scholarly journals Willingness to Take COVID-19 Vaccines in Ethiopia: An Instrumental Variable Probit Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
pp. 8892
Author(s):  
Abayomi Samuel Oyekale
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Safety Concern ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Phone Survey ◽  
Region Of Residence ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Youth Population ◽  
Instrumental Variable Probit

This paper analyzed the factors influencing the willingness of Ethiopia’s population to take COVID-19 vaccines. The data included the COVID-19 High Frequency Phone Survey of Households in Ethiopia that were collected in 2021. This paper relied on the 10th round of the survey, which was comprised of 2178 households. The Instrumental Variable Probit regression model was used to analyze the data. The results showed that majority of the respondents (92.33%) would receiveCOVID-19 vaccines, while 6.61% and 1.06% were, respectively, unwilling and unsure. Across the regions of Ethiopia, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR) (99.30%), Oromia (97.54%), Tigray (97.04%) and Gambela (95.42%) had the highest proportions of respondents willing to have the vaccine. Vaccine safety concern was the topmost reason for those unwilling to receive the vaccine. The results of the Instrumental Variable Probit regression showed that currently working, age, engagement with non-farm businesses and region of residence significantly influenced the population’s willingness to take the vaccine (p < 0.05). It was concluded that although the willingness be vaccinated was impressive, without everyone being receiving the COVID-19 vaccine, infection risk can still be high; this is due to the persistent mutation of the viral strains. Thus, there is a need to intensify efforts toward addressing the safety issues of COVID-19 vaccines, while efforts to enhance acceptability should focus on the youth population and those who are unemployed.

scholarly journals An Instrumental Variable Probit Modeling of COVID-19 Vaccination Compliance in Malawi

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 13129
Author(s):  
Abayomi Samuel Oyekale ◽  
Thonaeng Charity Maselwa
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Stress Indicators ◽  
The Government ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Instrumental Variable Probit ◽  
Preventive Methods

COVID-19 remains a pressing development concern in Malawi. The third wave of viral infection upsurge raised significant concerns on people’s compliance with preventive methods already introduced by the government, among which vaccination is notable. This study analysed the factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination compliance in Malawi. The data were the ninth round of the telephone-based survey that was conducted by Malawi National Statistical Office (NSO) in 2021. The data were analysed with Instrumental Variable Probit model. The results showed that awareness of COVID-19 vaccines arrival was very high (98.19%). Additionally, 11.59% and 60.71% were already vaccinated and planning to be vaccinated, respectively. The Probit regression results showed that age of household heads, need of medical services, being worried of contracting COVID-19 and wearing of masks increased the probability of vaccination compliance, while stress indicators, being employed and not worried at all of contracting COVID-19 reduced it. It was concluded that drastic behaviour change would be needed to address corona virus pandemic in Malawi. There is the need to ensure equity across different age groups in access to vaccines. Further, interventions to ensure proper assessment of an individual’s COVID-19 risk and address psychological and emotional stress that are associated with ongoing pandemic would enhance vaccination compliance.

scholarly journals Relationship between obesity and the risk of clinically significant depression: Mendelian randomisation study

2014 ◽  
Vol 205 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Fa Hung ◽  
Margarita Rivera ◽  
Nick Craddock ◽  
Michael J. Owen ◽  
Michael Gill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Genetic Risk Score ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Mendelian Randomisation ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Increased Risk

BackgroundObesity has been shown to be associated with depression and it has been suggested that higher body mass index (BMI) increases the risk of depression and other common mental disorders. However, the causal relationship remains unclear and Mendelian randomisation, a form of instrumental variable analysis, has recently been employed to attempt to resolve this issue.AimsTo investigate whether higher BMI increases the risk of major depression.MethodTwo instrumental variable analyses were conducted to test the causal relationship between obesity and major depression in RADIANT, a large case–control study of major depression. We used a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in FTO and a genetic risk score (GRS) based on 32 SNPs with well-established associations with BMI.ResultsLinear regression analysis, as expected, showed that individuals carrying more risk alleles of FTO or having higher score of GRS had a higher BMI. Probit regression suggested that higher BMI is associated with increased risk of major depression. However, our two instrumental variable analyses did not support a causal relationship between higher BMI and major depression (FTO genotype: coefficient −0.03, 95% CI −0.18 to 0.13, P = 0.73; GRS: coefficient −0.02, 95% CI −0.11 to 0.07, P = 0.62).ConclusionsOur instrumental variable analyses did not support a causal relationship between higher BMI and major depression. The positive associations of higher BMI with major depression in probit regression analyses might be explained by reverse causality and/or residual confounding.

