scholarly journals Eye-Tracking Evaluation of Exit Advance Guide Signs in Highway Tunnels in Familiar and Unfamiliar Drivers

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6820
Author(s):  
Ting Shang ◽  
Hao Lu ◽  
Peng Wu ◽  
Yi Wei
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Lane Change ◽  
Control Plan ◽  
Left Wall ◽  
Highway Tunnel ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Movement Characteristics ◽  
Period Data ◽  
Transition Paths

As a component of the traffic control plan, traffic signs on highways offer drivers necessary information. Unfortunately, many signs are unfamiliar to or misunderstood by drivers, especially when lacking a setting method; this includes exit advance guide signs in tunnels. These are generally set in roadbed sections, but space limitations in tunnels dictate that they must be set differently. To evaluate the effect of the setting method, an experiment was designed and conducted, during which the eye movements of 44 drivers with different familiarity levels were tracked. Twenty-two of the drivers had not previously participated in any experiment involving exit advance guide signs in highway tunnels, while 22 of them had. Time period data were analyzed, including data from before the sign appeared, when it appeared, and when it disappeared. Based on area division and Markov theory, attributes related to gaze transition were obtained, including one- and two-step gaze transition probabilities and area gaze probabilities. The results showed that gaze transition was confirmed to be significantly different between the three periods and between the drivers. Features extracted from eye movement characteristics, gaze transition paths, and gaze areas demonstrated that visual attention is more dispersed in familiar drivers during the lane-change intention period. Therefore, signs should be placed on the left wall of the highway tunnel.

scholarly journals Spatial and spatio-temporal analysis of Salmonella infection in dairy herds in England and Wales

2008 ◽  
Vol 137 (6) ◽  
pp. 847-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. FENTON ◽  
H. E. CLOUGH ◽  
P. J. DIGGLE ◽  
S. J. EVANS ◽  
H. C. DAVISON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Markov Chain Model ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Chain Model ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Residual Deviance

SUMMARYUsing data from a cohort study conducted by the Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), evidence of spatial clustering at distances up to 30 km was found for S. Agama and S. Dublin (P values of 0·001) and borderline evidence was found for spatial clustering of S. Typhimurium (P=0·077). The evolution of infection status of study farms over time was modelled using a Markov Chain model with transition probabilities describing changes in status at each of four visits, allowing for the effect of sampling visit. The degree of geographical clustering of infection, having allowed for temporal effects, was assessed by comparing the residual deviance from a model including a measure of recent neighbourhood infection levels with one excluding this variable. The number of cases arising within a defined distance and time period of an index case was higher than expected. This provides evidence for spatial and spatio-temporal clustering, which suggests either a contagious process (e.g. through direct or indirect farm-to-farm transmission) or geographically localized environmental and/or farm factors which increase the risk of infection. The results emphasize the different epidemiology of the three Salmonella serovars investigated.

Fan Lift in VTOL Design

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (704) ◽  
pp. 657-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. West
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Air Traffic Control ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Eastern Area ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Commercial Airline ◽  
Time Period ◽  
North Eastern

During the past two years the commercial airline operators and the travelling public alike have been forced to acknowledge the rapid increase in airport congestion. This problem is most marked in the North Eastern area of America at the present time but a similar situation will develop fairly soon at major airports in Europe. Even with the introduction of the airbus to scheduled services, the number of aircraft movements at conventional airports, within a given time period, will reach a maximum safe level. The restrictions are imposed partly by the large number of aircraft operations on each runway, and partly by Air Traffic Control safety limits.

Application of Catastrophe Theory in Traffic Flow of Highway Tunnel Group

2013 ◽  
Vol 734-737 ◽  
pp. 1609-1612
Author(s):  
Wei Zhan ◽  
Yue Quan Shang ◽  
Feng Xia Chi
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Catastrophe Theory ◽  
Critical Density ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Highway Tunnel ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Highway Management

Based on the investigation of traffic flow in a typical highway tunnel group, the traffic flow characteristics were analyzed by catastrophe theory with the relationship of the speed, volume and density. The discontinuous leaping change phenomenon of the traffic data under large traffic volume is better explained by the catastrophe model than the traditional ways. The value of critical density can be obtained by analyzing the critical state of traffic flow. Then the traffic flow warning can be realized in highway tunnel group region. The data and results can be used for the reference of taking traffic control measures by highway management.

