scholarly journals The Brief Form of the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 for Individuals with Visual Impairments

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 7962
Author(s):  
Ali S. Brian ◽  
Angela Starrett ◽  
Adam Pennell ◽  
Pamela Haibach Beach ◽  
Sally Taunton Miedema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Visual Impairments ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Global Fit ◽  
Latent Traits

Children with visual impairments (VI) tend to struggle with their fundamental motor skills (FMS), and these difficulties often persist across the lifespan, requiring frequent assessment. The Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) shows robust psychometric properties for children with VI. The TGMD, which includes 13 skills, is time-consuming to administer and score, warranting the need to explore brief versions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of three, six-skill versions of the TGMD-3 with children with VI. Children (n = 302; Boys = 58%, Girls = 42%; Mage = 13.00, SD = 2.50 years) with VI (B1 = 27%, B2 = 20%, B3 = 38%, B4 = 15%) participated in this study. We examined three different models using confirmatory factor analyses on the relationships between the motor skills and latent traits across the models. Scores from all three brief versions had acceptable global fit. Although further research should be conducted, practitioners can adopt a brief version of the TGMD to assess children with VI.

Psychometric Properties of the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 for Children With Visual Impairments

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Brian ◽  
Sally Taunton ◽  
Lauren J. Lieberman ◽  
Pamela Haibach-Beach ◽  
John Foley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Visual Impairments ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Skill Performance ◽  
High Internal Consistency ◽  
Children With Visual Impairments

Results of the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2) consistently show acceptable validity and reliability for children/adolescents who are sighted and those who have visual impairments. Results of the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3) are often valid and reliable for children who are sighted, but its psychometric properties are unknown for children with visual impairments. Participants (N = 66;Mage = 12.93,SD = 2.40) with visual impairments completed the TGMD-2 and TGMD-3. The TGMD-3 results from this sample revealed high internal consistency (ω = .89–.95), strong interrater reliability (ICC = .91–.92), convergence with the TGMD-2 (r = .96), and good model fit, χ2(63) = 80.10,p = .072, χ2/dfratio = 1.27, RMSEA = .06, CFI = .97. Researchers and practitioners can use the TGMD-3 to assess the motor skill performance for children/adolescents with visual impairments and most likely produce results that are valid and reliable.

Gross Motor Development in Preschool Children with Learning Disabilities

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Rimmer ◽  
Luke E. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Free Play ◽  
Adapted Physical Education ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Gross Motor Skills ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
School Year

The purpose of this pilot study was to descriptively evaluate the effects of three different programs on the development of gross motor skills of preschool children with learning disabilities (n = 29). No attempt was made to equate the groups or control for differences between the programs or instructional staff. Two of the programs were used by the respective schools to develop the gross motor skills of their audience. The programs were called occupational therapy (OT) (45–60 min/day, 5 days/week) and adapted physical education (APE) (30 min/day, 4 days/week). A third group was evaluated to determine whether maturational effects had any involvement in gross motor development. This group was called the noninstructional program (NIP) (30 min/day, 2 days/week) and was solely involved in free play. The programs were all in session for the entire school year (33–35 weeks). The results of the study revealed that the children in the APE program made more significant gains across objectives, and particularly on the qualitative measures, than did the children in the OT or NIP groups.

A Comparison of the Fundamental Motor Skills of Preschool-Aged Children With and Without Visual Impairments

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ali Brian ◽  
Sally Taunton Miedema ◽  
Jerraco L. Johnson ◽  
Isabel Chica
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Visual Impairments ◽  
Physical Activity Behavior ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Fundamental Motor Skills ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Preschool Aged Children ◽  
Ball Skills

Fundamental motor skills (FMS) are an underlying mechanism driving physical activity behavior and promoting positive developmental trajectories for health. However, little is known about FMS of preschool-aged children with visual impairments (VI). The purpose of this study was to examine the FMS of preschool-aged children (N = 25) with (n = 10) and without (n = 15) VI as measured using the Test of Gross Motor Development-3. Children without VI performed significantly higher than their peers for locomotor (M = +11.87, p = .014, η2 = .31) and ball skills (M = +13.69, p < .001, η2 = .56). Regardless of the presence of a VI, many participants struggled with developing FMS, with the greatest disparity resting within ball skills. These findings help to clarify the FMS levels of preschool-aged children with VI. Thus, there is a need for both further inquiry and intervention for all children.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic and Familial Factors Associated with Gross Motor Skills among US Children Aged 3–5 Years: The 2012 NHANES National Youth Fitness Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soyang Kwon ◽  
Meghan O’Neill
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Gross Motor Skills ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Us Children