Retirement Goal Clarity, Needs Estimation, and Saving Amount: Evidence From Hong Kong, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 328-342
Author(s):  
Alex Yue Feng Zhu ◽  
Kee Lee Chou
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Retirement Savings ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Goal Clarity ◽  
Retirement Saving ◽  
Phone Survey ◽  
Working Age ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigated the relationship between retirement saving needs estimation and the amount of self-reported private retirement savings amassed by working-age adults in Hong Kong, China, by focusing on the mediating role of retirement saving needs estimation between retirement goal clarity and the amount of private retirement savings. Based on the data collected from a phone survey of 958 Hong Kong workers aged 25–64 years, we found that the retirement saving needs estimation was associated with the savings of individuals over 44 years old; furthermore, it mediated the association between retirement goal clarity and self-reported private retirement savings. The findings offer theoretical contributions for financial planning conceptual frameworks and provide policy implications.

scholarly journals Port-of-Entry Neighborhood and Its Effects on the Economic Success of Refugees in Sweden

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Andersson ◽  
Sako Musterd ◽  
George Galster
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Group Composition ◽  
Economic Success ◽  
Instrumental Variable Regression ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Permanent Settlement ◽  
The Impact

We investigate the degree to which the ethnic group composition of “port-of-entry neighborhood” (PoE), the first permanent settlement after immigration, affects the employment prospects of refugees in Sweden during the subsequent 10 years. We use panel data on working-age adults from Iran, Iraq, and Somalia immigrating into Sweden from 1995 to 2004. We control for initial individual and labor market characteristics, use instrumental variable regression to avoid bias from geographic selection, and stratify models by gender and co-ethnic employment and education rates within the neighborhood. We find that the impact of co-ethnic neighbors in the PoE varies dramatically by gender.

scholarly journals Assessing Attitude Toward COVID-19 Vaccination in South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiva Raj Acharya ◽  
Deog Hwan Moon ◽  
Yong Chul Shin
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Safety Concern ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Vaccine Acceptance ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Community Acceptance ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Major Predictor ◽  
Valid Information

Vaccines are the most effective strategy to safeguard against COVID−19 and it is crucial to assess community acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination. This exploratory study aimed to assess the attitude of immigrants toward the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines in South Korea. A web-based anonymous study was completed by 463 immigrants. The data were statistically analyzed using a logistic regression model and ANOVA test. On a scale of 0–6, the average attitude toward the COVID-19 vaccination was 4.17 ± 1.73, indicating generally positive attitudes. The proportion of the immigrants who were certain to get COVID-19 vaccination was 55.3%. Only 36.7% reported that the COVID-19 vaccines are safe. Of the immigrants, 72.6% showed high acceptance and 27.4% low acceptance toward the COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccine safety concern was the major predictor for COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Up-to-date, valid information on COVID-19 vaccine safety, and vaccine risk communication strategies are required to increase vaccine acceptability.

scholarly journals Explaining Consumers’ Intention for Traceable Pork regarding Animal Disease: The Role of Food Safety Concern, Risk Perception, Trust, and Habit

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Huy Duc Dang ◽  
Giang Thanh Tran
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Safety Concern ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Tpb Model ◽  
The Impact

Purpose. The aim of this paper is to explain a consumers’ intention for traceable food in the context of the African Swine Fever (ASF) outbreak, in order to provide scientific knowledge for the government’s intervention to mitigate the perceived risk and to promote the development of traceable food. Methodology. This research employed an extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) model in predicting purchase intention/attitude toward traceable pork. The structural equation analysis (SEM) was used on a sample of 230 students in Vietnam. Findings. The current context of food safety issues, as well as animal disease outbreak, is beneficial to direct consumption toward traceable products. Heterogeneous impacts of trust were confirmed on how consumers perceived risks associated with the ASF outbreak. Consumers’ habits of shopping places and looking for the product origin incite the positive attitude toward traceable pork. Food safety concerns also promoted a positive purchase attitude. Originality/Value. The study’s objective is first to equip knowledge regarding the consumers’ intention toward traceable food under the impact of animal disease, particularly in the context of food safety issues in Vietnam. Extended knowledge promotes tailored policies to regain consumers’ confidence and facilitate the development of traceable food.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Fertilitas Terhadap Partisipasi Tenaga Kerja Perempuan

2018 ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Andri Harsoyo ◽  
Eny Sulistyaningrum
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Parental Preferences ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Working Age

Indonesia, like other countries in the world, is experiencing a downward trend in the total fertility rate and an increasing trend in the female labor force participation rate. This study looks at the effect of female fertility on job supply in Indonesia by using IFLS data and the instrumental variable (IV) estimation technique first introduced by Angrist and Evans (1996; 1998) conducted in the United States. This study shows how parental preferences are related to different sexes of children as identification of fertility towards women's participation in the labor market. The results of this study indicate that fertility with the approach of the number of children owned and then instrumented by looking at the sex of the child resulted in a decrease in the supply of female labor. The magnitude of the effect on the working age group is that there is a decrease in work participation of around 52-54 percent and a decrease in overall work hours of around 23 hours / week.

