Detecting Emotional Evolution on Twitter during the COVID-19 Pandemic Using Text Analysis

Early in 2020, an unexpected and hazardous situation occurred threatening and challenging all of humankind. A new coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 was first identified in Wuhan, China, and its related disease, called COVID-19, has induced one of the most dangerous crises at a global level since World War II. The ultra-fast transmission rate of the virus and the high mortality rate led the World Health Organization (WHO) to officially declare the situation a pandemic. Governments, for their part, were forced to implement unprecedented mobility restrictions and cease a large part of their economic activities. These facts triggered multiple reactions from people who expressed their feelings mainly through social networks (like Twitter), using them as vectors of information and opinion. In this paper, a study carried out in different Spanish speaking countries (Chile, Mexico, Peru, and Spain) is presented, which addresses the manner in which the evolution of the pandemic outbreak has affected the emotions expressed by individuals on Twitter over the last 13 months (from March 2020 to March 2021). We used a total of 3 million tweets to achieve this task. We made use of a well-known framework called EmoWeb to capture the dynamic variation in the sentimental value of pandemic-related words. The results reflect to what degree the pandemic and its derived problems have influenced and affected the population of the selected countries in different ways. The outcomes also illustrate the evolution over time of opinions published on Twitter regarding several topics related to COVID-19.

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Surviving against the odds

10.1093/med/9780198854807.003.0012 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 79-85

Author(s):

Michael Obladen

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Live Birth ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Life Support ◽

World Health ◽

Premature Delivery ◽

World War ◽

Isaac Newton ◽

Health Organization

Immature survivors of outstanding intelligence include Fortunio Licetus, born in 1577, and Isaac Newton, born in 1643. Reliable descriptions began appearing around 1820, and over a dozen infants were reported born weighing under 1000 g before World War II and who developed normally. From 1876 to 2006, the birthweight at which half of the infants survived dropped from 2200 to 600 g. Statistics depended on how abortion, stillbirth, and live birth were defined, which differed greatly from country to country. World Health Organization definitions in 1993 required the registration of all infants weighing 500 g (22 complete weeks) or above. This definition was not universally adopted, resulting in considerable under-reporting. Many medical societies issued ethical recommendations concerning the obligatory or optional treatment of immature infants. The ‘window’ at which treatment is optional has been set at 22–23 weeks (Japan, Germany), 23–24 weeks (UK, US, Canada), or 24–26 weeks (France, Netherlands, Switzerland). Instead of assessing an infant’s individual prognosis, and ignoring its sex, comorbidities, and particular cause of premature delivery, these rules frequently relied on gestational age alone to initiate or withhold life support.

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A Mediterranean insular port-city in transition: economic transformations, spatial antagonism and the metamorphosis of landscape in nineteenth-century Hermoupolis on the island of Syros

Urban History ◽

10.1017/s0963926814000558 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 225-245 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

APOSTOLOS DELIS

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

World War Ii ◽

Economic Importance ◽

Industrial Capitalism ◽

Port City ◽

World War ◽

Port Cities ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Economic Transformations ◽

Economic Landscape

ABSTRACT:Port-cities provide excellent examples of the socio-economic transformations that occurred during the transition from merchant to industrial capitalism in the second half of the nineteenth century. Hermoupolis on the island of Syros was a major economic centre in Greece and a hub of international trade during the nineteenth century. However, economic transformations that commenced in the 1860s affected long-established port-based activities such as wooden shipbuilding and its related industries due to the decline of sailing ships and the expansion of factories. This factor led to an increase in tension and antagonism between manufacturers and shipbuilders over the use of land and altered the physical and the socio-economic landscape of the port-city. However, new types of economic activities flourished, like the tramp steamship business and factories, which enabled Hermoupolis to maintain its economic importance until World War II.

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TIRYAQ-E-ARBA (A POLY HERBAL UNANI FORMULATION) IN FIGHTING AGAINST COVID 19 LIKE CONDITIONS – UNANI PERSPECTIVE

Indian Journal of Unani Medicine ◽

10.53390/ijum.v13i1.3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nafisa Qibriya Khan ◽

A. H. Farooqui ◽

Syed Ayesha Fatima ◽

Jalil Ahmad ◽

Tausif S. Khan

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Infections ◽

Transmission Rate ◽

Multiple Organ ◽

World Health ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Health Crisis ◽