The first aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of below average gross motor skills in a representative sample of US children aged 3 to 5 years. The second aim was to identify socioeconomic and familial characteristics that are associated with below average gross motor skills. Secondary analysis was conducted using the datasets from the 2012 National Health and Examination Survey National Youth Fitness Survey (NNYFS). The NNYFS assessed gross motor skills among 329 children aged 3–5 years, using the Test of Gross Motor Development-Second Edition (TGMD-2). Socioeconomic and familial characteristics of interest, such as family income and family structure, were asked in an in-person interview. This study estimated that one in three US children age 3 to 5 years old (33.9%) scored below average for gross motor quotient. In the gross motor subsets, one in four (24.4%) scored below average for locomotion and two in five (39.9%) scored below average for object control. Children living below the poverty threshold were more likely to have a higher gross motor quotient (odds ratio, OR = 2.76; 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.09–7.00). Girls were more likely to have a higher locomotor score (OR = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.10–4.25). Those living with other child(ren) aged ≤5 years were more likely to have a higher locomotor score (OR = 2.36; 95% CI = 1.01–5.54), while those living with child(ren) aged 6–17 years were more likely to have a higher object control score (OR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.24–2.69). This study revealed risk factors associated with poor gross motor development, furthering our understanding of gross motor development in early childhood.

Locomotor and Object Control Skills of Children Diagnosed with Autism

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheri L. Berkeley ◽  
Lauriece L. Zittel ◽  
Lisa V. Pitney ◽  
Stacia E. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Population Differences ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Gross Motor Skills ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Young Children With Autism

The purpose of this study was to examine the locomotor and object control skills of children, ages 6–8 years, with autism and to compare their performances with the norms reported by Ulrich (1985) for the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD). Consistent with trends from the general population, differences were found between boys (n = 10) and girls (n = 5) with the largest differences found in the object control skill performances. Overall fundamental skill delays were demonstrated by 73% of all participants, placing them in the poor and very poor TGMD performance categories. These findings support the need to assess the gross motor skills of young children with autism in addition to other developmental skill areas outlined in diagnostic manuals.

scholarly journals Gross Motor Development Level Of The Children Age 9 Years

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 129-135
Author(s):  
Masri Baharom ◽  
Ahmad Hashim ◽  
Mahaliza Mansor
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Gross Motor Skills ◽  
Gross Motor Development

Physical education plays a role in contributing to the growth and development of the children through the learning experience to meet the needs of the psychomotor, cognitive, and affective domain [1,9,8,11]. All children will go through a learning process based on Physical Education syllabus as set out in the primary school integrated Curriculum (KBSR). In the Physical Education curriculum, children have been encourage to develop fitness, skill and sportsmanship. The focus of this study is about teaching of fitness in gross motor skills which consist of the locomotors and manipulative skills. Children age seven to nine years have been involved in teaching and learning process based on these skills. Children will apply all the locomotors and manipulative skills since they are in level one primary school.

scholarly journals A influência da prática regular de natação no desenvolvimento motor global na infância (The influence of regular swimming practices on global motor development throughout childhood)

Retos ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 296-304
Author(s):  
Orilda M. Moura ◽  
Henrique P. Neiva ◽  
Luís B. Faíl ◽  
Jorge E. Morais ◽  
Daniel A. Marinho
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Development Quotient ◽  
The Middle Ages

Apesar da natação ser um desporto usualmente praticado pelas crianças, pouco conhecimento existe sobre o seu efeito no desenvolvimento motor. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar o desenvolvimento motor global em crianças de diferentes idades praticantes e não praticantes de natação. A amostra foi constituída por 116 crianças (58 masculinas, 58 femininas), com idades compreendidas entre os 5 e os 10 anos, pertencentes a dois grupos, nomeadamente os que frequentavam aulas de natação (n=57) e os que não frequentavam aulas de natação (n=59). O desenvolvimento motor global foi avaliado a partir do Test of Gross Motor Development-2. As crianças entre os 5 e os 10 anos de idade praticantes de natação demonstraram valores significativamente superiores no somatório das habilidades (52.23 ± 9.58 vs. 48.69 ± 9.64, p=.04) e no quociente global de desenvolvimento motor (68.16 ± 11.57 vs. 64.56 ± 12.04, p=.04). Estas diferenças entre os grupos foram evidenciadas claramente quando analisadas as diferentes faixas etárias, nomeadamente nas crianças de 7 e 8 anos (somatório das habilidades: 55.00 ± 8.44 vs. 48.25 ± 9.48, p=.008; quociente: 68.88 ± 10.90 vs. 6.38 ± 11.55, p=.005). Nas crianças com 5 e 6 anos, 9 e 10 anos, não se verificaram diferenças significativas. Os resultados sugerem assim um efeito positivo da prática regular de natação no desenvolvimento motor global das crianças entre os 5 e os 10 anos de idade, sendo que os resultados parecem sugerir que este é mais evidente nas idades intermédias (7 e 8 anos de idade).  Resumen. Aunque la natación es un deporte que suelen practicar los niños, existe poco conocimiento sobre su efecto en el desarrollo motor. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar y comparar el desarrollo motor global en niños de diferentes edades que practican y no practican la natación. La muestra estuvo formada por 116 niños (58 hombres, 58 mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre los 5 y los 10 años, pertenecientes a dos grupos, los que asistieron a clases de natación (n = 57) y los que no asistieron a clases de natación (n=59). El desarrollo motor global se evaluó mediante lo Test of Gross Motor Development-2. Niños entre 5 y 10 años que practicaron natación mostraron valores significativamente más altos en la suma de habilidades (52.23 ± 9.58 vs. 48.69 ± 9.64, p=.04) y en el cociente de desarrollo motor global (68.16 ± 11.57 vs. 64.56 ± 12.04, p=.04). Estas diferencias fueron más evidentes en niños de 7 y 8 años (suma de habilidades: 55.00 ± 8.44 vs. 48.25 ± 9.48, p=.008; cociente: 68.88 ± 10.90 vs. 6.38 ± 11.55, p=.005). En niños de 5 y 6 años, 9 y 10 años, no hubo diferencias significativas. Así, los resultados sugieren un efecto positivo de la práctica regular de la natación sobre el desarrollo motor global de los niños entre 5 y 10 años, y los resultados parecen sugerir que esto es más evidente en niños de 7 y 8 años.  Abstract. Although swimming is a sport usually practiced by children, little knowledge exists about its effect on motor development. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the gross motor development in children of different ages with or without regular swimming practices.  116 children (58 males, 58 females) aged between 5 to 10 years old, distributed in two groups, those who experienced swimming lessons (n=57) and those who did not have any swimming experience (n=59). The gross motor development was assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2. Children aged between 5 and 10 years old showed significantly higher values in the sum of motor skills (52.23 ± 9.58 vs. 48.69 ± 9.64, p = .04) and the global motor development quotient (68.16 ± 11.57 vs. 64.56 ± 12.04, p = .04). These differences between the groups were more evident for children aged 7 and 8 years (sum of skills: 55.00 ± 8.44 vs. 48.25 ± 9.48, p = .008; quotient: 68.88 ± 10.90 vs. 6.38 ± 11.55, p = .005). In children aged 5 and 6 years, 9 and 10 years, there were no significant differences. The results thus suggest a positive effect of regular swimming practice on the gross motor development of children between 5 and 10 years old, and the results seem to suggest that this is more evident in the middle ages (7 and 8 years old) .

