Sex hormones as an emerging weapon to combat COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started as an epidemic in Wuhan in 2019 and was declared pandemic by WHO in March 2020. The virus has been identified and named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This novel coronavirus strain is the causative agent of COVID-19, and continues to rapidly spread worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus that spreads through respiratory droplets and unprotected close contact. “COVID‑19 outbreak, which has caused >95 million confirmed infections and >2 million coronavirus related deaths, is one of the most disastrous worldwide crises in recent years. Several methods have been used to examine SARS-CoV-2 infections.” i.e. RT-qPCR for viral RNA detection, and rapid screening procedures for antibody or virus detection. COVID-19 shows an incubation period of 3–7 days globally. Approximately 80% of the cases remain mild or asymptomatic, 15% are severe and 5% infectious cases turn to critical, requiring ventilation [2]. Several clinical trials have been proposed for its treatment and management with supportive aim of mortality reduction [1]. By glancing a view on fig 1, it can be evidently seen that COVID-19 cases have started to rise significantly since last few months. Furthermore, as per World Health Organization (WHO), there have been 131,020,967 confirmed cases of COVID-19 at a global level recently.

Download Full-text

Sex hormones as an emerging weapon to combat COVID-19

10.31219/osf.io/ncwmz ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Qasim Mehmood ◽

Priyanka Chahal ◽

Parth Patel ◽

Prasant Upadhyay ◽

Arisha Nawaz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sex Hormones ◽

Close Contact ◽

Virus Detection ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Gender Disparity ◽

World Health ◽

Rapid Screening ◽

X Chromosomes ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started as an epidemic in Wuhan in 2019 and was declared pandemic by WHO in March 2020. The virus has been identified and named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This novel coronavirus strain is the causative agent of COVID-19, and continues to rapidly spread worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus that spreads through respiratory droplets and unprotected close contact.(1)“COVID‑19 outbreak, which has caused >95 millions confirmed infections and >2 million coronavirus related deaths, is one of the most disastrous worldwide crises in recent years. Several methods have been used to examine SARS-CoV-2 infections.” i.e. RT-qPCR for viral RNA detection, and rapid screening procedures for antibody or virus detection. COVID-19 shows an incubation period of 3–7 days globally. Approximately 80% of the cases remain mild or asymptomatic, 15% are severe and 5% infectious cases turn to critical, requiring ventilation.(2) Several clinical trials have been proposed for its treatment and management with supportive aim of mortality reduction.(1). By glancing a view on fig 1, it can be evidently seen that COVID-19 cases have started to rise significantly since last few months. Furthermore, as per World Health Organization (WHO), there have been 131,020,967 confirmed cases of COVID-19 at a global level recently. COVID-19 shows a clear gender disparity in clinical outcome. Globally, infection rates between men and women are similar; yet epidemiological data revealed that men are more likely to have enhanced severity and mortality. “In the current corona pandemic, as well as in both the 2003 SARS-CoV and the 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome epidemics, females have substantially lower fatality rates than males as most of the immune regulatory genes are encoded by X chromosomes, resulting in women’s generally stronger inflammatory response(2). This sex disparity in immune response is postulated to be largely driven by sex hormones.(3)”

Download Full-text

Aftermath of Covid -19 Pandemic in the community

International Journal of Nursing Education and Research ◽

10.52711/2454-2660.2021.00117 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 498-500

Author(s):

Sholly. CK

Keyword(s):

World Health Organization ◽

Antiviral Treatment ◽

World Health ◽

Health Concern ◽

Severe Illness ◽

Respiratory Illnesses ◽

The World ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization ◽

Respiratory Droplets

Novel corona virus (COVID-19) is an infectious condition, which can be spread directly or indirectly from one person to another and causes respiratory illnesses, range from common cold to acute respiratory syndrome. The first cases of this virus were found in Wuhan, China. According to the World Health Organization, COVID-19 is serious health concern and has higher risk for severe illness and spreading rapidly all over the world.This novel coronavirus was named Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by WHO in February 2020. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the coronavirus disease 2019 a pandemic, in the year2020 March. A global coordinated effort is needed to stop the further spread of the virus. Among all cases about 92% of the confirmed cases were recorded from China. Initial reports suggest that death rate ranges from 1% to 2% which varies in the study and country. The most of the death have occurred in patients over 50 years of age followed by young children. For the confirmed cases which included both laboratory and clinically diagnosed till now there is no specific antiviral treatment recommended but there is vaccine currently available. Once the virus develops in people, corona viruses can be spread from person to person through respiratory droplets. The viral material hangs out in these droplets and can be breathed into the respiratory tract, where the virus can then lead to an infection. Repercussions of Covid -19 on individuals, families and on front line warriors are countless1.

