital Intensive ◽  
Intensive Development

Recent technological and political changes in the Sahel resemble earlier innovations that have failed to increase production or achieve equity in distribution, but perceived needs for large-scale changes remain, based on numerous misperceptions of what occurred in the famine of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Drought, large numbers of deaths, and decimation of cattle herds have been stereotyped to justify large capital-intensive development projects. Large dams, cash crops, and complex controls of the desert are among the projected schemes to increase production. The thesis of this article is that if a valid perspective of what occurred to the Sahel ecology in the 1960s is constructed, then capital-intensive projects frequently encouraging commercialization of agriculture will be replaced by labor-intensive, small-scale projects that involve primarily subsistence farming. The possible surplus from subsistence patterns is likely to exceed the surplus of large-scale efforts for a variety of reasons.

scholarly journals Peranan, Peluang dan Kendala Pengembangan Agroindustri di Indonesia

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
NFN Supriyati ◽  
Erma Suryani
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Partnership Development ◽  
Processed Products ◽  
Simple Technology ◽  
Home Industries

<strong>English</strong><br />This article aimed to assessing the dynamics of the role of agroindustry, as well as assessing the threat and opportunity of the agroindustry development in Indonesia. Agroindustry was developed since mid of 1970’s. In the period of 1985-2000, the share of agroindustry in GDP increased from 3.7 percent to 12.73 percent. In the meantime, the role of agroindustry in labor absorption increased within the range of 0.2 percent to 8.53 percent. The increase in added value was not followed by the increase in labor absorption. Added value mostly came from large-scale industries which was relatively stagnant in the period of 1974-2003. About 90 percent the total home industries could only create around 6 percent of added value. This fact shows a huge gap between large-scale and small-scale/home industries. Opportunity to develop agroindustry is remain open, taking into account the availability of the raw materials and the increasing demand of the processed products. Agroindustry has a significant backward and forward linkages compared to the other sectors. The agroindustry development constraints, among others, are: (1) Assurance of quality and continuity of agricultural products; (2) Relatively poor human resources capacity; (3) Simple technology instead of modern technology used by most of the producers; and (4) Lack in partnership development among the large/medium-scale agroindustries and small-scale/home agroindustries.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menelaah dinamika peranan agroindustri, serta  kendala dan peluang pengembangannya di Indonesia. Agroindustri mulai dikembangkan sejak pertengahan tahun 1970an.  Dalam periode 1985-2000, peranan agroindustri dalam penciptaan PDB meningkat dari 3,7 persen menjadi 12,73 persen. Sementara itu, peranan agroindustri dalam penyerapan tenaga kerja meningkat dari 0,2 persen pada tahun 1985 menjadi 8,53 persen. Namun demikian, peningkatan peranan dalam penciptaan nilai tambah tidak diikuti oleh peningkatan penyerapan tenaga kerja. Peranan dalam penciptaan nilai tambah, sebagian besar berasal dari industri skala besar, dan tidak terjadi pergeseran yang signifikan dalam periode tahun 1974-2003. Sementara itu, industri rumah tangga yang jumlahnya sekitar 90 persen hanya mampu menciptakan nilai tambah sekitar 6 persen. Hal ini menunjukkan adanya ketimpangan yang sangat besar antara industri skala besar dan skala rumah tangga. Peluang pengembangan agroindustri masih terbuka, baik ditinjau dari ketersediaan bahan baku maupun dari sisi permintaan produk olahan. Disamping itu, agroindustri mempunyai keterkaitan ke belakang dan ke depan yang kuat dengan sektor lainnya. Kendala-kendala dalam pengembangan agroindustri, antara lain: (1) kualitas dan kontinyuitas produk pertanian kurang terjamin; (2) kemampuan SDM masih terbatas; (3) teknologi yang digunakan sebagian besar masih bersifat sederhana, sehingga menghasilkan produk yang berkualitas rendah; dan (4) belum berkembang secara luas kemitraan antara agroindustri skala besar/sedang dengan agroindustri skala kecil/rumah tangga.

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