scholarly journals Gross motor development level among Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan student

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasminder Kaur Mahinderjit Singh ◽  
Denise Koh Choon Lian
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Gross Motor Skills ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Significant Difference

Gross motor development is an essential factor for specific skills required in different sports. This study aimed at assessing the level of gross motor development of school children in the district of Kuala Pilah. The objectives of this study are to identify the level of locomotor and object control amongst the children in the area, identifying the different developments of gross motor skills amongst children based on their gender and identifying the different developments of gross motor skills amongst the children based on the location of the schools. This study is non-trivial as the development of gross motor control in children are significant for their involvement in sports, games and recreational activities. Failure to control motor skills may have an impact on the children in the context of their daily interactions, self-confidence, and learning ability. This study involves 160 children aged 7 years old pooled from 8 different primary schools. The data collected was analysed based on the TGMD (Test of Gross Motor development) and interpreted via the GMQ (Gross Motor Quotients). The result from the t-test suggests that there is no significant difference between the genders concerning the gross motor development of children in the district of Kuala Pilah. However, if was found that there is a significant differences between children of urban and rural schools based on the measured gross motor development. 

scholarly journals Hubungan Peran Keluarga dengan Kemampuan Motorik Kasar Anak Disabilitas Intelektual

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Nahdiah Purnamasari
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Gross Motor Skills ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Relationship

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan peran keluarga  degan kemampuan motorik kasar anak disabilitas intelektual. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional dengan jumlah responden tiga puluh delapan orang (n=38). Terdapat beberapa data primer yang dikumpulkan diantaranya peran keluarga, kemampuan motorik kasar, Pengambilan data tersebut menggunakan kuisioner Family Role Questionnaire (FRQ) dan Form Test Gross Motor Development 2 (TGMD-2). Berdasarkan hasil analisis uji hubungan dengan Spearman Rho test didapatkan nilai signifikansi (p) sebesar 0,000(p< 0.05) yang berarti adanya hubungan antara peran keluarga dengan kemampuan motorik kasar anak disabilitas intelektual, dengan nilai r =0.062 yang berarti adanya hubungan yang kuat antara peran keluarga dengan kemampuan motorik kasar anak disabilitas intelektual. Kata kunci : motorik kasar, peran keluarga, disabilitas intelektual.   Abstract This study aims to see the relationship between family and gross motor skills of children with intellectual disabilities. This study used a cross-sectional design with thirty-eight respondents (n = 38). Some of the primary data collected included the role of the family, gross motor skills, data collection using the Family Role Questionnaire (FRQ) questionnaire and the Gross Motor Development 2 Test Form (TGMD-2). Based on the results of the analysis of the relationship test with the Spearman Rho test, it was obtained a significance value (p) of 0.000 (p <0.05), which means that there is a relationship between family roles and gross motor skills of children with intellectual disabilities, with a value of r = 0.062, which means that there is a strong relationship. between the role of the family and gross motor skills of children with intellectual disabilities. Key words: gross motor skills, family roles, intellectual disabilities.  

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