Download Full-text

Preliminary study of coronavirus disease 2019 on pets in pandemic in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2021.2979-2983 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 2979-2983

Author(s):

Hamong Suharsono ◽

Ali Ghufron Mukti ◽

Ketut Suryana ◽

I. Wayan Masa Tenaya ◽

Dilasdita Kartika Pradana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Close Contact ◽

Genetic Material ◽

Rna Isolation ◽

World Health ◽

Intermediate Hosts ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Pcr Products ◽

Preliminary Study ◽

Health Organization ◽

Respiratory Droplets

Background and Aim: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute infectious respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has spread rapidly globally, resulting in a pandemic. In humans, the main routes of transmission are respiratory droplets and close contact with infected individuals or through contact with an object infected with the virus, followed by touching mouth, nose, or eyes. It is assumed that SARS-CoV-2 was originated in wild animals and was then transmitted to humans. Although some wildlife and domestic animals can be naturally or experimentally infected with the virus, the intermediate hosts that transmitted it to humans are still unknown. Understanding the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 associated with possible zoonotic transmission of intermediate hosts is considered critical. Reportedly, cats or dogs living with COVID-19-positive humans tested positive for the disease, suggesting that the virus was transmitted to the animals from humans. Information regarding the epidemiological investigation and comprehensive studies is limited. Therefore, it is still unclear how high is the correlation of infection in humans and pet animals, especially those living together. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pets of patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized at the Wangaya hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of seven clinically asymptomatic pets (six dogs of different races and sexes and a cat [age, 360-2920 days]) were included in this study. These animals belonged to patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from August to November 2020. Nasal swab and nasopharyngeal samples were collected from the pets individually under anesthetic condition and were collected 6-12 days after confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in owners and hospitalization at the Wangaya Hospital. The swab samples were then processed for RNA isolation and tested using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2, in accordance with the World Health Organization manual 2020. Results: RT-PCR results for all seven RNA samples, prepared from the swab samples, were negative. For the samples, all PCR products were below the threshold limit, suggesting no genetic material belonging to the samples tested. Conclusion: This was the first preliminary study of COVID-19 on pets in pandemic using RT-PCR. The study tested a very limited quantity of samples, and all of them were negative. However, the way in which the samples were prepared was considered appropriate. Therefore, in further studies, testing of more samples of pets of more individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection is required.

Download Full-text

Overview of coronavirus - Understanding origin, pathogenesis, clinical features & diagnostic approach to COVID-19 in Indian scenario

10.17727/jmsr.2020/8s1-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (S1) ◽

pp. 41-52

Author(s):

Bilolikar AK ◽

Reddy SG ◽

Banerjee J ◽

Fatima R ◽

Poonam AR

Keyword(s):

Clinical Features ◽

Close Contact ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Laboratory Diagnosis ◽

World Health ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Alveolar Type ◽

Protein Receptor ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization

In early December 2019, an outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as it is now called, occurred in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. On January 30, 2020 the World Health Organization declared the outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Vaccines to prevent human coronavirus infections are not yet available. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spreads primarily when people are in close contact with small droplets produced by an infected person, identified as “super spreaders”. COVID-19 can be fatal among high-risk groups patients >60 yr. The envelope spike “S” protein receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 use host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enter the cells of airway epithelium and alveolar type 2 (AT2) pneumocytes, and pulmonary cells. The most common clinical features are fever (80-90%), cough (60-80%) and breathlessness (18-46%). The other symptoms include myalgia, sore throat, loss of taste and smell, headache, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Infection control practices to be followed stringently by Health Care Workers (HCW). Standard precautions to be maintained. Specimen to be packed in triple container packing. Cold temperature to be maintained during transport and storage. Laboratory tests of COVID-19 are broadly categorized into two methods: (1) Nucleic acid based assay: RT-PCR, TrueNAT, CBNAAT & (2) Immunoassay: Can be broadly divided into 2 types: Antigen based assay: Rapid antigen test, Antibody based assay: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19; laboratory diagnosis; SARS-CoV-2

Download Full-text

Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19

Archives of Iranian Medicine ◽

10.34172/aim.2020.09 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 268-271 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Xiaoyi Huang ◽

Fengxiang Wei ◽

Liang Hu ◽

Lijuan Wen ◽

Ken Chen

Keyword(s):

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Supportive Therapy ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

World Health ◽

Severe Illness ◽

Rna Detection ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization ◽

Insight Into

Since December 2019, there has been an outbreak of a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection in Wuhan, China. Meanwhile, the outbreak also drew attention and concern from the World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19 is another human infectious disease caused by coronavirus. The transmission of COVID-19 is potent and the infection rate is fast. Since there is no specific drug for COVID-19, the treatment is mainly symptomatic supportive therapy. In addition, it should be pointed out that patients with severe illness need more aggressive treatment and meticulous care. Recently, accurate RNA detection has been decisive for the diagnosis of COVID-19. The development of highly sensitive RT-PCR has facilitated epidemiological studies that provide insight into the prevalence, seasonality, clinical manifestations and course of COVID-19 infection. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology and characteristics of COVID-19.