scholarly journals A study of best management practices for enhancing productivity in building projects: construction methods perspectives

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Argaw Tarekegn Gurmu ◽  
Ajibade Ayodeji Aibinu ◽  
Toong Khuan Chan
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Control Plan ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Construction Methods

This research investigates management practices that have the potential to enhance productivity in building projects by focusing on construction methods. In phase 1 of the study, face-to-face interviews with nineteen experts were conducted to identify the best management practices for construction methods. The qualitative data analysis reached saturation and resulted in a list of best practices for construction methods that are relevant to the local industry. The second phase used an industry-wide survey to prioritize the best practices. Accordingly, project start-up plan, traffic control plan, machinery positioning strategy, project completion plan, and dynamic site layout plan were shown to be the top five best practices for construction methods. The study also revealed that high levels of implementation of best practices are associated with low levels of project delays. The use of best practices also varied according to the project costs. There were no discernible differences between the top five best practices. The authors suggest that they should be implemented jointly to improve productivity in building projects. Contractors could use the logistic regression model developed, to predict the probability of exceeding a baseline productivity factor and, on that basis, implement corrective actions to achieve the desired level of productivity. 

Traffic Management Parameters from Single Inductive Loop Detectors

2000 ◽  
Vol 1719 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Cherrett ◽  
Hugh Bell ◽  
Mike McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Inductive Loop ◽  
Loop Detectors ◽  
Time Period ◽  
S Period ◽  
Urban Traffic Control

Investigated are potential new uses for the digital output produced by single inductive loop detectors (2 m x 1.5 m and 2 m x 6.5 m) used in most European urban traffic control systems. Over a fixed time period, the average loop-occupancy time per vehicle (ALOTPV) for a detector being sampled every 250 ms is determined by taking the number of 250-ms occupancies and dividing by the number of vehicles. In a similar way, the average headway time between vehicles (AHTBV) is determined by taking the number of 250-ms vacancies and dividing by the number of vehicles. Over a 30-s period, the minimum and maximum values of ALOTPV and AHTBV ranged from 1 to 120 (an ALOTPV of 1 and an AHTBV of 120 representing free-flow conditions, an ALOTPV of 120 and an AHTBV of 1 representing a stationary queue). Identifying periods when a link was operating under capacity and at capacity and when it had become saturated could be more clearly identified by using plots of ALOTPV and AHTBV data over time compared to the more traditional percentage occupancy output. ALOTPV also was used to successfully identify long vehicles from cars down to speeds of 15 km/h.

scholarly journals PSII-21 The Effect of Feeding a LucraFit® Feed Nursery Program without Lactose on Piglet Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 172-172
Author(s):  
Stacie Crowder ◽  
Terry Weeden ◽  
Clayton Hankins ◽  
Terry Meyer ◽  
Brenda de Rodas
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Period Data ◽  
Effect Of Feeding ◽  
D 43

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding LucraFit® Feed nursery program without lactose on piglet performance. A total of 440 weanling pigs, initial weight of 5.76 ± 0.23 kg., were randomly assigned to either Control or LucraFit® Feed treatments with 11 replicates per treatment and 20 pigs per pen. Pigs were weighed at day 0, 8, 15, 21, 29, and 43 post-weaning with corresponding ADG, ADFI, and G:F calculated for each time period. Data was analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS. Pigs were fed a three-phase nursery program with 2.27, 5.44, and 13.19 kg/pig for phases 1-3 respectively. Control diets contained 12.5% lactose in phase 1, 5% lactose in phase 2, and 0% lactose in phase 3. LucraFit® Feed diets contained 0% lactose in all phases. LucraFit® Feed was added at 2.5% and 1.25% in phase 1 and 2 respectively. During d0 to 8, there was no significant difference in growth measurements. During d8 to 15, pigs fed LucraFit® Feed treatment had increased (P=0.039) ADG (0.296 vs 0.266 kg/d) and improved (P=0.035) G:F ratio (0.977 vs 0.923). During d15 to 21, ADG was not significantly different between treatments, however ADFI was tended to increase (P=0.061) with the LucraFit® Feed treatment (0.526 vs 0.497 kg/d) resulting in decreased (P=0.047) G:F ratio (0.783 vs 0.824). Through d21 to 43, LucraFit® Feed tended to improve (P=0.082) G:F ratio (0.676 vs 0.660). Overall (d0 to 43) G:F ratio tended to improve (P=0.082) with the LucraFit® Feed treatment (0.723 vs 0.709). No significant differences were observed in pig removals between treatments. Final (d 43) body weight was not significantly different between treatments. These results suggest that pigs can be started on a LucraFit® Feed nursery program with 0% lactose without having a negative impact on nursery performance.