Unani Medicine ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization ◽

Almost All

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic disease of modern time with unique and rapid transmission rate and affected almost all the nations without respecting any border. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is arguably the biggest health crisis the world has faced in 21st century. It is an infectious disease and declared pandemic by the World Health Organization. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, which originated in Wuhan, China, has now spread to 192 countries and administrative regions infecting nearly 800,000 individuals of all ages as of 31 March 2020. Though most infected individuals exhibit mild symptoms including fever, upper respiratory tract symptoms, shortness of breath, and diarrhoea, or are asymptomatic altogether, severe cases of infection can lead to pneumonia, multiple organ failure, and death. Globally, at least 7900 deaths have been directly attributed to COVID19, and this number is expected to rise with the ongoing epidemic. This is particularly crucial as the current outbreak involves a new pathogen (SARS-CoV-2), on which limited knowledge exists of its infectivity and clinical profile. Research is in progress on therapeutic efficacy of various agents including anti-malarials (Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine), antiviral drugs, and convalescent serum of recovered patients. Unani system of medicine is one of the traditional systems of medicine which is being explored for providing preventive, supportive and rehabilitative care to patients. Unani system of medicine has a detailed description of drugs that are utilized in many infectious diseases, including respiratory infections. Immune response is essential to eliminate virus and to preclude disease progression to severe stages. Therefore, it is important to summarize the evidence regarding the preventive measures, control options such as immune-stimulator and prophylactic treatment in Unani medicine against Covid19. This review summarizes various pharmacological actions of Unani formulation Tiryaq-e-Arba in Unani literature and various reported pharmacological activities which can possibly provide prevention, control and reduction of complications of this deadly disease.

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The health effects of quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic

Work ◽

10.3233/wor-203306 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 523-527

Author(s):

Maryam Feiz Arefi ◽

Amin Babaei-Pouya ◽

Mohsen Poursadeqiyan

Keyword(s):

Health Effects ◽

World Health ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Social Hygiene ◽

Social Communications ◽

Study Results ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Health Organization ◽

Made In

BACKGROUND: Quarantine is considered as an effective solution in the early stages of an epidemic. In the case of the coronavirus epidemic, quarantine was also recommended and implemented as a significant guideline to prevent the disease. However, despite the benefits of quarantine, there are also complications and problems. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the health effects of quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This study was conducted as a literature review through searching the databases Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct for papers published before July 2020. The research was conducted based on the keywords “Coronavirus,” “COVID-19,” and “quarantine.” The references of the papers were also reviewed to find the ones not found in the databases. The guidelines published by reputable organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) were used in this study. RESULTS: Although quarantine is applied as an important and primary solution in the outbreak of epidemics, in cases of pandemics, it may not be free of negative effects on individuals and public health. However, because of the need to reopen and restart social and economic activities, some changes should be made in lifestyles and work activities. Using cyberspace and telework can be helpful. As the findings showed, COVID-19 bubbles can be used to restore social communications. CONCLUSION: Using masks, avoiding unnecessary gatherings, complying with personal and social hygiene, and respecting social distancing can be valuable solutions that, if implemented properly, can decrease the rate of the disease significantly. It is also emphasized that quarantine is still necessary and important as the best solution for sick people and individuals who are suspected carriers of the disease.

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Co-exploring the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the livelihood of persons with disabilities in Bangladesh

Disability Studies Quarterly ◽

10.18061/dsq.v41i3.8377 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Adity Shayontony Das ◽

Fatema Akter Bonny ◽

Arifa Bente Mohosin ◽

Sabina Faiz Rashid ◽

Md Tanvir Hasan

Keyword(s):

Social Life ◽

World Health ◽

Vulnerable Groups ◽

Formal Sector ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Middle Income ◽