Download Full-text

Insights into pathophysiology, immune response and treatment of novel CoVID-19

Research Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.25303/1610rjbt189197 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (10) ◽

pp. 189-197

Author(s):

Manpreet Kaur ◽

Rajinder Kaur ◽

Reena Gupta

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

World Health ◽

The Novel ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Human Lungs ◽

Potential Vaccine ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization ◽

Respiratory Droplets ◽

Alveolar Edema

The beginning of year 2020 has brought with it mass destruction of mankind in form of novel coronavirus, named as CoVID-19. Declared as pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO), CoVID-19 has its origin in bats and pangolin from which it was probably transferred to human. Subsequent human to human transmission has been seen by respiratory droplets, fomites and oral-fecal route. The disease has caused widespread deaths in America, China, France and Italy followed by many European and Asian countries. CoVID-19 targets the human lungs and multiplies in alveoli using host machinery. Interstitial edema and alveolar edema at later stages cause alveoli collapse and difficulty in breathing. Severe cases may pave to systemic inflammatory response that has fatal response in body. Unfortunately, researchers are still struggling for potential vaccine or promising drug to combat the disease. WHO has issued guidelines suggesting regular hand washing, social distancing, wearing masks and quarantination as the best ways to prevent infection. This review gives an overview of the novel CoVID-19, conditions and immune response of human body related with it.

Download Full-text

Techniques of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy—Do We Need to Change Anything?

Journal of Digestive Endoscopy ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1712236 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (01) ◽

pp. 55-58

Author(s):

Prakash Zacharias ◽

Hasim Ahamed

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ◽

Close Contact ◽

World Health ◽

Virus Particles ◽

Asymptomatic Patients ◽

Care Workers ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization

AbstractNovel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread to different parts of the world and was declared a pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO). Health care workers are at increased risk of contracting the disease due to their nature of work and close contact with the patients. Staff in endoscopy need to be aware of this risk due to the aerosol-generating nature of procedures and the presence of virus particles in stool samples of infected persons. The risk of asymptomatic patients spreading the disease is also a cause for concern. This article intends to provide guidance and recommendations for techniques and practice of gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy to prevent infection in endoscopy unit.

Download Full-text

Outbreak of strains of SARS CoV-2, its prevalence & preventive measures taken by different Countries

10.31219/osf.io/ce6vf ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Manoj Kumar Yadav ◽

Arpana Vibhuti ◽

Anjali Priyadarshini ◽

Archana Gupta ◽

V. Samuel Raj ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Preventive Measures ◽

Close Contact ◽

World Health ◽

Health It ◽

Preventative Intervention ◽

Rapid Spread ◽

Social Gathering ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization

World Health Organization (WHO) announced the official name of the 2019 novel coronavirus associated diseases coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the reference name for the virus is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).Transmission of SARS CoV-2 in humans occurs mainly via respiratory droplet or aerosols, close contact with an infected person, exposed to coughing, sneezing and likely in oral-faecal. The COVID-19 outbreak started in different countries at different times, and now those countries are at different stages. By comparing infection trajectories from the 100th case mark, we have been able to observe the rapid spread of the virus in various countries. To date, no specific antiviral drugs or vaccines are available for the control of SARS CoV-2. The experts at global level suggest implementation of strict measures such as practicing quarantine, social distancing, avoiding social gathering to reduce the number of COVID-19 cases. This is a dynamically unfolding pandemic that will require the concerted efforts of counties around the world to control. Given the unfold of the new coronavirus and its impacts on human health, it becomes pertinent to device methods for handling this public health emergency at the community, national, and international levels. it's vital to additional investigate a preventative intervention to halt the unfold of the COVID-19 infection, because it has been discovered that not all countries have constant fate concerning infection and fatality. It becomes vital to acknowledge and study the factors accountable and also the underlying mechanisms for this.

Download Full-text

Immunity Boosting measures during COVID– 19

Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine ◽

10.31254/jahm.2020.6201 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 40-42

Author(s):

Tuba Tanveer ◽

Keyword(s):

Preventive Measures ◽

Daily Practice ◽

World Health ◽

The Novel ◽

Global Level ◽

Human Race ◽

Corona Virus ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization ◽

Disease Epidemics

Viral pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China, in 2019 was observed and a novel coronavirus was identified as the cause of this outbreak. COVID-19 was the official term given by the World Health Organization and announced this on February 11, 2020 publicly. Corona virus spreads through person to person contact. The novel corona virus has taken a few months to sweep the globe, there are certain questions that are impossible to fathom as the disease rages. As the vaccine for Covid-19 is not yet discovered, the virus is being controlled from spreading worldwide through numerous strategies. Therefore, noticing the virulence of this virus several preventive measures have been taken at a global level to protect the human race. One of the effective measures in controlling the spread of respiratory disease epidemics is maintaining social distance and, therefore, can be used as a way to reduce its spread. Improving the immune power of a person is another crucial measure adopted to obviate its spread. AYUSH system of medicine is performing a central role in the contribution of meliorating the immune system of a person. Variety of herbal combinations have proven to perform the same function. The very first and easy way to boost the immunity and kill the virus, is to drink warm water throughout the day. It is further also advised to take steam once a day. 30 minutes of daily practice of Yogasana, Pranayama and meditation contributes in boosting immunity. Also using Dhaniya, Haldi, Jeera and Lahsun in cooking helps. It is also advised to use Half teaspoon Haldi with 150 ml of Hot milk, once or twice a day. Consuming Chyavanprash 10 mg in the morning is equally helpful.

Download Full-text