scholarly journals Clinics in Surgery 1Remedy Publications LLC., | http://clinicsinsurgery.com/ 2021 | Volume 6 | Article 3380 The Effect of Spinal Steroid Injections on COVID-19 Infection and Its Severity

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Sayantan Bose ◽  
Subodh Patil ◽  
Joshi George K
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Steroid Injection ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Steroid Injections ◽  
The People ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Severe Infections ◽  
Period Data ◽  
Control Methodology

Aim: This paper is to determine the incidence of COVID-19 infection and severe symptoms following spinal steroid injections for pain control. Methodology: This a retrospective observational study based in the department of neurosurgery, Salford Royal Foundation Trust. Study period is from March 23rd, 2020 till December 31st, 2020. 222 patients had these injections during the time period. Data was collected by telephonic interview and online questionnaire. Data was analyzed to find out how many of the people who received steroid injection got COVID infection and how many had severe infection. It was then compared with local infection rates. Results: Out of 222 patients found, 130 patients opted to take part in the survey. Six patients among them had tested positive after the injection and two more patients had symptoms of COVID who have been considered to be positive. Overall, 6.15% of patients who received steroid injections had positive COVID-19 results. 3.85% patients had the infection within 3 months of injection. One patient (0.77%) needed hospital admission due to COVID. The incidence of COVID during this time period in Salford was 6.17% and rate of hospital admission due to COVID was 0.77%. Conclusion: The rate of COVID-19 infection after steroid injection are lower than the local incidence of COVID in Salford during that time period and equivalent to the rate of hospital admission due to COVID. This suggests that a steroid injection in the spine for pain management does not increase the incidence of COVID or cause severe infections.

scholarly journals PSI-20 The effect of ewe gastrointestinal nematode burden during the periparturient period on lamb growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 251-252
Author(s):  
Allison Mosichuk ◽  
Katherine Petersson ◽  
Maria L Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Periparturient Period ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Offspring Growth ◽  
Period Data ◽  
Lamb Growth

Abstract Research evaluating the effects of ewe gastrointestinal nematode infection (GNI) during the periparturient period (PPR) on offspring growth is limited. We hypothesized ewes with a greater parasite burden during the PPR will negatively impact birth and weaning weight. Packed cell volume (PCV) was measured in ewes (2018, n = 11) at 3 weeks pre-partum (-3), birth, 3 (+3) and 6 (+6) wks postpartum. Lamb birth weight, weaning weight (WW), and ADG (birth - 8 weeks) were collected. Ewes in the upper 50% (n = 5–6) and lower 50% (n = 5–6) for PCV were classified as either HIGH and LOW at each time period. Data were analyzed in SAS using proc mixed (significance P ≤ 0.05). PCVs for LOW and HIGH ewes were (mean ± SEM) 27% ± 0.2% vs 30% ± 0.8% at -3, 28% ± 0.3% vs 32% ± 0.4% at birth, 24% ± 0.4% vs 29% ± 0.6% at +3, and 25% ± 0.2% vs 30% ± 1.0% at +6 respectively. Post-partum, lambs reared by LOW ewes exhibited reduced ADG (0.69 ± 0.03 kg/d vs 0.81 ± 0.03 kg/d; P = 0.02) and WW (29.34 kg ± 1.41 kg vs 33.64 kg ± 1.47 kg; P = 0.04) compared to lambs reared by HIGH ewes. Lambs reared by LOW ewes at +3 exhibited reduced ADG versus lambs reared by HIGH ewes (0.69 ± 0.034 kg/d vs. 0.81 ± 0.034 kg/d; P = 0.02). No effect of maternal PCV on birth weight or WW, at -3, birth, or +6 was observed on offspring birth weight, WW, or ADG (P ≥ 0.13). In conclusion, the effects of PPR GNI appear to be postnatal.

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