Persons With Disabilities ◽

Household Level ◽

The Government ◽

Health Organization

Background: According to World Health Organization (WHO), vulnerable groups such as persons with disabilities are facing severe impacts of the pandemic. There has always been significant challenges and hurdles in terms of achieving adequate and equitable inclusivity of persons with disabilities in all sections of social life. Education and employment of persons with disabilities were least focused which created more marginalization for the community. The long term impact of these marginalization has also led to the lack of jobs and social security of persons with disabilities, which is very clear now given the crisis in place. In low and middle income countries like Bangladesh the situation is even worse. To better understand the conditions of persons with disabilities in this crisis situation, the present study was initiated to explore the dimensions of livelihood with respect to income and wellbeing of persons with disabilities and to generate evidence for developing policies around these issues.Methods: A qualitative study was undertaken among 30 persons with disabilities from 8 different geographical divisions of Bangladesh. The interviews were conducted through telephone calls due to the existing COVID-19 crisis and mobility restrictions. The respondents were purposively selected based on gender, type of disability, area of resident (urban, rural) and their ability to communicate, therefore most (25/30) respondents were persons with physical disability. Thematic analysis was conducted to generate the findings of the study.Findings: Study findings revealed that majority of the respondents were involved in informal jobs. Predominantly males were daily wage-earners and often the sole breadwinner of the families, very few females were involved in economic activities. Since they had no stable income, the economic shock from the COVID-19 pandemic had affected them badly even leading to household level famine. The study identifies low level of education and informal job security as the primary causes of socio-economic insecurity among persons with disabilities, resulting in challenges in ensuring a stable livelihood during crisis situations, such as COVID-19.Conclusion: Constant alienation of persons of disabilities from the formal sector results in the deterioration of their livelihood standards which even worsen during any emergency crisis such as COVID-19. The study pinpoints that only aided services are not adequate to ensure persons with disabilities' rights rather there is an urgent need of disability inclusion in formal job sector and livelihood training for persons with disabilities. To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 and to irradiate the inequality towards persons with disabilities in the society it is important for the Government and concern bodies to focus on the inclusiveness with better implementation and monitoring strategies.

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Impact of Covid-19 on banking business

Megatrend revija ◽

10.5937/megrev2101079j ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 79-90

Author(s):

Marijana Joksimović ◽

Jozefina Beke-Trivunac

Keyword(s):

Credit Risk ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Banking System ◽

World Health ◽

Global Level ◽

The World ◽

Banking Business ◽

The Stability ◽

Health Organization ◽

Positive Effect

The Covid-19 virus pandemic, declared in 2020 by the World Health Organization, has a very large impact on banking business around the world. The most significant problem is the growth of credit risk and the huge growth of demand for liquid assets. The crisis has also increased the risks associated with the digitalization of banking business and brought new risks posed by the work of employees from home. The timely reaction of regulatory authorities, at the global level, and the willingness of the monetary and fiscal authorities of all countries to cooperate have shown a very positive effect on the stability of the banking system.

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Near-real-time monitoring of global CO2 emissions reveals the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-020-18922-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Zhu Liu ◽

Philippe Ciais ◽

Zhu Deng ◽

Ruixue Lei ◽

Steven J. Davis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Real Time ◽

Energy Use ◽

World War ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Activity Data ◽

Time Activity ◽

Country Level ◽

Economic Downturns ◽

Global Emissions

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic is impacting human activities, and in turn energy use and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Here we present daily estimates of country-level CO2 emissions for different sectors based on near-real-time activity data. The key result is an abrupt 8.8% decrease in global CO2 emissions (−1551 Mt CO2) in the first half of 2020 compared to the same period in 2019. The magnitude of this decrease is larger than during previous economic downturns or World War II. The timing of emissions decreases corresponds to lockdown measures in each country. By July 1st, the pandemic’s effects on global emissions diminished as lockdown restrictions relaxed and some economic activities restarted, especially in China and several European countries, but substantial differences persist between countries, with continuing emission declines in the U.S. where coronavirus cases are still increasing substantially.

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Military-Technical Cooperation of the USSR and the CHSR in the 30s of the 20th Century (According to the Memoirs of Chief Designer of Artillery Weapons of the Kirov Plant I.A. Makhanov). Part 2

Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Serija 4 Istorija Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija ◽

10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.2.16 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 207-214

Author(s):