Weekly 20/56 mg/m² carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone until progression in early relapsed refractory multiple myeloma.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 8041-8041
Author(s):  
Cecile Gruchet ◽  
Valentine Richez ◽  
Stephanie Guidez ◽  
Guillemette Fouquet ◽  
Isabelle Azais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Safety Profile ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Safety Concern ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Grade 3

8041 Background: Triplet-based Carfilzomib (K), Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone combination (KRd) has led to approval in early RRMM based on ASPIRE International phase 3 study. However, K was used on a twice a week basis at 27mg/m2 and limited to 18 months exposure. We have reported already that KRd on a weekly basis at 56 mg/m2 was active similar to ASPIRE KRd and safe. We report herein the long-term exposure data on KRd weekly given until progression. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of KRd given on a prolong duration beyond 18months, and to validate the safety profile of continuous exposure to K. Methods: 28 patients were prospectively recruited. Carfilzomib 20/56mg/m2 was administered on days 1,8,15, Lenalidomide 25mg/day was given 21/28 days and Dexamethasone was administered weekly on 28 days cycles until progression. Results: With a median follow-up at start of KRd of 30 months, 50% of patients relapsed and 39% died. 24/28 patients received 1 prior line of treatment. 8/28 patients are still on treatment with duration > 24 month and 6/28 with duration > 30 months. The median number of cycles was 15. ORR and CBR was 85.7% and 89.3%, whom 46% ≥ CR ; with a median DOR of 13 months and 43% having more than 18 months. 6 patients had negative MRD at 10-6 and normalized PET CT. Median of OS is not reached, and the 30 month-expected OS from the start of KRd was 56%. The median PFS and EFS was at 29 months, and the 30 month-expected PFS and EFS was 45%. PFS and EFS being superimposable speaks to that there was no safety concern related to prolonged exposure to K. Only 4 patients stopped KRd for safety issues. Hematologic and non-hematologic adverse events ≥ grade 3 were reported in 16/28 and 10/28 patients. Adverse events ≥ grade 3 seen in ≥10% of patients were neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, vomiting and pyrexia. Of note, 5 patients (18%) were ≥ 65 years old and showed similar data compared to the cohort. Conclusions: KRd weekly is effective and safe to early in RRMM patients, provides improved safety profile to patients allowing treating patients until progression. Further studies are warranted to confirm this data on a larger early RRMM population and validate the concept of long duration of treatment using Carfilzomib combination.

Mining vaccine adverse events mentions from social media using Twitter as a source (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sedigheh Khademi Habibabadi ◽  
Pari Delir Haghighi ◽  
Frada Burstein ◽  
Jim Buttery
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Adverse Event ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Reporting Systems ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Safety Signals

BACKGROUND Traditional monitoring for Adverse Events Following Immunisation (AEFI) relies on various established reporting systems, where there is inevitably a lag between an AEFI occurring and its potential reporting, and subsequent processing of reports. AEFI safety signal detection strives to detect AEFI as early as possible, ideally close to real-time. Monitoring social media data holds promise as a resource for this. OBJECTIVE 1) To investigate the utility of monitoring social media for gaining early insights into vaccine safety issues, by extracting vaccine adverse event mentions (VAEM) from Twitter using natural language processing (NLP) techniques. 2) To document the NLP processes used and identify the most effective of them for successively identifying tweets that contain VAEM, with a view to defining an approach that might be applicable to other similar social media surveillance tasks. METHODS A VAEM-Mine method was developed that combines topic modelling with classification techniques to extract maximal VAEM posts from a vaccine-related Twitter stream, with a high degree of confidence. The approach does not require a targeted search for specific vaccine reactions, but instead identifies any VAEM post within many unrelated posts. RESULTS The VAEM-Mine method successively isolates vaccine adverse event mentions from the massive amount of other vaccine-related Twitter posts, achieving an F1-Score of 0.91 in the classification phase. CONCLUSIONS Social media can assist with detection of vaccine safety signals as a valuable complementary source for monitoring mentions of vaccine adverse events. A social media based VAEM data stream can be assessed for changes to detect possible emerging vaccine safety signals, helping to address the well-recognised limitations of passive reporting systems, including timeliness and under-reporting.

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