Igor Tyumentsev ◽

◽

Alexander Kleitman ◽

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Text Analysis ◽

Technical Cooperation ◽

World War ◽

Source Text ◽

German Occupation ◽

Chief Designer ◽

Unique Data ◽

History Of ◽

The Military

Introduction. Memoirs of I.A. Makhanov, who in the 1930s was the chief designer of artillery weapons at the Kirov plant, contain unique data on the development of the military-technical thought and the defense sector of the USSR industry in the pre-war period. The published fragment of memoirs, first introduced into scientific circulation, supplements and corrects the ideas formed in historiography about the militarytechnical cooperation of the USSR and Czechoslovakia on the eve of World War II. Methods and materials. The preparation of the source text for publication is carried out taking into consideration the modern requirements of archaeography. The published fragment is provided with archaeographic notes which allow to reconstruct the history of creation and modification of the text by the author. The scientific commentary provides information about personalities, place names and specific terms mentioned in the text. Analysis. The author pointed out that despite the supply of the latest weapons from Czechoslovakia to Yugoslavia, Italy, Turkey, Latin America, the share of purchases by the USSR was 50% and had broad prospects for increasing. The German occupation of 1938 suspended and then interrupted military-technical cooperation between the countries. Nevertheless, the Czech side fulfilled all obligations to the USSR. Result. As the published fragment of I.A. Makhanov proves, in the 1930s Czech specialists willingly acquainted the Soviet delegation with the latest developments in artillery systems. At the same time, after the occupation of Czechoslovakia by Germany, none of these weapons were brought to a prototype. Plants “Skoda” and “Zbroevka” were engaged only in the production and modernization of old weapons. Thus, the data of I.A. Makhanova confirm the hypothesis of sabotage of work for Nazi Germany by Czech designers led by V. Gromadko.

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Sex hormones as an emerging weapon to combat COVID-19

Endocrinology and Disorders ◽

10.31579/2640-1045/069 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 01-03

Author(s):

Dattatreya Mukherjee

Keyword(s):

Close Contact ◽

Virus Detection ◽

World Health ◽

Rapid Screening ◽

Global Level ◽

Rna Detection ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization ◽

Respiratory Droplets

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started as an epidemic in Wuhan in 2019 and was declared pandemic by WHO in March 2020. The virus has been identified and named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This novel coronavirus strain is the causative agent of COVID-19, and continues to rapidly spread worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus that spreads through respiratory droplets and unprotected close contact. “COVID‑19 outbreak, which has caused >95 million confirmed infections and >2 million coronavirus related deaths, is one of the most disastrous worldwide crises in recent years. Several methods have been used to examine SARS-CoV-2 infections.” i.e. RT-qPCR for viral RNA detection, and rapid screening procedures for antibody or virus detection. COVID-19 shows an incubation period of 3–7 days globally. Approximately 80% of the cases remain mild or asymptomatic, 15% are severe and 5% infectious cases turn to critical, requiring ventilation [2]. Several clinical trials have been proposed for its treatment and management with supportive aim of mortality reduction [1]. By glancing a view on fig 1, it can be evidently seen that COVID-19 cases have started to rise significantly since last few months. Furthermore, as per World Health Organization (WHO), there have been 131,020,967 confirmed cases of COVID-19 at a global level recently.

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Military-Technical Cooperation of the USSR and the ChSR in the 30s of the 20th Century (According to the Memoirs of Chief Designer of Artillery Weapons of the Kirov Plant I.A. Makhanov)

Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Serija 4 Istorija Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija ◽

10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.1.18 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 201-215

Author(s):

Igor Tyumentsev ◽

◽

Alexander Kleitman ◽

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Text Analysis ◽

Technical Cooperation ◽

World War ◽

Source Text ◽

German Occupation ◽

Chief Designer ◽

Unique Data ◽

History Of ◽

The Military

Introduction. Memoirs of I.A. Makhanov, who in the 1930s was the chief designer of artillery weapons at the Kirov plant, contain unique data on the development of the military-technical thought and the defense sector of the USSR industry in the pre-war period. The published fragment of memoirs, first introduced into scientific circulation, supplements and corrects the ideas formed in historiography about the military-technical cooperation of the USSR and Czechoslovakia on the eve of World War II. Methods and materials. The preparation of the source text for publication is carried out taking into consideration modern requirements of archaeography. The published fragment is provided with archaeographic notes which allow reconstructing the history of creation and modification of the text by the author. The scientific commentary provides information about personalities, place names and specific terms mentioned in the text. Analysis. The author pointed out that despite the supply of the latest weapons from Czechoslovakia to Yugoslavia, Italy, Turkey, Latin America, the share of purchases by the USSR was 50% and had broad prospects for increasing. The German occupation of 1938 suspended and then interrupted military-technical cooperation between the countries. Nevertheless, the Czech side fulfilled all obligations to the USSR. Results. As the published fragment of I.A. Makhanov proves, in the 1930s Czech specialists willingly acquainted the Soviet delegation with the latest developments in artillery systems. At the same time, after the occupation of Czechoslovakia by Germany, none of these weapons were brought to a prototype. “Skoda” and “Zbroevka” plants were engaged only in the production and modernization of old weapons. Thus, the data of I.A. Makhanov confirm the hypothesis of sabotage of work for Nazi Germany by Czech designers led by V. Gromadko.

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